山羊群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为了保护和合理利用我国地方山羊品种遗传资源提供理论基础,本研究利用国际农粮组织和国际家畜研究所推荐的10对微卫星引物,结合荧光标记PCR,检测了中国9个地方山羊品种和1个引进山羊品种的遗传多样性。所研究的10个品种中7个呈现出高度多态,3个呈现出中度多态。并共检测到119个等位基因,有效等位基因数在1.4641~9.2911之间,座位平均杂合度在0.2618~0.7672之间,品种平均杂合度在0.5196~0.7024之间,其中SRCRSP23位点和河西绒山羊(HXR)平均杂合度最高。聚类关系(NJ和UPGMA)和主成分分析结果与其起源、育成历史及地理分布基本一致。     

家兔遗传多样性及系统发生关系的微卫星分析

为了揭示我国家兔资源的遗传现状,本文从30个微卫星位点中筛选出10个位点,对22个家兔品种(系)的遗传变异进行了分析.结果表明:22个家兔品种(系)在10个微卫星座位上的平均有效等位基因数为3.O-4.6;平均多态信息含量在0.4997-0.7009之间,多为高度多态,说明家兔有丰富的遗传多样性.各品种之间的遗传距离(Ds)较近,在0.0087-1.2712之间,其中以美系獭兔和德系獭兔间距离最近,为0.0087.德国大白兔与长毛兔之间距离最远,为1.2712.根据遗传距离做聚类图,可以看出中国22个家兔品种被分为三大类:吉戎-Ⅰ系和吉戎-Ⅱ系成一类,塞北兔、哈白兔聚为一类,其他品种聚为一大类.该研究结果将为中国家兔品种的保护和利用提供重要的科学依据.     

Genetic diversity in Swiss goat breeds based on microsatellite analysis

Genetic diversity in eight Swiss goat breeds was estimated using PCR amplification of 20 bovine microsatellites on 20-40 unrelated animals per breed. In addition, the Creole breed from the Caribbean and samples of Ibex and Bezoar goat were included. A total of 352 animals were tested. The bovine microsatellites chosen amplified well in goat. The average heterozygosity within population was higher in domestic goat (0.51-0.58) than in Ibex (0.17) and Bezoar goat (0.19). Twenty-seven per cent of the genetic diversity in the total population could be attributed to differences between the populations. However, with the exclusion of Ibex from the total population, this proportion dropped to 17%. Principal component analysis showed that all Swiss goat breeds are closely related, whereas the Creole breed, Ibex and Bezoar goat are clearly distinct from all eight Swiss breeds.     

Genetic variation within and among three Indian breeds of goat using heterologous microsatellite markers.

The parameters of genetic variation, genetic distances and time of divergence in three Indian goat breeds were studied using 16 cattle microsatellite markers. The mean number of alleles and mean allele size (bp) per microsatellite marker in goats were 5.37 +/- 0.78 and 143.9 +/- 33.75 bp respectively. The average values of heterozygosity and polymorphism information content were 0.54 +/- 0.2 and 0.48 +/- 0.20, respectively. Five of the eight genetic distance methods were highly correlated, revealing a closer relationship between Jamnapari and Barbari goats. A phylogenetic tree constructed from inter-individual distances revealed that the individuals clustered according to the breed to which they belonged, and the Jamnapari and Barbari goats formed a cluster. The divergence times between Sirohi and Jamnapari, and Sirohi and Barbari were approximately 2000 years, while its value between Barbari and Jamnapari goats was approximately 1370 years.     

Genetic diversity of Hungarian indigenous chicken breeds based on microsatellite markers

Six local chicken breeds are registered in Hungary and are regarded as Hungarian national treasures: Hungarian White, Yellow and Speckled, and Transylvanian Naked Neck White, Black and Speckled. Three Hungarian academic institutes have maintained these genetic resources for more than 30 years. The Hungarian Yellow, the Hungarian Speckled and the Transylvanian Naked Neck Speckled breeds were kept as duplicates in two separate subpopulations since time of formation of conservation flocks at different institutes. In this study, we investigated genetic diversity of these nine Hungarian chicken populations using 29 microsatellite markers. We assessed degree of polymorphism and relationships within and between Hungarian breeds on the basis of molecular markers, and compared the Hungarian chicken populations with commercial lines and European local breeds. In total, 168 alleles were observed in the nine Hungarian populations. The F _ST estimate indicated that about 22% of the total variation originated from variation between the Hungarian breeds. Clustering using structure software showed clear separation between the Hungarian populations. The most frequent solutions were found at K  = 5 and K  = 6, respectively, classifying the Transylvanian Naked Neck breeds as a separate group of populations. To identify genetic resources unique to Hungary, marker estimated kinships were estimated and a safe set analysis was performed. We show that the contribution of all Hungarian breeds together to the total diversity of a given set of populations was lower when added to the commercial lines than when added to the European set of breeds.     

Genetic diversity in Indian cucumber based on microsatellite and morphological markers

Genetic variation among 44 cucumber accessions was assessed using morphological and SSR markers. High genetic variability was observed for days to 50% female flowering (37–46 days from sowing), number of fruits per plant (1.4–6.0), individual fruit weight (0.04–0.552 kg) and root length (14.25–32.8 cm). The pair-wise Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged between 0.25 and 0.85 indicating that the accessions represent genetically diverse populations. The allelic diversity of polymorphic markers ranged from 0.001 to 0.9396 with an average of 0.31 based on polymorphic information content. The clustering pattern of SSR markers was not in consonance with the groupings based on quantitative traits. The accession of Indian state i.e.; Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were diverged from the accessions of other parts of India. The study provides information for future exploration and collection of cucumber germplasm in India and utilization of diverse germplasm for developing cultivars/hybrids for specific traits.     

中国5个地方牦牛品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

本文以大额牛（Bos frontalis）为外群,应用16对微卫星DNA标记结合荧光-多重PCR技术,评估了5个中国地方牦牛（Bos grunniens）（帕里牦牛、斯布牦牛、西藏高山牦牛、麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛）品种内遗传变异和品种间遗传关系。6个群体的16个微卫星座位上共检测到159个等位基因,其中有33个等位基因为5个牦牛品种所特有。6个群体的有效等位基因数（Ne）在2.2043-3.2754之间,平均杂合度（H）在0.4858-0.6153之间,平均多态信息含量（PIC）在0.4230-0.5711之间。5个牦牛品种的微卫星座位有丰富的遗传多样性;而大额牛的遗传多样性相对较贫乏。5个牦牛群体间的遗传分化系数（Gst）为0.0527,表明牦牛亚群体间遗传分化水平很低。采用邻近结合法构建聚类图和模糊聚类分析表明,5个牦牛品种分为两大类,其中斯布牦牛、西藏高山牦牛、帕里牦牛和麦洼牦牛为一大类,九龙牦牛为一类。研究结果将为中国地方牦牛品种的保护和利用提供重要的理论依据。     

Genetic relationships of five Indian horse breeds using microsatellite markers

The genetic relationships of five Indian horse breeds, namely Marwari, Spiti, Bhutia, Manipuri and Zanskari were studied using microsatellite markers. The DNA samples of 189 horses of these breeds were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using 25 microsatellite loci. The total number of alleles varied from five to 10 with a mean heterozygosity of 0.58 ± 0.05. Spiti and Zansakari were the most closely related breeds, whereas, Marwari and Manipuri were most distant apart with Nei's D_A genetic distance of 0.071 and 0.186, respectively. In a Nei's D_A genetic distances based neighbour joining dendrogram of these breeds and a Thoroughbred horse outgroup, the four pony breeds of Spiti, Bhutia, Manipuri and Zanskari clustered together and then with the Marwari breed. All the Indian breeds clustered independently from Thoroughbreds. The genetic relationships of Indian horse breeds to each other correspond to their geographical/environmental distribution.     

利用微卫星标记分析我国13个地方灰羽鹅品种的遗传多样性

我国地方鹅品种具有很多优良性状,但长期以来由于没有形成科学的选育制度和培育方法,品种的遗传多样性没有得到完整保存。为了深入了解我国地方鹅品种的遗传结构,使之得到更好的保护和利用,作者选用31个多态性较高的微卫星标记(其中19个是首次用磁珠富集法从AFLP片段中分离),检测了我国13个地方灰羽鹅(An-sercygnnoides)品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的遗传距离(DA)。结果表明:13个地方灰羽鹅品种中,平均多态信息含量为0.323–0.398,平均杂合度为0.4985–0.6727,各品种的杂合度都较高,最高的是狮头鹅(0.6727),最低的是雁鹅(0.4985)。用UPGMA法进行聚类分析的结果显示,13个品种被聚为4类:丰城灰鹅、武冈铜鹅、兴国灰鹅、狮头鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、马冈鹅、钢鹅、雁鹅聚为第1类;伊犁鹅自聚为第2类;长乐鹅、右江鹅聚为第3类;永康灰鹅自聚为第4类。本研究为鹅遗传育种提供了参考资料。     

Genetic diversity in Spanish donkey breeds using microsatellite DNA markers

Genetic diversity at 13 equine microsatellite loci was compared in five endangered Spanish donkey breeds: Andaluza, Catalana, Mallorquina, Encartaciones and Zamorano-Leonesa. All of the equine microsatellites used in this study were amplified and were polymorphic in the domestic donkey breeds with the exception of HMS1, which was monomorphic, and ASB2, which failed to amplify. Allele number, frequency distributions and mean heterozygosities were very similar among the Spanish donkey breeds. The unbiased expected heterozygosity (H_E) over all the populations varied between 0.637 and 0.684 in this study. The low G_ST value showed that only 3.6% of the diversity was between breeds (P < 0.01). Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were shown for a number of locus-population combinations, except HMS5 that showed agreement in all analysed populations. The cumulative exclusion probability (PE) was 0.999 in each breed, suggesting that the loci would be suitable for donkey parentage testing. The constructed dendrogram from the D_A distance matrix showed little differentiation between Spanish breeds, but great differentiation between them and the Moroccan ass and also with the horse, used as an outgroup. These results confirm the potential use of equine microsatellite loci as a tool for genetic studies in domestic donkey populations, which could also be useful for conservation plans.     

Genetic diversity and interrelationship among Indian and exotic melons based on fruit morphology,quality components and microsatellite markers

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants - Seventy melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions comprising of landraces, inbred lines, cultivars, wild relatives and exotic populations were characterized...     

Genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous sheep breeds inferred from microsatellite markers

To determine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Chinese sheep, 10 indigenous breeds and one introduced breed were genotyped for 19 microsatellite loci. The mean number of alleles per breed ranged from 5.44 (Guide Black Fur sheep) to 9.13 (Ujumqin sheep and Hulunbeier sheep), the expected heterozygosity varied from 0.623 (Guide Black Fur sheep) to 0.737 (Zhaotong sheep), and the allelic richness ranged from 5.169 (Guide Black Fur sheep) to 7.610 (Zhaotong sheep). The deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was statistically significant (P < 0.05) at three loci (SRCRSP5, OarAE129 and DYMS1) in most of the breeds. Chinese sheep breeds had maintained a high level of within-population genetic differentiation (95.23%), with the remainder explained by differentiation among populations (4.77%). The genetic differentiation pattern and genetic relationships among Chinese sheep breeds displayed a high consistency with the traditional classification. Both the Bayesian cluster and principal component analyses showed a reliable clustering pattern, which revealed three major clusters in Chinese indigenous sheep (Mongolian sheep, Kazakh sheep and Tibetan sheep), except Zhaotong and Guide Black Fur sheep. There were probably caused by different breeding history, geography isolation and different levels of inbreeding. This study will help to interpret the genetic characters of Chinese indigenous sheep and benefit to the future conservation programs.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Sicilian sheep breeds using microsatellite markers

