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1.
S. S. Navi S. Varanavasiappan Ch. Ravinderreddy 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(6):465-477
Abstract The paucity of information on the moulds in Indian pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) led to the studies that were conducted at ICRISAT, India to evaluate (a) 447 germplasm accessions of 32 countries for mould reaction in rainy season, (b) threshed grain mould rating (TGMS) and mycoflora on grains of each accession, and (c) mould scores in field and in vitro. Post physiological maturity evaluation showed that 16% of the accessions secured a mould rating of 2. In TGMS, 18% were mould free and 57% secured a rating of 2 on a 1 – 9 scale. Assessment of twenty representative accessions in vitro against individual and mixed conidial suspensions (1 × 10(6) conidia ml(?1)) of Fusarium moniliforme, F. pallidoroseum and Curvularia pennisetti indicated significant correlation (r = 0.97) between the overall field and in vitro scores of mixed spores inoculations. The mycoflora for TGMS in blotter test revealed that Fusarium moniliforme, F. pallidoroseum, Curvularia pennisetti, Helminthosporium spp., Alternaria spp. and Colletotrichum spp. to be the major fungi affecting pearl millet grain. It is advisable to harvest panicles at the physiological maturity stage to obtain better quality grains. A strong negative correlation between TGMS and % GS (r = 0.4601) and positive correlation between TGMS and % UGS (r = 0.4654) indicated that, the lesser the threshed grain mould rating higher the % seed germination. 相似文献
2.
3.
F. R. Bidinger S. Chandra D. S. Raju 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(2-3):387-391
The d2 dwarfing gene in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] carries a yield penalty due to an associated reduction in individual grain mass. This reduction, however, varies
with genetic background, indicating that it may be possible to select against poor grain filling in d2 dwarfbackgrounds, given an effective measure of grain filling. This study was conducted to assess genetic variability forgrain-filling
ability (in contrast to simply grain size),and its relationship to grain yield,indwarf pearl milletrestorer (R) lines. The
grain-filling ability (GFA) of an individual R line was defined as the least squares estimate of its effect on individual
grain mass in the analysis of variance, following a linear covariance adjustment for grain number. The study was based on
93dwarf hybrids involving31 d2 dwarfR-lines, evaluated over 3 years. Half of the variation in individual grain mass in the 93 hybrids was related to variation
in grain number. Covariance adjustment in individual grain mass for grain number resulted in highly significant differences
among hybrids and R lines in GFA. The R-line combining ability for GFA accounted for 26% of the variation in the R-line combining
ability for yield, compared to 46% for the combining ability for grain number, and just 8% for the combining ability of individual
grain mass. The combining ability for GFA was independent of the combining ability for various pre-flowering effects, including
grain number, but was related to the combining ability for individual grain mass and harvest index. Improvement in individual
grain mass achieved through selection for GFA should translate directly into yield improvement, whereasimprovement by direct
selectionfor individual grain mass is less-likely to do so.
Received: 9 April 2000 / Accepted: 16 May 2000 相似文献
4.
Transgenic pearl millet lines expressing pin gene—exhibiting high resistance to downy mildew pathogen, Sclerospora graminicola—were produced using particle-inflow-gun (PIG) method. Shoot-tip-derived embryogenic calli were co-bombarded with plasmids containing pin and bar genes driven by CaMV 35S promoter. Bombarded calli were cultured on MS medium with phosphinothricin as a selection agent. Primary transformants 1T0, 2T0, and 3T0 showed the presence of both bar and pin coding sequences as evidenced by PCR and Southern blot analysis, respectively. T1 progenies of three primary transformants, when evaluated for downy mildew resistance, segregated into resistant and susceptible phenotypes. T1 plants resistant to downy mildew invariably exhibited tolerance to Basta suggesting co-segregation of pin and bar genes. Further, the downy mildew resistant 1T1 plants were found positive for pin gene in Southern and Northern analyses thereby confirming stable integration, expression, and transmission of pin gene. 1T2 progenies of 1T0 conformed to dihybrid segregation of 15 resistant:1 susceptible plants. 相似文献
5.
Radhouane L 《Comptes rendus biologies》2008,331(3):206-214
The variations in the hydrous characteristics - leaf water potential (psi(F)) and relative water content (TRE) - of plants indicate their hydrous status and also their capacity to incorporate water, particularly in situations of hydrous stress. These characteristics were used to differentiate the behaviour of six autochthonous ecotypes of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) subjected to various hydrous modes. The results showed that the psi(F) and the TRE evolve in the same direction and decrease in the presence of hydrous stress. These hydrous characteristics are also very important, since they condition the yield. The study also showed that the six pear millet ecotypes present two standard behaviours: the first type is characterized by an important fall of the psi(F) and TRE, representing an osmotic adjustment of adaptive type, whereas the second group showed a weak reduction of leaf water potential while maintaining a TRE appreciably higher, which could be the result of an important reduction of the osmotic potential due to an active accumulation of solutes (constitutive osmotic adjustment). Moreover, the genetic variability of ecotypes with respect to the hydrous stress does not seem related to the geographical origin of the millet ecotypes, but rather to their phenology and their morphology. 相似文献
6.
Varalakshmi P Mohan Dev Tavva SS Arjuna Rao PV Subba Rao MV Hash CT 《Genetics and molecular biology》2012,35(1):106-118
This report describes the construction of integrated genetic maps in pearl millet involving certain purple phenotype and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. These maps provide a direct means of implementing DNA marker-assisted selection and of facilitating "map-based cloning" for engineering novel traits. The purple pigmentation of leaf sheath, midrib and leaf margin was inherited together 'en bloc' under the control of a single dominant locus (the 'midrib complex') and was inseparably associated with the locus governing the purple coloration of the internode. The purple panicle was caused by a single dominant locus. Each of the three characters (purple lamina, purple stigma and purple seed) was governed by two complementary loci. One of the two loci governing purple seed was associated with the SSR locus Xpsmp2090 in linkage group 1, with a linkage value of 22 cM, while the other locus was associated with the SSR locus Xpsmp2270 in linkage group 6, with a linkage value of 23 cM. The locus for purple pigmentation of the midrib complex was either responsible for pigmentation of the panicle in a pleiotropic manner or was linked to it very closely and associated with the SSR locus Xpsmp2086 in linkage group 4, with a suggestive linkage value of 21 cM. A dominant allele at this locus seems to be a prerequisite for the development of purple pigmentation in the lamina, stigma and seed. These findings suggest that the locus for pigmentation of the midrib complex might regulate the basic steps in anthocyanin pigment development by acting as a structural gene while other loci regulate the formation of color in specific plant parts. 相似文献
7.
Mythili PK Madhavi A Reddy VD Seetharama N 《Indian journal of experimental biology》2001,39(12):1274-1279
A simple, genotype-independent and efficient method for plant regeneration using shoot tip explants of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was established. Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2.5 mg l(-1)) and kinetin (0. 2 mg l(-1)) was used for induction of embryogenic calli. Development of numerous somatic embryos was observed within 10 days after transferring onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyl aminopurine (2 mg l(-1)) and indole 3-butyric acid (0. 5 mg l(-1)) under light (16 hr photoperiod). Histological observations confirmed the origin of somatic pro-embryoids and globular embryoids. Regenerated plants established in soil, grew normally and produced fertile seeds. RAPD analysis also revealed genetic uniformity of the regenerants. The short duration of time taken for regeneration (30-35 days) and its high frequency (78-87%) makes this system highly suitable for applications such as genetic transformation. 相似文献
8.
C. J. Liu J. R. Witcombe T. S. Pittaway M. Nash C. T. Hash C. S. Busso M. D. Gale 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1994,89(4):481-487
Analysis of a sample of diverse pearl millet genotypes with 200 genomic DNA probes revealed this crop species to be extremely polymorphic. Among these genotypes, 85% of probes detected polymorphism using only two restriction enzymes, with an average pair-wise polymorphism between all of the probe-enzyme combinations of 56%. Two crosses were employed to construct an RFLP-based genetic map. In an intervarietal F2 population, derived from a single F1 plant, 181 loci were placed on a linkage map. The total length of this map, which comprised seven linkage groups, was 303 cM and the average map distance between loci was about 2 cM, although a few intervals in excess of 10 cM were present at the ends of a few linkage groups. Very few clones, including those which hybridized to more than one copy, detected more than one locus in the pearl millet genome. The analysis was complicated initially because 83 of the 181 loci mapped to a single linkage group. Analysis of a second cross identified a probable translocation breakpoint in the middle of this large linkage group. 相似文献
9.
Transient GUS (-glucuronidase) expression was visualized in whole and sectioned embryos of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet) after microprojectile bombardment with pMON 8678 DNA. Strongest GUS expression occurred in cells located in the center of GUS positive spots with decreasing intensity in surrounding cells. GUS positive cells could be seen up to 12 cell layers beneath the epidermis. Needle-like crystals of the GUS assay product were found throughout the cytoplasm of GUS positive cells. The number of GUS positive spots was correlated to the microprojectile spread pattern on the medium surface. Shorter bombardment distances (6.6 and 9.8 cm) and the standard accelerator speed gave the best results for transient expression but also caused maximum tissue damage. The speed and distance, however, had little influence on the ability of bombarded embryos to form compact callus. The developmental stage of the bombarded immature embryos was the determining factor in the formation of compact callus, from which plants were regenerated. 相似文献
10.
A. K. Chhabra K. N. Rai I. S. Khairwal S. Sivaramakrishnan C. T. Hash 《Journal of plant biochemistry and biotechnology.》1998,7(2):85-92
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of mitochondrial (mt) DNA provides a rapid and effective method to assess heterogeneity among male sterile cytoplasms. Six isonuclear A-lines (81 A1, with Tift 23A1, cytoplasm, ICMA 88001 (= 81Av) with Violaceum cytoplasm, 81A (=81A4) with monodli = violaceum cytoplasm, Pb 310A2 and Pb 311A2 with A2 cytoplasm from L 66A, and Pb 406A3 with A3 cytoplasm from L 67A), nine cytoplasmic male-sterility sources from Large-Seeded Genepool (LSGP 6, LSGP 14, LSGP 17, LSGP 22, LSGP 28, LSGP 36, LSGP 43, LSGP 55 and LSGP 66) and two each from Early Genepool (EGP 33 and EGP 15) and Population Varieties (PV 1 and PV 2) were characterized for variation in their mitochondrial genomes following Southern blot hybridizations using homologous (pearl millet 13.6 kb, 10.9 kb, 9.7 kb and 4.7 kb clones) and heterologous (maize atp6 and coxl clones) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) probes. Following cluster analysis based on similarity indices for the RFLP banding patterns observed, we identified seven cytoplasmic groups within LSGP. Two (LSGP 43 and LSGP 66) of these were quite distinct from each other as well as from other cytoplasms. This clearly indicates that besides serving as a source of diversity for agronomic and adaptation traits, broad-based gene pools can also provide diverse sources of cytoplasmic male sterility. These new CMS sources were also compared with standard CMS systems and cytoplasm-specific restriction fragments were identified. 相似文献
11.
To widen the germplasm base for the introgression of economically important traits such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses from related species, crosses of cultivated pearl millet were made with pollen from four related species differing in the basic chromosome number (x=5,7,8 and 9). Embryo rescue technique was used to obtain viable progeny. Pollinations of pearl millet with Pennisetum ramosum (2n=2x=10) did not give any viable progeny. Pearl millet interspecific hybrids with P. schwelnfurthii (2n-2x-14), P. mezianum (2n=4x-32) and P. orientale (2n=2x=18) were obtained. The hybrid between P. glaucum and P. mezianum (2n=23) is the first successful report. Interspecific hybrid plants resembled their corresponding pollen parents. Southern blots of Psfl digested DNAs from interspecific hybrids and the parental species were hybridized to a full length rDNA to further confirm their hybridity. This further revealed differential amplification of two rDNA repeats among the F1 hybrids from the same cross (P. glaucum X P. orientale). 相似文献
12.
P. N. Rao A. Nirmala P. Ranganadham 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1988,75(2):340-343
Summary In pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke], in the open pollinated and crossed progenies of autotriploids, desynaptics and translocation heterozygotes, two primary trisomics, one each of secondary and tertiary trisomics, two primary trisomics with interchanges, two interchange secondary trisomics, and three interchange tertiary trisomics were located. These categories were determined on the basis of chromosomal associations formed at meiosis. In one other trisomic, its category, whether tertiary or interchange trisomy, could not be determined. Some of these categories, like the secondary trisomy and interchange tertiary trisomy, are reported for the first time. 相似文献
13.
This report presents a procedure for high-frequency multiple shoot production from cultured shoot apical meristems of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. Shoot apices from 1-week-old aseptically germinated seedlings were cultured in vitro on MS medium containing various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzyladenine (BA) with biweekly subculture. A low concentration of 2,4-D coupled with four different concentrations of BA induced the production of adventitious shoots from the enlarged shoot apical meristems. Somatic embryogenesis was also observed at higher concentrations of BA. The use of higher levels of 2,4-D resulted in callusing of shoot apical meristems, while the shoot tips produced many leaves and in vitro flowering in 2,4-D-free media containing BA. All four pearl millet genotypes produced similar results. Fertile pearl millet plants were produced from in vitro-produced multiple shoots. Received: 1 April 1999 / Revision received: 8 July 1999 / Accepted: 17 August 1999 相似文献
14.
R. Ramadevi K. V. Rao V. D. Reddy 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2014,50(4):392-400
A synthetic gene encoding the antimicrobial peptide magainin has been designed, cloned, and engineered for regulation by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the nopaline synthase (nos) terminator. The plant expression cassette was introduced into the vector pSB11-bar (with the glyphosate [Basta®] resistance gene, bar), and the recombinant plasmid was mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 for the generation of a super-binary vector pSB111-bar-mag. Magainins, positively charged amphipathic antimicrobial peptides of 21–26 amino acid residues, are potential candidates for the development of disease resistant transgenic plants. Six-wk-old pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) calli and A. tumefaciens harboring pSB111-bar-mag were cocultivated in a medium supplemented with 400 μM acetosyringone and 3.3 mM l-cysteine. Out of 3,000 infected calli subjected to selection on phosphinothricin medium, 82 calli showed sectors of healthy growth, resulting in a transformation frequency of 2.73%. Among 13 Basta-tolerant putative transformed plants, eight were fertile and their transgenic nature and expression of the transgene was characterized by Southern and Northern blot analyses, respectively. Subsequent T1 progenies co-segregated for bar and magainin genes in a 3:1 ratio. Bioassays that challenged the eight transgenic T1 plant progenies against three highly virulent strains of Sclerospora graminicola, viz., Sg 384, Sg 445, and Sg 492 failed to show resistance. The failure of synthetic magainin gene to confer resistance against downy mildew in pearl millet may be attributed to the complexity of the cell wall and cell membrane of the pathogen. 相似文献
15.
Radhouane L 《Comptes rendus biologies》2008,331(4):278-286
This study compared the behaviour of six autochthonous pear millet ecotypes collected through the Tunisian territory under salt stress from germination to maturity. It showed that salt has little effect on germination rate and coleoptile emergence. However, this effect is more significant for radicular growth and between ecotypes. Salinity did not influence plant height, which seems to be a varietal characteristic, but revealed a positive effect on the foliar expansion. On the productivity level, salinity did not exert a prejudicial effect over the length of the principal candle, but improved the yield component. This adaptation to salinity is mainly due to its root system. This effect varied according to stress intensity and ecotype. Vegetative growth and yield of high-straw ecotypes was decreased by severe salinity, while ecotypes with low or medium height appear very stable on the productivity level. Such ecotypes can play an important role in the conservation and development of fragile grounds, and also be useful as a source of desirable genes for genetic improvement in salinity conditions. 相似文献
16.
Radhouane L 《Comptes rendus biologies》2008,331(8):623-630
This study compared the behaviour of six Tunisian autochthonous pearl millet ecotypes collected through the Tunisian territory under drought, from germination to maturity. Moderate water stress was found to improve germination due to better root elongation; it did not have any notable consequence on the yield components of pearl millet. When drought is severe, germination is compromised, radicle and epicotyle lengths decrease, the size of the plant is reduced as well as the surface of its flag sheet, and all the components of yield are penalized. This effect varies according to the ecotype's morphology and its geographical origin. In the same way, we could establish important correlations that show that radicle and epicotyle lengths are related to the final size of the pearl millet plant. All this shows that the study of germination is a scientific tool that can have agronomic repercussions, practical and exploitable. 相似文献
17.
Ultrastructural changes during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) were quantified using morphometric techniques. The total area per cell profile and the cell volume percentage of the whole cell, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies, mitochondria, nuclei, lipids, plastids, starch grains and vacuoles were measured and comparisons made between three zygotic and three somatic embryo developmental stages. All measurements were taken from scutellar or scutellar-derived cells. Zygotic embryogenesis was characterized by increases in cell size, lipids, plastids, starch, Golgi bodies, mitochondria and ER. Somatic embryogenesis was characterized by two phases of cell development: (1) the dedifferentiation of scutellar cells involving a reduction in cell and vacuole size and an increase in cell activity during somatic proembryoid formation and (2) the development of somatic embryos in which most cell organelle quantities returned to values found in late coleoptile or mature predesiccation zygotic stages. In summary, although their developmental pathways differed, the scutella of somatic embryos displayed cellular variations which were within the ranges observed for later stages of zygotic embryogenesis. 相似文献
18.
U. P. Singh R. Sai Kumar R. M. Singh Dr R. B. Singh 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1982,63(2):139-144
Summary Nineteen tertiary trisomics were isolated from some translocation heterozygotes and interchange trisomics of pearl millet. Cytological analysis of these trisomics indicates that chromosome association of trivalents, univalents and pentavalents were frequent in all the trisomics. But their ratio varied from one trisomic to the next. Other associations were relatively infrequent. The relative frequencies of 6 pentavalent configurations observed in different trisomics were studied and their probable association with mode of fertility and transmission rates have been discussed. 相似文献
19.
S. Allouis X. Qi S. Lindup M. D. Gale K. M. Devos 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(8):1200-1205
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed using nuclear DNA from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and used as a resource for the isolation of microsatellite sequences. The library contains a total of 159,100 clones with
an average insert size of 90 kb, and corresponds to 5.8 haploid genome equivalents. The BAC library was pooled for screening
by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as robotically gridded on high-density filters. PCR-based screening of a subset
of the library (4.7 haploid genome equivalents) using five sequence-tagged site (STS) and six microsatellite markers identified
between 2 and 11 positives superpools (5.4 on average). The frequency of BAC clones carrying inserts of chloroplast DNA was
estimated to be less than 1% by hybridisation with a rice chloroplast probe.
Received: 30 January 2000 / Accepted: 16 October 2000 相似文献
20.
Clotault J Thuillet AC Buiron M De Mita S Couderc M Haussmann BI Mariac C Vigouroux Y 《Molecular biology and evolution》2012,29(4):1199-1212
The plant domestication process is associated with considerable modifications of plant phenotype. The identification of the genetic basis of this adaptation is of great interest for evolutionary biology. One of the methods used to identify such genes is the detection of signatures of selection. However, domestication is generally associated with major demographic effects. It is therefore crucial to disentangle the effects of demography and selection on diversity. In this study, we investigated selection in a flowering time pathway during domestication of pearl millet. We first used a random set of 20 genes to model pearl millet domestication using approximate Bayesian computation. This analysis showed that a model with exponential growth and wild-cultivated gene flow was well supported by our data set. Under this model, the domestication date of pearl millet is estimated at around 4,800 years ago. We assessed selection in 15 pearl millet DNA sequences homologous to flowering time genes and showed that these genes underwent selection more frequently than expected. We highlighted significant signatures of selection in six pearl millet flowering time genes associated with domestication or improvement of pearl millet. Moreover, higher deviations from neutrality were found for circadian clock-associated genes. Our study provides new insights into the domestication process of pearl millet and shows that a category of genes of the flowering pathway were preferentially selected during pearl millet domestication. 相似文献