Effect of Temperature on Development and Fecundity of the Predaceous Plant Bug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deraeocoris brevis</Emphasis> Reared on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ephestia kuehniella</Emphasis> Eggs

Temperature-dependent development and oviposition component models were developed for Deraeocoris brevis (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Miridae). Egg development times decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 35.8 d at 15 °C to 6.7 d at 32 °C. Total development times of nymphs reared on frozen Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs decreased from an estimated 55.6 d at 15 °C to 9.2 d at 32 °C and 10.0 d at 34.6 °C. By fitting linear models to the data the lower developmental threshold temperatures for eggs, small nymphs (1st to 3rd instar), large nymphs (4th to 5th instar), and all nymphs combined were calculated as 10.5, 12.5, 11.8, and 11.9 °C, respectively. The thermal constants were 144.1, 90.3, 95.0, and 190.8 degree-days for each of the above stages. The non-linear model was based on a Gaussian equation, which fit the relationship between development rate and temperature well for all stages. The Weibull function provided a good fit for the distribution of development times of each stage. Adult longevity decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 52.9 d at 21.7 to 16.8 d at 32.0 °C. D. brevis had a maximum fecundity of 471 eggs per female at 24 °C, which declined to 191 eggs per female at 32 °C. Also, three temperature-dependent components for an oviposition model of D. brevis were developed including models for total fecundity, age-specific cumulative oviposition rate, and age-specific survival rate.     

Temperature‐dependent developmental model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari,Phytoseiidae)

The developmental time and survival of immature stages of Neoseiulus californicus were studied at nine constant temperatures (12, 16, 24, 24, 28 32, 36, 38 and 40°C), 60–70% RH, and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. The total mortality of immature N. californicus was lowest at 24°C (4.5%) and highest at 38°C (15.2%). The total developmental time decreased with increasing temperature between 12°C (18.38 days) and 32°C (2.98 days), and increased beyond 32°C. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The nonlinear shape of temperature development was best described by the Lactin 1 model (r² = 0.98). The developmental variation of each stage was well described by the three‐parameter Weibull distribution model (r² = 0.91–0.93). The temperature‐dependent developmental models of N. californicus developed in this study could be used to determine optimal temperature conditions for its mass rearing, to predict its seasonal population dynamics in fruit tree orchards or greenhouse crops, or to develop a population dynamics model of N. californicus.     

Temperature‐dependent phenology and growth potential of the Andean potato tuber moth,Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) (Lep., Gelechiidae)

The Andean potato tuber moth, Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) [Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae], is an economically important pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the mid‐elevated Andean region and an invasive pest of partially global importance. Determination of the pest's population life table parameters is essential for understanding population development and growth under a variety of climates and as part of a pest risk analysis. The development, mortality and reproduction were studied in two pest populations (from Peru and Ecuador) in which cohorts of each life stage were exposed to different constant temperatures ranging from 10°C to 28°C. Using the Insect Life Cycle Modeling software, nonlinear equations were fitted to the data and an overall phenology model established to simulate life table parameters based on temperature. The temperature‐dependent development curve was statistically well described for eggs by Ratkowsky's model and for larvae and pupae by Taylor's model. Variability in development time among individuals independent of temperature was significantly described by a log‐logistic model. Temperature effects on immature mortality were described using different nonlinear models. Optimal temperature for survival was between 14° and 17°C. Temperature effects on adult senescence and oviposition time were described by simple exponential models; within‐group variability was described by a Weibull distribution function. Fecundity per female due to temperature followed a nonlinear model indicating maximum reproduction at ~17°C. The established model revealed good convergence with historical life tables established at fluctuating temperatures. The results confirm that S. tangolias is more adapted to cooler temperature than the common potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). S. tangolias develops at temperatures within the range of 8–28.8°C with a maximum finite rate of population increase (=1.053) at 21°C. The established process‐based physiological model can be used globally to simulate life table parameters for S. tangolias based on temperature and should prove helpful for evaluating the potential establishment risk and in adjusting pest management programmes.     