Genetic diversity studies in domestic animals aim at evaluating genetic variation within and across breeds mainly for conservation purposes. In Sicily, dairy sheep production represents an important resource for hilly and mountain areas economy. Their milk is used for the production of traditional raw milk cheeses, sometimes protected designation of origin (PDO) cheeses. In some cases, the quality of these products is linked to a specific breed, i.e. mono-breed labelled cheeses and it is therefore important to be able to distinguish the milk of a breed from that of others, in order to guarantee both the consumer and the breed itself. In order to investigate the genetic structure and to perform an assignment test, a total of 331 individuals (Barbaresca, BAR n = 57, Comisana, COM n = 65, Pinzirita, PIN n = 75, Sarda, SAR n = 64, and Valle del Belice, VDB n = 70) were analysed using a panel of 20 microsatellite markers. A total of 259 alleles were observed with average polymorphic information content equal to 0.76, showing that the microsatellites panel used was highly informative. Estimates of observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.65 in the BAR breed to 0.75 in the COM breed. The low value of genetic differentiation among breeds (F_st = 0.049) may indicate that these breeds are little differentiated probably due to common history and breeding practices. The low F_is and F_it values indicated low level of inbreeding within and among breeds. The unrooted neighbor-joining dendrogram obtained from the Reynold's genetic distances, and factorial correspondence analysis revealed a separation between BAR and the other sheep breeds. Recent migration rates were estimated, showing that four out of the five breeds have not received a significant proportion of migrants. Only for the PIN breed a recent introgression rate from the VDB breed (7.2%) was observed. The Bayesian assignment test showed that BAR and SAR breeds had a more definite genetic structure (proportion of assignment of 92% and 86.6%, respectively), whereas the lowest assignment value was found in the PIN breed (67.1%). Our results indicated high genetic variability, low inbreeding and low genetic differentiation, except for BAR breed, and were in accordance with geographical location, history, and breeding practices. The low robustness of the assignment test makes it unfeasible for traceability purposes, due to the high level of admixture, in particular for COM, PIN and VDB.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese pony breeds using microsatellite markers

China is one of the principal origins of ponies in the world. We made a comprehensive analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese ponies based on 174 animals of five indigenous Chinese pony breeds from five provinces using 13 microsatellite markers. One hundred and forty-four alleles were detected; the mean number of effective alleles among the pony breeds ranged from 5.38 (Guizhou) to 6.78 (Sichuan); the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.82 (Guizhou) to 0.85 (Debao, Sichuan). Although abundant genetic variation was found, the genetic differentiation was low between the ponies, with 6% total genetic variance among the different breeds. All the pairwise F(ST) values were significant; they varied from 0.0424 for the Sichuan-Yunnan pair to 0.0833 for the Guizhou-Sichuan pair. All five pony breeds deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except the Yunnan pony. Phylogenetic trees of the five pony breeds based on genetic distances were constructed using a neighbor-joining method. The Sichuan and Yunnan ponies were grouped into the same branch, with a high bootstrap support value (97%). Guizhou and Ningqiang ponies were clustered into the same branch with a bootstrap value of 56%, whereas the Debao pony was placed in a separate group, with a bootstrap value of 56%. This grouping pattern was supported by genetic structure analysis.     

