Artificial destratification of a small tropical reservoir: effects upon the phytoplankton

Seasonal changes in the phytoplankton community of a small tropical reservoir were monitored over a four year period comprising of an initial two seasonal cycles during which the water column stratified strongly for extended periods each year, and two further seasonal cycles after installation of a mechanical aeration system to induce artificial destratification. In the unmanaged reservoir, the concentration of chlorophyll a at 0.5 m reached maximum values (on one occasion > 90 mg m⁻³) when the water column was stratified and the epilimnion was very shallow (ca 2 m depth). The hypolimnion at this time was anoxic (less than 2% oxygen saturation) and had a high concentration of bacteriochlorophyll (100–200 mg m⁻³). The phytoplankton community of the unmanaged reservoir was generally dominated by cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena tenericaulis) during the warmer months of the year (November–March) (but replaced by chlorophyta, dinophyceae and euglenophyceae after periods of intense rain) and by bacillariophyceae (Synedra ulna var. chaseana, S. tenera) during the cooler, dry months. In the artificially destratified reservoir (8 h aeration day⁻¹), the phytoplankton community was largely dominated by diatoms except after depletion of the silica content of the water column which caused diatoms to be replaced by cyanobacteria (dominated by A. tenericaulis) and a range of chlorophytes. The changing pattern of stratification and circulation of the water column in the unmanaged reservoir caused repeated disruption of the established phytoplankton assemblage with peaks of high biomass associated with transient cyanobacterial blooms. Continuous aeration and the consequent increase in the ratio mixed: euphotic depth provided conditions suitable for dominance of the phytoplankton by diatoms, as long as silica was available, and resulted in average chlorophyll levels higher than in the unmanaged reservoir (120 ± 10 v. 64 ± 9 mg m⁻²). Hierarchical fusion analysis based on the biomass of species differentiated the phytoplankton samples into cluster groups that could be related primarily to stratification or mixing of the water column.     

Bacterial utilization of algal extracellular products in a southwestern reservoir

Rates of carbon flow from phytoplankton to bacteria were estimated for Lake Arlington, Texas. The lake is a warm (annual temperature range 7 to 35 °C), shallow, monomictic reservoir with limited macrophyte development in the littoral zone. Samples were collected from 6 depths within the photic zone from a site located over the deepest portion of the lake. Primary production and exudate production were calculated from NaH¹⁴CO₃ incorporation. Bacterial production was calculated from [methyl-³H]-thymidine incorporation. Depth averaged primary production ranged from a seasonal low of 9.0 μg C l⁻¹ h⁻¹ in January to a seasonal maximum of 153 μg C l⁻¹ h⁻¹ during holomixis in September. Annual depth-averaged production was 67.8 ± 7.3 μg C l⁻¹ h⁻¹. Exudate production ranged between 21.9 and 54.2% of primary production and annually averaged 30.8%. Bacterial production ranged between 1.7 and 46.0 μg C l⁻¹ h⁻¹ and annually averaged 16.0 ± 1.9 μg C l⁻¹ h⁻¹. Bacteria processed approximately 70% of exudate and incorporated 35% into biomass. Bacterial production was positively correlated with total primary production (r = 0.38, p < 0.003, n = 6), particulate primary production (r = 0.34, p < 0.004, n = 70) and bacterial uptake of exudate (r = 0.43, p < 0.001, n = 68). While exudate was readily utilized by bacteria it dit not appear to be produced in sufficient quantity or at a sufficient rate to serve as the sole or a major source of carbon supporting bacterial growth.     