Phenology simulation model of Scotinophara lurida (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

A phenology simulation model was developed for Scotinophara lurida (Burmeister). The components for the model were a degree-day immigration flight model of overwintered adults, temperature-dependent developmental models of each stage, survival rates of each stage, and an adult oviposition model. A degree-day model for immigration flight of overwintered adults was developed with blacklight trap catch data by a Weibull function. Laboratory experiments using seven constant temperature regimens were conducted to determine the effect of temperature on the development of immature stages. Developmental rates of each immature stage fit well to a linear model. Distribution of developmental time for each immature stage was successfully modeled against physiological age by a Weibull function. To determine the temperature effect on longevity, fecundity, and survival of female adults, laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted. The adult developmental rate (1/median longevity) was described by a linear model. The oviposition model was developed incorporating the three components of average total fecundity, cumulative oviposition rate function, and survival rate function. The simulation model predicted the time of peak occurrences of life stages of S. lurida well.     

Temperature-dependent development and immature survival of an aphidophagous ladybeetle, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant)

Development and survival of the immature stages of an aphidophagous ladybeetle, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) was investigated at five constant temperatures, viz. 20, 25, 27, 30 and 35°C, using Aphis gossypii Glover as prey. Developmental period of all the life stages were significantly affected with change in constant temperature and developmental rate increased with increase in temperature. Theoretical lower thermal threshold for complete development and thermal constant was 10.39°C and 465.11 Day‐degrees, respectively. Of the various life stages, first instar larvae were most susceptible to mortality at temperatures between 20 and 30°C, whilst pre‐pupae suffered least mortality. Egg‐mortality was maximum at 35°C. Female biased sex ratios were obtained at all five temperatures tested with higher proportion of females at the extremes of temperature, thus suggesting that females are more thermal‐tolerant. Lowest mortality of immature stages with maximum larval survival and adult emergence was recorded at 27°C, while reverse was the case at 35°C. Thus, 27°C may be considered best for the laboratory rearing of P. dissecta.     

Age‐ and temperature‐dependent oviposition model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with Tetranychus urticae as prey

In this study, we developed an oviposition model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) with Tetranychus urticae Koch as prey. To obtain data for the model, we investigated the longevity, fecundity and survivorship of adult female N. californicus at six constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36°C), 60–70% RH and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. Longevity (average ± SE) decreased as temperature increased and was longest at 16°C (46.7 ± 5.25 days) and shortest at 36°C (12.8 ± 0.75 days). Adult developmental rate (1/average longevity) was described by the Lactin 1 model (r² = 0.95). The oviposition period (average±SE) was also longest at 16°C (29.8 ± 2.93 days) and shortest at 36°C (6.7 ± 0.54 days). Fecundity (average±SE) was greatest at 24°C (43.8 ± 3.23 eggs) and lowest at 36°C (15.9 ± 1.50 eggs). The oviposition model comprised temperature‐dependent fecundity, age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate and age‐specific survival rate functions. The temperature‐dependent fecundity was best described by an exponential equation (r² = 0.81). The age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate was best described by the three‐parameter Weibull function (r² = 0.96). The age‐specific survival rate was best described by a reverse sigmoid function (r² = 0.85).     

Estimating temperature‐dependent developmental rates of potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Abstract The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the most destructive pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae), in tropical and subtropical regions in both field and storeroom situations. The modeling of temperature‐dependent development can be useful in forecasting occurrence and population dynamics of the pests. Published developmental parameters for this pest vary greatly for many reasons. We determined temperature‐dependent development of P. operculella at seven constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 34 and 36 °C). Developmental period of whole immature stage (egg to the end of the pupal stage) varied from 75.5 days at 16 °C to 17 days at 32 °C. The population failed to survive at 36 °C. The observed data was modeled to determine mathematical functions for simulating P. operculella development in each stage of development and overall. Two linear models, ordinary linear regression and the Ikemoto linear model were used to describe the relationship between temperature and development rate of the different stages of P. operculella and estimating the thermal constant and lower temperature threshold. The lower temperature threshold (t) and thermal constant (k) of whole immature stage were estimated to be 11.6 °C and 338.5 DD by Ikemoto linear model, and the estimated parameters were not substantially different with those estimated by ordinary linear models. Different models provided a better fit to the various developmental stages. Of the eleven nonlinear models fitted, the Beriere‐1, Logan‐6 and Lactin‐1 model was found to be the best for modeling development rate of egg, larva and pupa of P. operculella, respectively. Phenological models based on these findings can be part of a decision‐support tool to improve the efficiency of pest management programs.     

