The prisoner reentry industry

The Prisoner Reentry Industry found its beginnings in the recognition that men and women who were being released from prison continued to need assistance in their transition process. Depending upon the individual needs of each person, this determined the extent of what type of assistance needed. Within a short period of time it was determined that the greatest assistance was needed in the area of housing and employment. However, once a person completed this transition phrase that was usually understood to be about three years, the following questions arise: when does the reentry phase end? When does society allow the ex-offender to move on with their lives? Even when secure employment has been maintained, when other areas of the individuals’ life are functioning “at least like everyone else in society”, when does the reentry stop and the ex-offender allowed to enter into mainline society? This article attempts to show that we have not done a good job of allowing the ex-offender to move from the phase of prisoner reentry to the phase of contributor in our society.     

The Zanzibar clove industry

For about 150 years cloves have been a major export crop of Zanzibar. The industry was established through large plantations run with slave labor but these have been progressively fragmented into smaller holdings. Throughout this century the industry at home has faced several recurring problems, the worst of which are tree diseases, ageing tree populations and occasional neglect of trees. As a result, replanting has been crucial to the maintenance of the industry which has also been strengthened by government assistance. Overseas, Zanzibar faced little competition in the world clove market until recently and this is now being aggravated by increasing self-sufficiency in Indonesia. The future of the Zanzibar industry will depend on its ability to cope with the problems of the industry at home and on its success at selling cloves in an increasingly competitive world market.     

The American peanut industry

American production of peanuts was greatly stimulated at the beginning of the present century by the depredations of the weevil in the Cotton Belt. Apart from their use as food, their industrial utilization is only in its infancy and includes conversion of their protein into textile fibers and other products.     

The Brazilian biofuels industry

Ethanol is a biofuel that is used as a replacement for approximately 3% of the fossil-based gasoline consumed in the world today. Most of this biofuel is produced from sugarcane in Brazil and corn in the United States. We present here the rationale for the ethanol program in Brazil, its present 'status' and its perspectives. The environmental benefits of the program, particularly the contribution of ethanol to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, are discussed, as well as the limitations to its expansion.     

The tobacco industry in Australia

Australia requires about 33,000,000 pounds of fluecured tobacco annually and produces only 4,000,000 pounds, most of the balance being imported from the U.S.A. Production could be increased if water for irrigation were available during the “dry” season in the northeastern coastal districts. The manufacturing industry is capable of meeting all requirements.     

The olive industry of California

In 1947 about 40,000 tons of olives were harvested in the State, to be canned, crushed for oil, shipped fresh, chopped, brine-cured or otherwise prepared.     

The expanding prisoner reentry industry

The prisoner reentry industry (PRI) has become a major part of the Social Control Industrial Complex. As with the Prison Industrial Complex, the PRI is not just a collection of institutions, organizations, and interest groups (both public and private); it is also a state of mind. Developing and facilitating programs and services for the formerly incarcerated have become a huge “cash-cow,” producing profits for the PRI at the expense of the taxpayer, while doing little to link the formerly incarcerated person to the social capital and human skills necessary to become a “citizen.” Data that include the voices of the formerly incarcerated, members of their families, and criminal justice practitioners suggest that a person’s level of success during their “personal reentry experience” varies in large part, by the individual parole officer they are assigned to and the number and types of programs they are required to participate in. Furthermore, their quality of life after release and their level of success is determined in large part by the program administrators managing those “for-profit companies” and “non-profit/for-profit agencies,” that supervise parolee programs. The argument here is that there must be a better system for monitoring the activities of those organizations that are in the business of facilitating prisoner reentry-related services. A process of accountability that will ensure that organizations part of the PRI are in fact providing services in the manner that was stated and agreed upon during their request for funding. The most important tool for ending this cycle lies in creating employment opportunities for the formerly incarcerated and empowering them to access those resources afforded all citizens. Consequently, if those agencies and organizations in the business of facilitating prisoner reentry were successful at making available the services they argue they do provide, members of these organizations would work themselves out of a job; that would be a valid indicator of organizational success.     

The essential oil industry of Australia

This industry is founded primarily on eucalyptus oils from several species. The more important minor endemic oils are those of Australian sandalwood and of two or three genera known as “tea-trees”. Various factors have prevented exploitation of other potentially valuable native oils. Among exotic oils, only that of lavender has been commercially produced.     

The equine frozen semen industry.

Recent acceptance of frozen semen as a method to produce registered foals by two of the worlds largest breed associations, the American Quarter Horse and American Paint Horse, has stimulated new interest in frozen semen technology. This review will: (a) attempt to identify the major impediments to the development of the frozen semen industry, (b) suggest alternative methods for marketing and application of frozen semen, and (c) present the results of a recent study in our laboratory. The objective of which was to compare pregnancy rates of insemination with cooled and frozen semen. Major impediments to the development of the frozen semen industry include 1. Lower fertility with frozen semen as compared to cooled semen for many stallions. 2. Increased costs associated with management of mares for AI with frozen semen using current insemination protocols. 3. Unfavorable marketing practices for frozen semen. Reports of fertility with cooled transported semen in commercial breeding programs indicate seasonal pregnancy rates ranging from 60 to 90%. We compiled data from three commercial transported cooled semen programs in which semen from 16 stallions was used for insemination of 850 mares throughout North America by local veterinarians. During the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons, first cycle and seasonal pregnancy rates of 59.4 and 74.7% were obtained. During that same period, first cycle and seasonal pregnancy rates of 51.3 and 75.6% were obtained following insemination of 876 mares with frozen semen from 106 different stallions processed by our laboratory and distributed through our commercial distribution program. First cycle and seasonal pregnancy rates were higher for mares bred outside of North America than for mares bred within North America (53.5 and 81.9 versus 49.4 and 65.6%, respectively). Seasonal pregnancy rates were higher presumably because of the better mare management employed for mares bred with exported semen and the fact that some of the domestic mares were switched to cooled semen insemination after a failed first cycle attempt with frozen semen. These data support the position that comparable seasonal pregnancy rates may be obtained using frozen and liquid cooled semen in a commercial setting.     

The French lavender and lavandin industry

Oil of lavender, once produced to the extent of 150,000 kilograms annually in France from true lavender, has decreased to about 50,000 kilograms annually, having given way to a 300,000 kilogram production of lavandin from hybrids of true lavender and spike lavender.     

细胞工程在生物制药工业中的地位

细胞工程是生物制药工业中的关键技术,它是利用动物细胞体外培养和扩增来生产生物产品,或作为发现和测试新的工具。本综述了细胞工程发展的历史、现状和未来,以及它在生物制药领域中的应用和局限。