长湖浮游植物优势种生态位特征及种间联结性分析

为了解生态调控后的浮游植物群落稳定性和优势种种间联结性,于2020年10月—2021年7月按季节对湖北长湖浮游植物群落进行调查。运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠值、方差比率法、卡方检验、Pearson相关性检验和Spearman相关性检验的方法对浮游植物优势种间的相互关系进行综合分析。结果显示：四季共鉴定出浮游植物8门、67属、78种;优势种19种。长湖属于绿藻+蓝藻+硅藻为主的水体。其中,梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)为四季共有优势种,对水环境有较好的指示作用,显示长湖水体处于中度富营养化状态。根据优势度和生态位宽度的结果,19个优势种可以划分为4个类群。生态位重叠值的变化范围为0.02—0.96,季节差异明显,秋季>冬季>春季>夏季。方差比率的结果显示秋季和冬季浮游植物优势种间总体呈现显著正联结,群落较稳定;春夏季节优势种间总体呈现不显著负联结,群落处于波动状态。卡方检验、Pearson相关性检验和Spearman相关性检验结果综合显示：优势种对间联结性的显著率较低,群落种间联结不...     

Short term spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton in a shallow tropical oligotrophic reservoir,southeast Brazil

Locally called IAG pond, system is a small, oligotrophic, shallow, urban reservoir located in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga Biological Reserve, south of São Paulo municipality, southeastern Brazil. Study was carried out in two phases to cover the two climatic periods (dry and rainy) that characterize the area. Daily samples were collected on seven consecutive days (dry = 20–26 August 1996; rainy = 22–28 January 1997), three times a day (07:00 h, 13:00 h, and 19:00 h), following the water column vertical profile at reservoir’s deepest site (Z _max = 4.7 m). The phytoplankton’s community structure’s diurnal variation was compared with environmental variables (thermal structure of the water column, pH, CO₂, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and NH₄). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant variation among sampling hours and days but not among depths for most species, thus revealing a tendency towards a homogeneous vertical distribution of phytoplankton in the reservoir. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed a significant relationship between distribution of phytoplankton species and environmental variables used for ordination. Water temperature was the environmental variable that best explained distribution of sample units. Atelomixis was the only possible explanation for how a non-motile alga as, for example, the chlorococcal Oocystis lacustris Chodat and the diatom Cyclotella stelligera Cleve &; Grunow, can be so widespread and abundant in the IAG pond during the stratified period.     

Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen enrichment on the phytoplankton in a tropical reservoir (Lobo Reservoir,Brazil)

The effects of enrichment with phosphate (0–500 µg. 1^–1) and forms of nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia an and urea) (0–3500 µgg. ^–1) on the phytoplankton growth of Lobo Reservoir (Brazil) were studied in July, 1979. Suspended matter, chlorophyll a, cell concentrations and the carotenoid:cchlorophyll ratio were estimated following 14 days of in situ incubation. Phosphate alone caused no significant effects, but enrichment with nitrogen caused a substantial increase on the growth of phytoplankton. Comparison between the different forms of nitrogen showed insignificant effects after their additions with 350 µg. ^–1 and in combination with phosphate. However, when nitrogen was added in large quantities (3 500 µg. ^–1), significant differences between the nitrogeneous forms were found, with urea causing the strongest effect. In July, nitrogen is mhe main limiting nutrient to phytoplankton growth of Lobo Reservoir.Supported by CNPq and FAPESP.     

Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in a central Arizona reservoir

The influence of added nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon on the phytoplankton of a small recreational reservoir in central Arizona was investigated during the summer, 1974. Polyethylene bags were used to isolate lake water and the natural populations for the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon individually and in combination. A large increase in phytoplankton numbers, extractable chlorophyll, pH and dissolved oxygen occurred only in bags to which both nitrogen and phosphorus were added, suggesting that both nitrogen and phosphorus levels were limiting to the primary producers. Little alteration in species composition resulted from the addition of the above nutrients.     

Diel changes in the alkaline phosphatase activity of bacteria and phytoplankton in the hypereutrophic Villerest reservoir (Roanne,France)

The diel changes of the size fractioned alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) were studied in relation to several abiotic and biotic factors in Villerest reservoir (located on the Loire river, near the city of Roanne, France), bihourly during two days in July 1992. The APA measured in this work exceeded considerably those reported in the literature, suggesting that dissolved mineral phosphorus was not available to microorganisms. At 1 m, the APA was primarily due to bacteria which actively assimilated organic P compounds released by photosynthetic algal metabolism. At 5, 10 and 20 m, the APA was predominantly algal. The high concentrations in SRP (soluble reactive phosphorus) would indicate that orthophosphates were not bioavailable. The reverse (i. e availability to phytoplankton) would have resulted in undetectable levels of P-PO _inf4 ^sup3– due to the massive proliferation of algae in Villerest reservoir.     

Characterization of phytoplankton assemblages in a tropical coastal environment using Kohonen self‐organizing map

This study was aimed at understanding the main abiotic environmental factors controlling the distribution patterns of abundance and composition of phytoplankton (size less than 10 μm) assemblages in the coastal waters of south‐eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Data were collected during two cruises, in January (low‐water period) and October (high‐water period) of 2014. A total of 67 species were identified and assigned to Bacillariophyceae (49%), Cyanophyceae (21%), Chlorophyceae (13%), Euglenophyceae (10%), Dinophyceae (4%) and Chrysophyceae (3%). Three biotic zones (I, IIA and IIB) were distinguishable on a Kohonen self‐organizing map after an unsupervised learning process. The diatom genera Eunotia sp., Navicula sp. and Actinoptychus senarius are significantly associated with I, IIA and IIB biotic zones, respectively. A clear seasonal cum salinity trend was apparent in phytoplankton distribution patterns. Turbidity and nitrate levels were the main abiotic factors controlling phytoplankton distribution in I, the upland tidal regions of the lagoon. In regions along the lagoon–sea continuum, phosphate and turbidity exert the most control during the low‐water season (IIA), while total dissolved solids control phytoplankton distribution during the high‐water season (IIB). These are climate‐sensitive parameters whose concentrations depend on prevailing hydroclimatic processes. Therefore, seasonality can have important consequences on phytoplankton community and inadvertently the productivity of these systems.     

Vertical mixing within the epilimnion modulates UVR-induced photoinhibition in tropical freshwater phytoplankton from southern China

1. The importance of vertical mixing in modulating the impact of UVR on phytoplankton photosynthesis was assessed in a tropical, shallow lake in southern China from late winter to mid‐spring of 2005. 2. Daily cycles of fluorescence measurements (i.e. photosynthetic quantum yield, Y) were performed on both ‘static’ and in situ samples. Static samples were of surface water incubated at the surface of the lake under three radiation treatments – PAB (PAR + UVR, 280–700 nm), PA (PAR + UV‐A, 320–700 nm) and P (PAR, 400–700 nm). In situ samples were collected every hour at three different depths – 0, 0.5 and 1 m. 3. The general daily pattern was of a significant decrease in Y from early morning towards noon, with partial recovery in the afternoon. Samples incubated under static conditions always had lower Y than those under in situ conditions at the same time of the day. 4. Under stratified conditions, no overall impact of UVR impact could be detected in situ when compared with the static samples. Further rapid vertical mixing not only counteracted the impact of UVR but also stimulated photosynthetic efficiency. 5. Based on these measurements of fluorescence, the mixing speed of cells moving within the epilimnion was estimated to range between 0.53 and 6.5 cm min⁻¹. 6. These data show that mixing is very important in modulating the photosynthetic response of phytoplankton exposed to natural radiation and, hence, strongly conditions the overall impact of UVR on aquatic ecosystems.     

The long-term effect of artificial destratification on phytoplankton species composition in a subtropical reservoir

1. The response of phytoplankton to the installation of an artificial destratification system in North Pine Dam, Brisbane (Australia) was investigated over an 18 year period (1984–2002); 11 years before and 7 years after installation. 2. An overall increase in phytoplankton abundance was revealed for some groups (in particular, diatoms, cyanobacteria and chlorophytes), but not for others (chlorophytes). Changes in the abundance of chlorophyte functional groups was attributed to eutrophication. 3. A strong spatial gradient in phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyll a was observed, with low abundance in the downstream regions affected by the destratification system which was likely because of light limitation induced by vertical mixing. The upstream region acted as a surrogate for the unaltered state of the reservoir, particularly as an indicator of eutrophication without direct influence from the destratification system. Despite the continuous trend in eutrophication of the reservoir, there has been a definite decrease in the rate of eutrophication (approximately 30%) since the installation of the destratification system at the downstream locations. 4. Correlations of the dominant cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with other genera changed after destratification, indicating that prior to destratification the dominance of Cylindrospermopsis was because of its ability to compete for phosphorus, whereas after destratification its dominance was because of its ability to compete for light.     

The effects of diel changes in circulation and mixing on the longitudinal distribution of phytoplankton in a canyon‐shaped Mediterranean reservoir

1. The near‐surface distribution of phytoplankton cells along the thalweg of a canyon‐shaped reservoir (El Gergal, southern Spain) during two surveys is described and interpreted as the result of time‐varying large‐scale circulation patterns, vertical mixing processes and the physiological capacity of algal cells to regulate its position in the water column. 2. Vertical gradients of chlorophyll‐a concentration developed in the water column during the day but disappeared at night, as a result of the shoaling and deepening of the diurnal mixed layer (dml). The changes in the depth of the dml are largely controlled in El Gergal by convectively driven mixing processes. The longitudinal circulation changes, in turn, as a result of weak and diurnal land‐sea breezes. The distribution of algal cells was patchy at all times but did not change during any of the surveys. 3. An expression is proposed to estimate time scales for the development of horizontal patchiness T_P based on simple concepts of transport. It is shown that T_P is in the order of a week, indicating that horizontal patchiness does not respond immediately to hourly changes in the controlling factors. The magnitude of T_P, though, depends on how the vertical distribution of chlorophyll‐a and longitudinal currents change on subdiurnal time scales. In particular, T_P is sensitive to the lag existing between the momentum and heat fluxes through the free surface, driving circulation and vertical mixing.     

The role of nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in selecting for dominance of phytoplankton by cyanobacteria or green algae and its application to reservoir management

The undesirable consequences of phosphorus enrichment in reservoirs are primarily connected with the emerging abundance of cyanobacteria which are not utilized by the consumers and form, as a rule, a trophic block in the majority of nutrition chains. Blooming ofChlorococcales does not produce these negative effects since they are actively consumed by grazers.The NT ratio turns out to be the factor which regulates the dominance of planktonic communities by blue-green or green microorganisms. Decrease of the N:P ratio, through the addition of phosphorus compounds, leads to cyanobacterial blooming.In order to replace blue-green dominance of eutrophic reservoirs by dominant greens, it is suggested that the addition of nitrogen, thus varying the N:P ratio (nutrient manipulation) to apply, is superior to the traditional phosphorus load decrease. Utilization of the redundant green algal biomass may occur in a natural way or be conducted with the aid of biomanipulation, i.e., by introduction of planktivorous fish into the reservoir.     

The effects of disturbance events on phytoplankton community structure in a small temperate reservoir

1 The effects of disturbances, in the form of storm events, on phytoplankton community structure were examined over the course of four years in Eau Galle Reservoir, Wisconsin, USA.
2 Disturbances consistently brought about significant, but highly transient, increases in apparent phytoplankton species richness. It is likely that these resulted from temporary increases in the biomass of previously undetected rare species.
3 Substantial shifts in community dominance were confined to large, early season events, and were seldom long-lived. Later 'climax' communities were highly resistant to any changes in dominance, even when increases in species richness occurred.
4 Regardless of when they occurred, disturbances tended to favour species from a narrow range of the successional sequence.     

Decomposition of urea by size-fractionated planktonic community in a eutrophic reservoir in Japan

Free bacterial populations were separated from an intact planktonic community in water of a eutrophic reservoir in Japan by filtration through Whatman GF/ C glass fiber filters (mean porosity 1.2 µm). Urea decomposition by the free bacterial populations and the intact planktonic community was determined in six different months.The separated free bacteria apparently did not take part in urea-decomposition in waters of the reservoir through the year: the number of free heterotrophic bacteria increased during the urea-decomposition experiments, however, the concentration of urea did not decrease. Whereas, in five cases out of six, urea was decomposed by the intact planktonic community. Probably, phytoplankton were responsible for most of the urea-decomposition. On the assumption that the decomposition of urea obeyed first-order kinetics, rate constants were calculated to be 0.00–0.63 day^–1 with a mean value of 0.21 day^–1.     

The different primary producers in a small African tropical reservoir during a drought: temporal changes and interactions

1. The biomass of the different primary producers, and their relative contributions to the total, were measured quarterly from July 1997 to September 1998 in a tropical reservoir (Brobo, Côte-d'Ivoire). The study period was marked by an exceptional decrease in the water level as a result of a long drought with only one significant rainfall in June 1998.
2. In July 1997, at the beginning of the usual rainy season, the level of the lake was normal and the ecosystem was in a moderately clear water state dominated by littoral macrophytes, mostly Potamogeton octandrus (more than 55% of the 6.4 tons of carbon of the total primary biomass). The microphytobenthos (19%) and the phytoplankton (25%) were secondary contributors, whereas the periphyton on macrophytes (0.5%) and the epixylon (periphyton on dead flooded trees, 0.3%) were negligible.
3. As a result of the steady decline in water level due to a lack of rain, the macrophytes were progressively stranded on the shores and had disappeared by March 1998. From this time, microalgae (microphytobenthos and phytoplankton) became dominant. Their combined biomass increased slowly from 2.8 tons of carbon in July 1997 to 3.7 tons in September 1998. The microphytobenthic biomass contributed 78% to the total in March, 55% in June and 60% in September, while other contributions were mainly due to the phytoplankton. The epixylon remained negligible throughout the study (≤0.5% of the whole primary biomass).
4. The distribution and temporal changes in the biomass during each survey were mainly linked to hydrology and to interactions between primary producers.
5. The effect of water level changes on free (planktonic) and fixed primary producers (periphytic microalgae and rooted macrophytes) is discussed.     

Seasonal variation in the diversity and species richness of phytoplankton in a tropical eutrophic reservoir

The water chemistry, structure of sediment grain size, algal biomass, and patterns of nine bacteria physiological groups were studied monthly from May to October 1991 in an adjacent stream, ecotone, and reservoir zones (southern Poland). The distribution of five particulate organic carbon fractions was significantly different among the zones. Biomass of benthic algae demonstrated a maximum in the ecotone (22.74 g C m^–2). Most of the bacterial groups were more numerous in the stream sediments where aerobic heterotrophs prevailed (1.2–6.5 × 10¹¹ cells m^–2). The significant differences in density were found for anaerobic heterotrophs, anaerobic nitrogen fixing, amylolytic, and cellulolytic bacteria among the zones. The small density of bacteria in the ecotone was probably an effect of the rapid water fluctuations, accompanied by movement of fine sediments or/and an inhibitory effect of compounds secreted by the periphyton. The principal component analysis showed that the ecotone zone was more similar to the reservoir open water than to the stream.     

基于CCA的典型调水水库浮游植物群落动态特征分析

调水水库是一类特殊的水体,其浮游植物群落的组成与动态的调节机制与其它水库存在较大的差别。为了解这类水库浮游植物群落的特征,于2005年1月-12月,对位于广东省珠海市的调水型供水水库--大镜山水库的浮游植物和相关的理化因子进行了2周1次的采样。全年共检测到浮游植物100种（属）;浮游植物丰度在0.86-106.27×106cells·L^-1之间,生物量在1.08-20.45mg·L^-1之间变化;全年以假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena sp.）为主要优势藻,肘状针杆藻（Synedra ulna.）在冬春为次优势藻,浮游植物群落相对比较稳定。运用典范对应分析（CCA）方法对浮游植物群落的组成及动态与环境因子之间的关系进行了分析和探讨。样品（cases）的CCA分析表明,全部的样品分布在主轴1和主轴2构成的4个象限内,与四季相对应,样品在4个象限的分布并不均匀,反映了热带水库所处的气候四季不分明的特点,冬春季很短,夏秋季较长,但夏秋与冬春有较为明显的分割;蓝藻门、裸藻门和硅藻门的藻类主要分布在夏、秋季所对应的象限内,而绿藻门的大部分,金藻门和隐藻门的藻类分布在冬、春季所对应的象限内。水温和降雨量是大镜山水库浮游植物群落结构动态的主要驱动因子,降雨量不仅影响水库水位,同时直接影响调水量和入库的营养盐负荷。     

Physico-chemical limnology and plankton dynamics of Mazvikadei,a tropical reservoir in Zimbabwe

The limnology of Mazvikadei Reservoir, northern Zimbabwe, was investigated in 2015 to determine whether it had changed since filling in 1990. The reservoir is characterised by low algal biomass, low nutrients (i.e. N and P) and high water clarity/transparency. Fifty-four species of phytoplankton were recorded, comprising Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Desmids, Dinophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta numerically dominated in the hot dry season, whereas Bacillariophyta, Desmids, Dinophyta and Euglenophyta dominated in the cool dry season. Species richness was highest at the onset of the cool dry season, in response to high nutrient concentrations. Phytoplankton abundance and composition were significantly correlated with temperature, nitrates and total nitrogen. Nineteen zooplankton species were recorded, including Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera. Overall, Cladocera were numerically dominant and became most abundant during the cool dry season. Rotifers and copepods dominated during the hot dry season. The zooplankton abundance was correlated with reactive phosphorus and phytoplankton abundance. The trophic state of Mazvikadei Reservoir seems to have stabilised and to have assumed the physico-chemical characteristics and plankton community typical of an oligotrophic lake.     

An experimental study of the effects of fish zooplanktivory on the phytoplankton of a Brazilian reservoir

Two short-term (4–5 week) sets of enclosure experiments were conducted during winter periods (1982, 1983) in Americana Reservoir near Sao Paulo to test effects of fish predation reducing grazing pressure by large cladoceran zooplankton (mainlyDaphnia gessneri) on phytoplankton density, cell size distribution, biomass, species composition and richness. Two enclosures were stocked with the zooplanktivorous characin fishAstyanax whereas two others remained fishless during each set of experiments. Within two weeks or less, phytoplankton cell density and biomass were significantly reduced in the fishless enclosures, particularly in the small cell size (< 15 µm) fraction. Changes also occurred in species composition and richness. These shifts generally were maintained or intensified during the course of the experiments.     

Compensation effect of phytoplankton on nutrients from a sewage outfall in summer

This paper investigates the relationship between nutrients, chlorophyll a and physical variables in the upper Saronikos Gulf, an oligotrophic marine environment south of the Greater Athens Metropolitan Area. Phosphate, silicate, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were determined at eight stations on 9 occasions during summer 1982. A thermocline led to the stratification of the water column and the pycnocline was related to the thermocline. The values of oxygen were more or less normal. The Eutrophication of the seawater in the vicinity of the sewage outfall was demonstrated by surface levels of chlorophyll a being forty to two hundred times above background. This parameter provides evidence for a high phytoplankton standing stock. However, there were no appreciable differences between the nutrients in the outfall area and those in the background. This suggests rapid uptake of nutrients and/or effective dispersal from the outfall.