肿瘤淋巴管生成与淋巴转移

淋巴转移是恶性肿瘤的主要转移途径。研究发现淋巴系统结构特点是淋巴转移的解剖学基础;肿瘤淋巴管内皮特异性标志物检测有助于明确淋巴管生成;肿瘤内和肿瘤旁组织内存在新生淋巴管,淋巴管密度的表达强度与淋巴结转移密切相关;血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）家族的研究为揭示恶性肿瘤淋巴转移机制提供了重要的研究途径。     

宫颈癌淋巴转移的机制及淋巴管内皮标记

淋巴转移是恶性肿瘤主要的转移途径之一,关于肿瘤内淋巴管的形成和转移机理一直是人们研究的热点。随着不同淋巴内皮标记物的出现,发现宫颈癌中存在新生的淋巴管。对淋巴内皮标记物及其相关作用因子行免疫组化试验,使淋巴管形成在宫颈癌淋巴转移的研究不断深入。越来越多的研究表明,淋巴管形成与宫颈癌的转移和患者的预后相关。现将淋巴管生成与宫颈癌的转移机制综述如下。     

肿瘤淋巴管生成的研究进展

恶性肿瘤除了浸润性生长侵及周围组织外,还可发生远处转移,这是影响疗效,致患者死亡的主要因素。血道转移和淋巴转移是实体肿瘤最重要的两条转移途径。然而,直到淋巴内皮细胞特异性标志物的相继发现后,对淋巴管生成的相关研究才得以蓬勃开展起来。本文就主要的淋巴管内皮标记物和淋巴管生成调节因子及相关治疗的新进展做一相关综述。     

VEGFR-3在抗肿瘤淋巴管生成中研究进展

恶性肿瘤的转移是患者死亡的重要原因之一,肿瘤多是通过淋巴管进行转移的,随着淋巴管标志物的发现,抗淋巴管新生治疗成为近期抗肿瘤治疗的热点。VEGF-C、VEGF-D/VEGFR-3在淋巴管发育过程中具有重要的调控作用。VEGFR-3是VEGF-C/D的受体,是一种酪氨酸激酶,多种酪氨酸激酶抑制剂能够阻断其生物活性,抑制淋巴细胞增殖、迁移及淋巴管的通透性,进而抑制肿瘤淋巴管新生,降低肿瘤的转移。本文就近几年VEGFR-3在抗肿瘤淋巴管生成中的研究做一综述。     

血管内皮生长因子-C与乳腺癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子-C与乳腺癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的关系。方法免疫组化法检测21例乳腺增生组和68例乳腺浸润性导管癌组病灶组织内VEGF-C蛋白的表达,并用淋巴管内皮细胞特异性标志物D2-40标记肿瘤新生淋巴管,计数肿瘤淋巴管的密度（LVD）。结果乳腺浸润性导管癌组VEGF-C的表达和淋巴管的密度（LVD）都明显高于乳腺增生组（P〈0．01）;乳腺浸润性导管癌中VEGF-C阳性组中淋巴管的密度（11．32±5．78）与VEGF-C阴性组中的淋巴管密度（8．75±3．53）,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;乳腺浸润性导管癌中VEGF-C蛋白的表达和淋巴管密度（LVD）都与有无腋窝淋巴结转移及淋巴结转移个数有关（P〈0．05）。结论VEGF-C在乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴管的生成中起着重要的作用;VEGF-C的高表达和淋巴管密度（LVD）的升高是促进乳腺导管癌淋巴结转移的重要的影响因素。     

肿瘤淋巴管生成

相对于肿瘤的血管生成（angiogenesis）而言,肿瘤中的淋巴管生成（lymphangiogenesis）是一个长期受到争议和忽视的问题。但近来的实验证明：肿瘤细胞可以通过表达淋巴管生成的调控因子VEGF-C和VEGF-D诱导淋巴管生成,并且促进肿瘤细胞的淋巴道转移。这些发现使得淋巴管生成开始成为研究肿瘤淋巴道转移的焦点,并有可能成为治疗肿瘤淋巴道转移的靶点。     