采用微卫星标记分析13个中外牛品种的遗传变异和品种间的遗传关系

本研究应用联合国粮农组织(FAO)和国际动物遗传学会(ISAG)推荐的10对微卫星引物,结合荧光–多重PCR技术,检测了10个中国地方黄牛品种和3个外来牛品种的基因型。通过计算基因频率、多态信息含量和遗传杂合度,以Nei’s遗传距离和Nei’s标准遗传距离为基础,采用非加权组对算术平均聚类法构建了聚类图,分析了13个牛品种的群体内遗传变异和群体间遗传关系。并以聚类分析和群体结构分析为基础,将13个中外黄牛品种分为三类:Ⅰ类属于普通黄牛品种,包括延边牛、沿江牛、长白地方牛、蒙古牛、阿勒泰白头牛、哈萨克牛、复州牛和西藏牛;Ⅱ类属于含有瘤牛血统的黄牛品种,包括日喀则驼峰牛和阿沛甲咂牛;Ⅲ类属于外来牛品种,包括德国黄牛、西门塔尔牛和夏洛来牛。研究结果为加强我国地方黄牛品种种质特性研究以及地方牛品种资源的保护与利用提供了科学的依据。     

中国绒山羊遗传多样性现状和系统发生关系的微卫星分析

为了调查中国绒山羊遗传资源现状, 作者应用联合国粮农组织和国际家畜研究所推荐的19对微卫星引物并结合荧光PCR技术, 对9个中国地方产绒山羊群体和1个西非山羊品种进行了遗传多样性检测。14个微卫星座位在10个山羊群体中显示为高度多态, 可作为山羊遗传多样性分析的有效标记。多态信息含量和遗传杂合度等数据表明: 目前中国地方产绒山羊群体的遗传多样性较为丰富, 并且大部分保种场较好地保存了这些地方资源。采用非加权配对算术平均法构建的聚类图和采用主成分分析法得到的散点图均显示, 中国山羊与西非山羊为不同的2类; 中国产绒山羊中河谷山羊、河西绒山羊与其他山羊的遗传距离较远; 其他山羊又大致分为2类: 一类由辽宁绒山羊、新疆山羊、柴达木山羊、陕北山羊组成, 另一类由内蒙古绒山羊组成。此研究结果为开展我国地方绒山羊种质特性研究及资源保护和利用提供了科学依据。     

利用微卫星标记研究鸭品种的遗传多样性

利用32个微卫星标记研究了5个福建省地方鸭品种（金定鸭、连城白鸭、莆田黑鸭、山麻鸭和番鸭）和2个对照品种（北京鸭和卡基康贝尔鸭）的遗传多样性和种质特性.结果表明：32个微卫星标记在7个鸭品种中检测到371个等位基因,平均每个基因座有11.719个等位基因,平均多态信息含量为0.522,有效等位基因数在5.141～6961,基因杂合度变化范围在0.512～0.700,杂合度较高;基于Nei氏标准遗传距离(D_S)和D_A遗传距离,采用UPGMA方法构建了系统发生树,将金定鸭、莆田黑鸭、连城白鸭、山麻鸭和卡基康贝尔鸭聚为一类,而北京鸭和番鸭各自聚为一类.所得聚类图与种群的真实关系较为符合.     

应用微卫星标记分析23个中国地方马种的遗传多样性

为了调查中国马种的群体遗传分化与遗传结构状况, 本研究应用FAO和ISAG推荐的25对微卫星引物, 结合荧光标记PCR分析技术, 对中国23个马群体和1个英纯血马群体进行了分子遗传学研究。结果表明: 中国地方马群体的遗传多样性比较丰富, 23个中国马群体的等位基因数、多态信息含量和遗传杂合度等都高于英国纯血马。根据群体遗传距离构建的系统进化树, 能够清晰地将英纯血马从中国马中独立出来, 同时可将中国马群体分成不同的支, 基本上与其地理分布格局相符。我们用MVSP软件进行群体遗传分化分析可见, 前三个主成分的三维散点图可以明显地把英纯血马从所有群体中独立出来, 并把中国的马群体分成几个相对独立的支。进一步分析第一、二主成分的二维散点图, 可将中国的马群体分化成南方支系、藏马支系、新疆和青海支系、内蒙古支系及东北支系等5个部分。根据Structure软件分析, 推测中国马群体含有5个潜在的支系, 基本上代表了我国现在主要家马来源的基础遗传支系。这些信息可以为我国现有马种类型的划分与马种资源遗传多样性的保护提供科学依据。