Temperature‐dependent development of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) at seven constant temperatures

Abstract The effect of seven constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 35 and 37°C on developmental time of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes were determined in laboratory conditions under 65%± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 12 : 12 (L : D) h on nymphal stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch. Total developmental time of females (from egg to adult emergence) at the above‐mentioned temperatures was 26.59, 14.43, 6.32, 5.64, 4.59, 3.98 and 4.67 days, respectively. Developmental rate of the N. barkeri increased as temperature increased from 15 to 35°C, but declined at 37°C. A linear and two nonlinear models were fitted to developmental rate of immature stages of N. barkeri to predict the developmental rate as a function of temperature, as well as to estimate the thermal constant (K) and critical temperatures (i.e., T_min, T_opt and T_max). The estimated values of the T_min and K for total developmental time using the linear model were 12.07°C and 86.20 degree‐days (DD), respectively. The T_min and T_max estimated by the Sharpe‐Schoolfield‐Ikemoto (SSI) model were 11.90°C and 37.41°C, respectively. The estimated T_opt for overall immature stage development of N. barkeri by the Lactin and SSI models were 33.89°C and 24.51°C, respectively. Based on the biological criteria of model evaluation, the linear and SSI models were found to be the best models for describing the developmental rate of overall immature stages of N. barkeri and estimating the temperature thresholds.     

Effects of short-term heat stress on the growth and development of Bradysia cellarum and Bradysia impatiens

Bradysia cellarum Frey and Bradysia impatiens Johansen are major pests of vegetable crops, as well as edible mushrooms and ornamental plants, and damage to hosts resulting in economic losses. Temperatures above the optimum levels for these pests have been predicted to regulate their population growth during summer. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of both heat stress and exposure time on the growth and development of eggs, larvae and pupae for two Bradysia species. The egg stage, egg hatching rate, 4th instar larval stage, pupation rate, pupal stage and adult emergence rate were observed after exposing at high temperatures of 34°C, 37°C and 40°C for 1, 2, 4 and 6 hr. The results showed that 34°C, 37°C and 40°C for 1-, 2-, 4- and 6-hr exposure treatments prolonged the developmental stage of egg, 4th instar larva and pupa, while decreasing the egg hatching rate, pupation rate and adult emergence rate. This suggests that increasing temperature or prolonging exposure time to the heat stress could significantly affect insect survival, growth and development. Our study could provide an ecological basis for pests’ management strategy by using short-term heat stress.     

Effect of short-term high temperature stress on the development and fecundity of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Since insects are ectothermic, they are highly vulnerable to the sudden increase of temperature. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that the survival, development, fecundity, and even population expansion of insects are all affected significantly by extremely high temperature. We studied the effect of short-term high temperature stress on the survival and development of different stages, adult longevity and fecundity of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of the invasive plant, the common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asterales: Asteraceae) in the laboratory. The results showed that egg, larval, pupal and adult survival rates were significantly affected after 2 hour-short-stress at high temperatures (35 to 47°C) when compared to the 28°C control. With the exceptions of the control and 35°C stress, survival rate of females was significantly higher than that of males after short-stress at any high temperature. Short-term high temperature stress also significantly impacted longevity and fecundity of adult beetles. Except for control, female longevity was significantly longer than male's after short-stress at any high temperature. The survival rates of different stages, and adult longevity and fecundity of the beetle decreased significantly with the increase of short-term stress temperature. Based on the results of the present study, we conclude that the development and population expansion of O. communa may be significantly affected when they are exposed to a high temperature stage in a summer day in the areas invaded by common ragweed, in southern China.     