TGF-β1和Smad4在膀胱癌中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的：观察转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）和Smad4在膀胱癌组织内的表达情况,并分析其与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法：选择在本院确诊的膀胱癌患者50例,根据淋巴结转移与否分为淋巴结转移组（30例）和无淋巴结转移组（20例1。应用免疫组化法检测膀胱癌组织内TGF-β1和Smad4的表达。以D2—40作为淋巴管内皮特异性标记物,检测膀胱癌组织内淋巴管生成情况并分析其与TGF-β1和Smad4的表达的关系。结果：TGF．B1主要表达于膀胱癌细胞胞浆内,在淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组（P=0．017）。Smad4表达于膀胱癌细胞胞浆和胞核内,在无淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于有淋巴结转移组（P=0．005）。Smad4表达阳性组的淋巴管数密度（LVD）明显低于Smad4表达阴性组（P=0．037）。TGF-p1的表达与Smad4的表达呈显著的负相关性（P=0．001）。结论：TGF-β1的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移呈显著正相关,Smad4的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移呈显著负相关,TGF-β1／Smad4信号通路可能在膀胱癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移过程中起重要作用。     

卵巢上皮肿瘤淋巴转移与血管内皮生长因子C的表达

研究卵巢上皮肿瘤血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)的表达与新生淋巴管和血管生成及肿瘤转移的关系。应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学法,检测卵巢上皮癌、交界性肿瘤和良性肿瘤组织VEGF-CmRNA和蛋白的表达,并结合图像分析,计数血管内皮生长因子受体3(VEGFR-3)阳性脉管数和以CD31标记的微血管密度(MVD)。结果显示,卵巢上皮癌VEGF-CmRNA和蛋白表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD均显著高于交界性肿瘤和良性肿瘤(p<0.05)。卵巢上皮癌组织中,有淋巴结转移患者VEGF-C表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD高于无淋巴结转移患者,临床分期Ⅲ-Ⅳ期患者VEGF-C表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者(p<0.05),VEGF-C阳性表达患者的VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD均显著高于阴性表达患者(p<0.05),VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD呈正相关(p<0.01)。研究提示VEGF-C促进了肿瘤诱导的淋巴管生成和血管生成,在卵巢上皮癌的淋巴转移中起重要作用,VEGF-C可作为判断肿瘤淋巴转移的生物学指标之一。     

肿瘤组织微血管生成及微循环形态学研究技术

肿瘤生成依赖血管形成,肿瘤的生长、局部浸润及转移必须以适宜的血液供应为前提。因此,肿瘤组织内的微血管形态、分布、数量及血液循环等对于肿瘤的形成机制、治疗和预后判定有着十分重要的意义。现将肿瘤的血管形成与微循环、血管示踪技术与血管内皮标志物等简介如下。...     

VEGF-D的表达与膀胱移行细胞癌LVD及淋巴结转移有关

目的观察血管内皮生长因子D(vascular endothelial growth factor D,VEGF-D)在人膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的表达,探讨VEGF-D在膀胱移行细胞癌组织淋巴管密度(lymphatic vessel density,LVD)及淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法取人膀胱移行细胞癌组织蜡块30例,免疫组化法观察VEGF-D在膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的表达情况。以淋巴管内皮特异性标记物D2-40标记淋巴管,计数癌组织内淋巴管密度。结果VEGF-D蛋白主要表达于癌细胞胞浆内,VEGF-D在淋巴结转移组膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的表达水平明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P0.05);淋巴结转移组膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的淋巴管密度明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P0.05)。VEGF-D表达与膀胱移行细胞癌淋巴管密度及淋巴结转移之间具有显著的相关性。结论VEGF-D表达在膀胱移行细胞癌组织内淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移中起重要作用。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism