大豆蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性分析

摘要：以综合性状优良的黄淮海区主栽大豆品种中黄13为轮回亲本,从大豆微核心种质中选择蛋白质含量显著低于或高于轮回亲本的中黄20、东山69、迟黄豆-1和泰兴牛毛黄乙等4个品种作为供体亲本,比较分析了4个组合的RP、DP、F2、BC1F2和BC2F2蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,结果表明,双亲蛋白质含量高有利于提高其杂交、回交后代的蛋白质平均含量及超轮回亲本个体比例;F2、BC1F2和BC2F2群体蛋白质含量的变异系数依次降低,BC2F2的蛋白质平均含量及其变异系数接近于轮回亲本;蛋白质含量在F2群体内呈正态分布,在双亲蛋白质含量高的组合中,其BC1F2群体呈偏态分布,但在BC2F2群体恢复了正态分布,稳定较快;供体亲本与其杂交2代、回交1代和回交2代在蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、株高、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状上呈显著或极显著相关。     

六倍体小黑麦T型细胞质雄性不育体系杂种优势与配合力的研究

用具提莫菲维小麦细胞质的六倍体小黑麦的3个不育系和3个恢复系作为亲本,进行3×3不完全双列杂交,对所组配的F1代8个农艺性状的杂种优势分析结果表明,除千粒重外,其余性状出现正向超亲优势的组合较少,多数呈低亲或中亲遗传,且各组合间的差异比较显著。配合力分析表明,一般配合力与特殊配合力的方差均达到了显著水平,F1各性状均受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同作用;从总体上看,不育系A1、A2及恢复系R1、R2的一般配合力良好,其配制的组合优势较强,具一定的利用价值。对一般配合力与亲本表型值进行了相关分析,二者无显著的相关关系。     

玉米抗寒生理指标的遗传效应分析

以6个不同的玉米自交系为亲本,按6×6Griffing I完全双列杂交设计组配36个组合,测定低温处理后亲子代可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量以及过氧化物酶（POD）活性。结果表明,除可溶性糖外,其他生理指标中的平均中亲优势均表现为正向优势。杂种F1与亲本的相应性状的中亲值关系比较密切,可利用双亲平均值预测F1表现。玉米抗寒性受细胞质影响较小,主要是核遗传。POD活性和脯氨酸含量主要受加性效应的影响,可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量主要受非加性效应的影响,可溶性糖含量受加性与非加性效应的共同作用。5个生理指标的广义遗传力均远远大于狭义遗传力。     

小麦显性核不育基因的遗传效应 Genetic Effects of a Dominant Male Sterile Gene on F1 in Common Wheat

采用NCII设计研究显性核不育基因在40个杂种F1代的遗传效应。结果表明，显性核不育基因对F1代形态性状影响不大，而对产量、产量性状及品质性状的影响较大。F1形态性状主要表现加性效应，且不育株和可育株趋势一致；可育株单株产量及大部分产量性状表现显性效应，百粒重、每小穗粒数表现加性效应，而不育株这些性状的加、显性效应起作用。F1两种育性植株蛋白质含量的遗传以加性效应为主、蛋白质产量以显性效应为主，籽粒饱满度则是可育株以加性效应为主，不育株以显性效应为主。显性核不育基因在F1代有明显的母性效应，且在这种基因的细胞质基础上核质互作也很重要。     

富γ-氨基丁酸水稻种质筛选及与子粒性状相关性分析

利用高效液相色谱法,测定了108份水稻种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量,分析了不同种质资源材料间γ-氨基丁酸含量差异及与子粒性状的相关性,以γ-氨基丁酸含量差异较大的高粱稻-1与宁农黑粳配制杂交组合,测定亲本、杂交F1及216个F2子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量,分析其含量与相对胚重和子粒性状的相关性及变异系数,估算各性状的广义遗传力。结果表明:108份种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量变异范围为2.39~12.03 mg/100g,,平均含量为6.30±1.99 mg/100g,变异系数为31.59%;不同水稻种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量与粒厚、千粒重呈极显著的负相关;杂交F1子粒γ-氨基丁酸含量为8.39±0.11 mg/100g,介于双亲之间;F2单株子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量总体呈偏正态分布,且出现明显的超亲现象,说明水稻子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量是由多基因控制的数量性状遗传;杂交F2子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量与相对胚重呈极显著的正相关,与粒厚、千粒重呈极显著的负相关,与粒长呈显著的负相关;F2单株子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量、粒厚和千粒重的广义遗传力相对较高,分别为98.12%、91.99%、96.37%,在育种中对这些性状可进行早期选择。     

小麦品质和农艺性状的配合力分析

依据田间试验和室内生化分析数据,按ｐｘｑ交配模式,对１０个冬小麦亲本２５个杂交组合Ｆ１的蛋白质含量,赖氨酸含量,穗粒重和千粒重的一般配合力和特殊配合力效应进行了分析。结果表明,除蛋白质含量的ｓｃａ外,其余性状的ｇｃａ和ｓｃａ效应均达极显著水平,表明在本研究中,基因的加性效应和非加性效应均起重要作用。由于一般配合力差δ＾２ｓｃａ大,表明基因的加性效应更加重要。根据ｇｃａ,ｓｃａ和δ＾２ｓｃａ估值,分     

西方蜜蜂王浆产量与品质性状的配合力和杂种优势分析

对蜜蜂杂种F18个组合及其6个亲本的王浆产量和品质性状（台浆量、接受率、王浆产量、酸度）进行了配合力秘杂种优势分析。结果表明：⑴4个性状一般配合力达极显著水平、特殊配合力达显著水平,说明基因加性效应和非加性效应均起作用,但以加性效应为主。⑵乌克兰蜂一般配合力效应高;喀尔巴阡蜂、高加索蜂特殊配合力方差大,均是比较理想的亲本类型;浙农大1号意蜂在台浆量、接受率和王浆产量上一般配合力效应高,是个优良亲本;而卡尼鄂拉蜂只在提高王浆品质时可以利用。⑶4个性状高亲平均优势均为负值,因此利用杂种优质提高王浆产量和品质比较困难,但通过亲本的适当选配,可在维持高产的同时,提高王浆的品质。     

冬小麦粒叶比杂种优势及遗传效应分析

用9个冬小麦品种按5×4不完全双列杂交设计组配20个杂交组合,对小麦粒叶比的杂种优势和遗传效应进行分析。结果表明,小麦粒叶比表现出一定的杂种优势;一般配合力和特殊配合力方差均达极显著水平,说明亲本的粒叶比差异及杂交互作均对F1代产生遗传差异,该试验中石6021、农大99260080等的一般配合力较大,石6021×农大99260080、鲁麦14×济南17等组合的特殊配合力较大,产生了较强的杂种优势;粒叶比遗传符合加性-显性遗传模型,但以加性效应为主,其遗传决定度达87.65%,狭义遗传力为64.71%;在高粒叶比品种选育上应重视高粒叶比亲本筛选利用和杂交后代的早代选择。     

大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的配合力研究

采用蛋白质含量不同的6个大麦品种,以双列杂交设计,经过2年3个世代研究大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的杂种优势与配合力。试验表明:(1)大麦籽粒蛋白质含量在F_2、F_3代几乎全为负向优势(-10.81—16.92%)。低蛋白质含量为显性;(2)一般配合力方差为特殊配合力方差的3—4倍。亲本的表型与一般配合力效应相关密切。通过亲本可以大体预测杂种群体的蛋白质含量。Hiproly为高蛋白含量的优良亲本,Pally为低蛋白含量的优良亲本。(3)杂种组合籽粒蛋白质含量的特殊配合力高低与杂种优势相关密切,但与表型不密切,故不能完全以此评定杂种组合的价值。 对亲本籽粒蛋白质含量配合力的应用作了讨论。     

利用AMMI模型分析杂交水稻配合力

配合力分析在亲本育种潜力评价和品种选育中扮演着重要的作用。本试验对5×4不完全双列杂交组合产量性状进行了配合力效应分析,并利用AMMI模型对杂交组合中双亲间互作效应(即特殊配合力)进行了深入剖析。结果表明,利用代表双亲产量特殊配合力效应分值的主成分轴(IPCA)向量可以很好地评价亲本的特殊配合力效应。根据亲本特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度及方向,可将杂交组合中双亲的互作效应分为4种情况:(1)杂交组合中至少有一个亲本的特殊配合力效应分值向量的坐标点比较靠近坐标原点,则测配杂交组合中双亲间的互作效应贡献很小,其杂种优势主要来源于双亲的一般配合力。(2)杂交组合中双亲特殊配合力效应分值向量的方向大致呈垂直状态,则测配杂交组合中双亲间的互作效应很小,其杂种优势也主要来源于双亲的一般配合力。(3)杂交组合中双亲特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度较长但方向大致相反,则杂交组合存在很大的负向特殊配合力效应。(4)杂交组合中双亲特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度均比较大且方向大致相同,则相应杂交组合的正向特殊配合力效应很高。因此,若要获得较大的双亲正向互作效应,则合理选配亲本至关重要;只有当两亲本特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度均比较大且向量方向较一致时才可以达到较大的正向互作效应。     

Combining ability in the F1 and F2 generations of diallel cross in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)

The F(1) and F(2) progenies of a ten-parent diallel cross (excluding reciprocals) of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) were analyzed for combining ability for quantitative and quality traits. The results indicated significant differences among the parents for general combining ability (gca) and crosses for specific combining ability (sca) for all the characters studied. The gca and sca components of variance were significant for all the traits. However, the gca component of variance was predominant indicating the predominance of additive gene effects for the traits studied. Among the parents Durgapura 65, HD 2285, Lok-1, Raj 1972 and HD 2329 were the best general combiners for grain yield and average to high combiners for tillers per plant, grain yield per spike, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. The best specific crosses for grain yield were Sonalika x WH 157, HD 2428 x Durgapura 65, Durgapura 65 x Sonalika, HD 2428 x Lok-1 and CPAN 3004 x Raj 1972. The parent Raj 1972, Lok-1 and HD 2285 were the best general combiners for grain yield and protein content, however, Raj 3077 was the best general combiner for protein content. The most suitable specific crosses for protein content were HD 2329 x HD 2285, HD 2428 x Raj 1972 and CPAN 3004 x WH 157. Most of the specific crosses for grain yield as well as protein content involved high x average, average x average and average x poor general combiners. To ensure further increase in grain yield along with high protein, combinations of desirable yield components is advocated. Inclusion of F(1) hybrids showing high sca and having parents with good gca, into multiple crosses and/or bi-parental mating, or diallel selective mating could prove a worthwhile approach for further improvement of grain yield in bread wheat.     

氮磷水平与气象条件对春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态的影响

以3个品质类型春小麦品种的施肥和播期试验为基础,通过建立籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态的拟合方程,定量揭示籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态及氮磷肥与气象条件的影响效应。结果表明,灌浆期籽粒蛋白质含量随时间动态变化的普遍规律符合一元三次多项式曲线,即呈自开花始先降低后升高的单谷曲线变化。氮磷肥与气象条件的影响及基因型差异通过方程特征量而体现。氮水平增加,高蛋白品种蛋白质含量增加,动态曲线谷值和峰值均明显提高且出现时间分别提前和推后。磷水平增加,高蛋白强筋品种蛋白质含量降低,高蛋白中筋品种则增加;高蛋白品种谷值和峰值均提高且出现时间推迟。低蛋白品种蛋白质含量随氮磷肥变化不明显且幅度很小。在没有水分胁迫的情况下,光温互作是影响籽粒蛋白质含量动态形成的首要因子,其次为降水;而气温日较差则为最敏感因子。较高光温条件互作前提下,增加灌浆期温度日较差使高蛋白品种蛋白质含量提高,低蛋白品种则降低。高蛋白相比于低蛋白品种更易受氮磷水平和气象条件影响。     

Effect of an introgression from Aegilops cylindrica host on manifestation of productivity traits in winter common wheat F2 plants

The effect of introgression of a chromosome 1D segment from Aegilops cylindrica to winter common wheat on productivity traits in F2 plants was studied using storage protein loci as genetic markers. An allele of the gliadin-coding Gli-D1 locus served as a marker of the introgression. Using of two- and three-locus interaction models, it was shown that the introgression tagged with Gli-D1 affected the manifestation of productivity traits (productive tillering, grain weight per plant and grain number per plant) through interaction with other marker storage protein loci: Glu-B1, Glu-D1, and Gli-B2.     

Inheritance of grain proteins in wheat

Summary Diallel crosses between five divergent vulgare wheat cultivars were made in order to evaluate the mode of inheritance and combining ability of grain proteins. Significant differences in grain protein content were found between cultivars and their hybrids. It was established that the inheritance of seed protein in the F₁ generation included both additive and non-additive gene action.     

陆地棉低酚棉种子品质性状的遗传及其杂种优势利用的研究

通过配制4个隐性无腺体品系（gl2gl2gl3gl3)作母本与5个显性无腺体品系（GL2^eGl2^3eGl3Gl3)杂交产生的20个组合的F2、F3,利用二倍体种子遗传模型,研究了棉花种子的含油量、蛋白质含量、油分指数、蛋白质指数等5个种子性状的遗传变异。结果表明所有研究的性状主要由加性遗传效应所控制,其中含油量主要由母体加性遗传效应所控。按群体平均数计算。这些性状F2的中亲优势仅为－1．99％－1．11％,这揭示出F2、F3近交衰退很少。有75％的F2和60％的F3天然授粉异交组合棉酚含量低于0．4g/kg,因此有可能筛选出棉酚含量低于规定标准、而种子品质不降低、可综合利用的F2高产杂交种。     

Rate and duration of grain filling in relation to flag leaf senescence and grain yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to different concentrations of ozone

Effects of different concentrations of ozone on grain filling, flag leaf senescence and final grain yield in field‐grown spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Dragon) were studied using open‐top chambers. The hypothesis tested was that an ozone‐induced reduction in grain yield is mainly related to an enhanced senescence and a shortening of the grain‐filling period. The plants were exposed to filtered air (F), non‐filtered air without extra ozone (NF) or non‐filtered air with 3 different levels of ozone added (NF1+, NF2+ and NF3+). The mean daytime (08.00–20.00 h) ozone concentrations during the exposure period (31 days) were 7, 20, 34, 48 and 62 nmol mol?1 in F, NF, NF1+, NF2+ and NF3+, respectively. The corresponding ozone doses, expressed as the accumulated exposure over a concentration threshold of 40 nmol mol?1 (AOT40), were 0, 12, 1 989, 5 881 and 10 375 nmol mol?1 h, respectively, and 884, 2 594, 4 557, 6 188 and 7 900 μmol m?2, respectively, expressed as the calculated cumulative flag leaf ozone flux (CFO30). The flag leaves senesced earlier and the grain‐filling duration was significantly shorter at higher ozone exposure compared to F (?5, ?13 and ?18% in NF1+, NF2+ and NF3+, respectively). The relative grain‐filling rate did not differ between the treatments. The 1000‐grain weights were 10, 28 and 37% lower, and the grain yields were 15, 29 and 46% lower than F in NF1+, NF2+ and NF3+, respectively. Ozone exposure had no significant effect on the number of grains per unit ground area or on straw yield, but significantly reduced the harvest index and increased the grain protein concentration in NF2+ and NF3+ compared to F. The grain yield was negatively correlated with the ozone dose, expressed either as AOT40 or as CFO3 with or without an ozone flux threshold. The 1000‐grain weight was positively correlated with the grain‐filling duration (R2=0.998), which in turn was positively correlated with the leaf area duration (R2=0.989).     

籼型杂种稻米品质性状的数量遗传分析

应用新近提出的ｐ＾＋ｑ＾＋ｐｑ交配设计的种子性状遗传表达鉴别方法,分析了籼型水稻３个不育系和１０个恢复系配组的３０个杂种Ｆ１植株上的Ｆ２种子及其亲本的９个稻米品质性状。结果表明：（１）粒长、粒宽、粒重、糙米率和完整精米率５个性状在Ｆ２米粒间没有发生遗传分离,它们的遗传受二倍体母体基因型（Ｆ１植株）控制。（２）垩白率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度４个性状则在Ｆ２米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,帮主要受三     

The Effects of Grain Nitrogen and Applied Nitrate on Growth, Photosynthesis and Protein Content of the First Leaf of Barley Cultivars

Five cultivars of barley with widely differing grain nitrogencontents were compared. In the absence of exogenous nitratesupply plants grown from high nitrogen grain showed a more rapidleaf emergence, greater leaf size, especially of the first leaf,higher photosynthetic rate and greater total souble proteinand Fraction 1 protein content of the first leaf, than plantsgrown from low nitrogen grain. However, early supply of nitrateto plants grown from low nitrogen grain enabled these to performas well as those from grain with a high nitrogen content. Regressionanalysis showed that Fraction 1 content of the first leaf isclosely correlated with grain nitrogen which exerts a progressivelygreater effect on content of this protein as application ofexogenous nitrate is delayed. The more rapid photosyntheticrate of plants grown with high nitrogen, and the consequentgreater rate of dry matter accumulation, is attributable mainlyto effects of nitrogen availability on leaf area and much lessto effects on leaf protein.     

The effect of additions ofAegilops longissima chromosomes on grain protein in common wheat

Summary The effect of various chromosomes ofAegilops longissima when added to the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring was evaluated at two levels of nitrogen fertilization for absolute and relative amount of protein in the grain. All the added chromosomes ofAe. longissima increased protein percentage: protein increase by chromosomes D, C and A averaged 3.8% while that by chromosomes F, E, G and B averaged 1.7%. Addition lines F, D and C had a significantly higher protein weight per grain. On the other hand, lines A, E and G had reduced grain protein weight per grain as compared with that of Chinese Spring. Line C carries the HMW glutenin and some of the gliadin subunits ofAe. longissima. The effect of this line, however, and obviously that of the other lines on protein content was through genes controlling the level of storage protein rather than through genes that code directly for these proteins. Nitrogen fertilization affected protein content and the relative amount of the various protein fractions in a similar manner in every addition line. When high levels of nitrogen fertilization were compared to low ones, the relative amount of the HMW glutenins remained constant while that of HMW gliadins increased and that of the LMW subunits decreased. In contrast to the nitrogen effect, increase in protein content by the addition oflongissima chromosomes did not change the relative amounts of the various protein fractions.The paper is based on a portion of a dissertation to be submitted by A.A.L. in partial fulfillment of the PhD requirements in the Feinberg Graduate School, The Weizmann Institute of Science, RehovotThe Marshall and Edith Korshak Professor of Plant Cytogenetics