Elevated water temperature impairs fertilization and embryonic development of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus

The adverse effects of high temperatures on the early life stages of anadromous whitefish Coregonus lavaretus were experimentally examined by assessing fertilization success, the percentage of developmental abnormalities, cumulative mortality and the rate of embryogenesis across a range of temperatures. Temperatures ≥ 7° C increased the proportion of unfertilized and abnormally dividing eggs, deformed embryos and consequent mortality. The higher the temperature, the more severe were the effects. When eggs were fertilized and constantly incubated at various temperatures, the effective level for 50% of the eggs and embryos (EL50) of temperature was 7·6° C at the developmental stage when eye pigmentation was visible. Fewer developmental abnormalities and a lower cumulative mortality rate were observed when embryos were exposed to high temperatures from the later, gastrula stage, than from fertilization or the four‐cell stage. Irrespective of retarded development in terms of day‐degrees (i.e. the sum of daily mean temperatures), a high incubation temperature reduced the development time of C. lavaretus, leading to earlier hatching, and hatched fry were shorter than at the reference temperature of 4–5° C. Global warming will particularly pose risks for stenothermic species such as C. lavaretus, with early life stages being especially susceptible. Thus, relatively small increases and fluctuations in river water temperatures during the spawning season of this anadromous species may have substantial negative impacts on its recruitment and population persistence.     

The effects of temperature and shading on mortality and development rates of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Urbanization has caused an increase in favorable habitats for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), given their ability to reproduce in small and often non‐degradable artificial water‐containers. While much work has been done on Ae. aegypti biology and ecology in urban landscapes, the role of shading on immature stages as an independent factor from temperature, and any possible interactions between these factors, remains unexamined. We assessed how temperature and shading affected egg hatch‐rate, larval/pupal mortality, and larval development to adult stage under different factorial temperature (28; 31; 34; 37; 40° C) and shade (0%, 3,100 lux; 40%, 1,860 lux; 75%, 775 lux; 100%, 0 lux) regimes. Hatch‐rate was significantly lower at 37° C (57 %), and no eggs hatched at 40° C. There was no significant effect caused by shading on hatchability. Larval and pupal mortality at 37° C was significantly higher (35%) compared to lower temperature groups, while the effects of shading were emergent at low temperatures. Developmental times from hatching to adult emergence were significantly reduced with increasing temperatures and with greater light exposures. The eco‐physiological response of Ae. aegypti larvae to temperature and light regimes suggest a photosensitivity previously unstudied in this species.     

Effects of temperature on the development and survival of an endangered butterfly,Lycaeides argyrognomon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with estimation of optimal and threshold temperatures using linear and nonlinear models

The effects of temperature on the development and survival of Lycaeides argyrognomon were examined in the laboratory. The eggs, larvae and pupae were reared at temperatures of 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30 and 33°C under a long‐day photoperiod of 16‐h light and 8‐h darkness. The survival rates of the first–third instars ranged from 40.0 to 82.4%. The mortalities of the fourth instar were lower than those of the first–third instars. The development time of the overall immature stage decreased from 78.33 days at 15°C to 21.07 days at 30°C, and then increased to 24.33 days at 33°C. The common linear model and the Ikemoto–Takai model were used to estimate the thermal constant (K) and the developmental zero (T₀). The values of T₀ and K for the overall immature stages were 10.50°C and 418.83 degree‐days, and 9.71°C and 451.68 degree‐days by the common model and the Ikemoto–Takai model, respectively. The upper temperature thresholds (T_max) and the optimal temperatures (T_opt) of the egg, the first–third instars and the overall immature stages were estimated by the three nonlinear models. The ranges of T_opt estimated were from 30.33°C to 32.46°C in the overall immature stages and the estimates of T_max of the overall immature stages by the Briere‐1 and the Briere‐2 models were 37.18°C and 33.00°C, respectively. The method to predict the developmental period of L. argyrognomon using the nonlinear models was discussed based on the data of the average temperature per hour.     

Cold hardiness in immature stages and adults in the adult‐diapausing spider mite Stigmaeopsis longus

The cold hardiness of arthropods is an important characteristic associated with overwintering success. Cold‐tolerant stages affect overwintering strategy, especially in arthropods that continuously feed on evergreen host plants in temperate regions. However, cold hardiness to mildly low temperature is rarely investigated. In the present study, we estimate the stage‐specific cold hardiness of a population of the spider mite Stigmaeopsis longus (Saito) (Acari: Tetranychidae) occurring on evergreen Sasa bamboo in a temperate area (Kochi City, southwestern Japan). Individuals of each stage developing under diapause‐inducing conditions (LD 10 : 14 h at 20 °C) are maintained at 4 °C (approximating the mean daily minimum temperature for December in Kochi City) for 30 days (eggs are cooled immediately, without short‐day development first). They are then returned to the initial conditions to assess survival rates. The survival rate of adult females (i.e. the diapausing stage) is high (99.5%), as is that of adult males and deutonymphs of both sexes (84.2–98.7% and 89.7–89.8%, respectively). The survival rate of mobile immature stages tends to increase toward adulthood in both sexes, whereas the survival rate of the eggs and quiescent stages is extremely low (16–23% and 0–20%, respectively). The poor cold hardiness of the eggs and quiescent stages presumably prevents the normal development of immature individuals during winter.     

Effects of temperature on the post-diapause embryonic development and the hatching time in three grasshopper species (Orth., Acrididae)

A study was conducted to determine the effects of six constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C) on the post‐diapause embryonic development and the hatching time in three grasshopper species –Omocestus haemorrhoidalis (Charp.), Calliptamus abbreviatus Ikonn. and Chorthippus fallax (Zub.) – from the Inner Mongolian steppe. The results indicate that the species differ in the developmental rates, survival curves and cumulative hatching probabilities. The eggs of O. haemorrhoidalis had the fastest developmental rate with a low developmental threshold temperature of 9.9°C and the sum of effective temperature (SET) 211.2 degree‐days (DD). The corresponding values were 10.9°C and 210.6 DD for C. abbreviatus, 10.5°C and 240.2 DD for Ch. fallax respectively. The SET at which 50% of post‐diapause eggs hatched were 252.0 DD for O. haemorrhoidalis, 262.8 DD for C. abbreviatus, and 273.3 DD for Ch. fallax. The predicted maximal hatch ability of O. haemorrhoidalis (91.17%), C. abbreviatus (75.67%) and Ch. fallax (94.07%) occurred at 23.7, 29.0 and 31.3°C, respectively. The thermal death points of each species were reached at 43.3, 45.0 and 48.6°C. The optimal temperature ranges were 12.2–35.2°C for O. haemorrhoidalis, 21.7–36.3°C for C. abbreviatus and 20.9–41.7°C for Ch. fallax respectively. These results suggest that O. haemorrhoidalis adapt to hatch at a lower temperature range, C. abbreviatus adapt to mid‐temperature range, while Ch. fallax adapt to hatch at a higher temperature range. Although the SET of Ch. fallax is more than that of the other two species, it is not sufficient to explain the hatching sequence of the species in springtime. The results also indicate that Ch. fallax and O. haemorrhoidalis have wider adaptive temperature range than C. abbreviatus.     

Temperature related effects on embryonic development of the Mediterranean locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus

Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the effect of temperature on the development of the eggs of Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) during anatrepsis (stages I–XIV) and during catatrepsis (stages XV–XX). The developmental rates of anatrepsis were studied at five constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 30°C. Egg development occurred over the entire range but at 10°C the embryos were unable to complete anatrepsis. The relationship between temperature and developmental times for completing anatrepsis was analysed by the non‐linear Logan type III model. The optimal temperature estimated for the development of eggs during anatrepsis was 24.7°C; the lower and upper thermal thresholds were 9°C and 31°C, respectively. Once the embryos completed anatrepsis, only those incubated at 15°C continued morphogenesis beyond stage XIV (diapause stage) without a low‐temperature exposure period. The developmental rate of catatrepsis was studied at four constant temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C after exposure to low‐temperature, 10°C, for 30, 60 or 90 days. For catatrepsis, temperature and developmental time were linearly and inversely related. Linear regression was used to estimate the lower developmental threshold and the degree days requirements for catatrepsis. Both decreased with longer exposure to the low temperature; the former from 13.8°C to 10.5°C and the latter from 212.8 to 171.5 degree days, following 30 and 90 days at 10°C, respectively. Our results improve the ability of decision support systems for Mediterranean locust pest management by providing better forecasts to land managers and pest advisors.     

Provenance matters: thermal reaction norms for embryo survival among sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka populations

Differences in thermal tolerance during embryonic development in Fraser River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka were examined among nine populations in a controlled common‐garden incubation experiment. Forcing embryonic development at an extreme temperature (relative to current values) of 16° C, representing a future climate change scenario, significantly reduced survival compared to the more ecologically moderate temperature of 10° C (55% v. 93%). Survival at 14° C was intermediate between the other two temperatures (85%). More importantly, this survival response varied by provenance within and between temperature treatments. Thermal reaction norms showed an interacting response of genotype and environment (temperature), suggesting that populations of O. nerka may have adapted differentially to elevated temperatures during incubation and early development. Moreover, populations that historically experience warmer incubation temperatures at early development displayed a higher tolerance for warm temperatures. In contrast, thermal tolerance does not appear to transcend life stages as adult migration temperatures were not related to embryo thermal tolerance. The intra‐population variation implies potential for thermal tolerance at the species level. The differential inter‐population variation in thermal tolerance that was observed suggests, however, limited adaptive potential to thermal shifts for some populations. This infers that the intergenerational effects of increasing water temperatures may affect populations differentially, and that such thermally mediated adaptive selection may drive population, and therefore species, persistence.     

Effect of temperature on the development of the immature stages ofBembidion lampros [Coleoptera: Carabidae]

The effects of temperature on survival and development of immature stages ofBembidion lampros were examined under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The duration of development was examined at 5°C, 12°C, 17°C, 19°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C and 32°C and found to be inversely related to temperature. Between 12°C and 30°C there was a significant difference in duration of egg development, but no significant difference in percentage of eggs hatched. The upper and lower lethal limits for egg development were estimated (c 31°C and 4°C respectively). There are 3 larval instars and one pupal stage. Development of larva plus pupa required a minimum of 20.9 days at 30°C. Between 22°C and 30°C survival from larva to the adult stage was 80%.      

Influence of larval rearing temperature on the quality of cold‐stored Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Oomyzus sokolowskii, an important parasitoid of Plutella xylostella, has great potential for use in biological control. Storage at suboptimal temperature is valuable for increasing the shelf‐life of insect parasitoids. In this study, O. sokolowskii larvae were reared at 30/25, 25/25 and 25/20°C light/dark (65 ± 5% RH, 16 : 8 h L : D) until pupation. The pupae were then cold‐stored at 4 ± 1°C (60 ± 5% RH, full darkness). The pupae were removed out from the storage at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after storage (DAS) and maintained at 25 ± 2°C until adults emerged or pupae died. Quality of the emerging adults and their F₁ offspring were assessed. Incidence of parasitism by O. sokolowskii was higher at 30/25°C than at 25/20°C. Cold storage of O. sokolowskii pupae greatly affected the fitness of the parasitoid: adult emergence rates were lower in the 40 DAS treatment than in other treatments; when O. sokolowskii larvae developed at 25/25°C, female proportions of the emerged adults were lower in the 40 DAS treatment than in the 0 and 10 DAS treatments. Larval rearing temperature mildly affected the adult emergence rate, post‐storage developmental time and female proportion with a few exceptions. Number of parasitoids emerged per host pupa, and incidence of parasitism by the females were neither affected by larval rearing temperature nor cold storage duration. Trans‐generational effects on F₁ offspring were evident in adult emergence rate, egg‐adult developmental time and female proportion which were negatively affected by long duration of storage (40 days), but not by larval rearing temperature with a few exceptions. In conclusion, O. sokolowskii pupae could be stored at 4°C for up to 30 days without significant fitness loss.