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1.
西部七省区作物秸秆资源分布及利用现状   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
基于统计数据和农户调研数据,估算了西部七省区农作物秸秆资源量、秸秆资源密度、人均占有秸秆数量和秸秆养分资源量,分析了秸秆资源量变化趋势(1997—2011年)及资源分布利用现状,讨论了制约秸秆综合利用的因素和提高秸秆利用率的途径.结果表明:2009年西部七省区农作物秸秆资源理论数量达到8.82×107t,谷物类秸秆占总量的63.1%;秸秆养分还田总量达1.20×106t,还田率达50.5%.西部七省区秸秆资源密度低于全国平均水平,人均秸秆占有量略高于全国平均水平.秸秆资源主要用作燃料、饲料、工业原料、基质和直接还田,分别占资源总量的33.8%、29.3%、5.2%、1.8%和13.5%,焚烧和废弃的秸秆分别占秸秆资源的11.1%和5.3%.  相似文献   

2.
不同作物秸秆对辣椒的化感效应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用室内生物测定、室外盆栽的实验方法,研究了不同大田作物秸秆浸提液、腐解液及腐解物对辣椒的化感效应。结果表明:秸秆浸提液和腐解液对辣椒种子萌发的化感效应不同,浸提液抑制辣椒种子萌发,且随着浸提液浓度的增加,辣椒发芽指数、胚根长显著或极显著受到抑制,其中以大豆秸秆浸提液的抑制作用最强;秸秆腐解液对辣椒种子的萌发总体上表现为促进效应,腐解物对辣椒的株高、茎粗、鲜质量及根系活力均具有促进作用,且与腐解 物的添加量呈正比;不同秸秆腐解物的化感效应大小依次为玉米秸秆>水稻秸秆>大豆秸秆。  相似文献   

3.
我国玉米主产区秸秆资源利用现状及其效果   总被引:43,自引:0,他引:43  
在我国东北春玉米区、华北玉米区、西南玉米区3个玉米主产区,共125个县、720个村,采用问卷调查和用户调查相结合的方法,对玉米秸秆资源利用现状及其效果进行调查.结果表明:在玉米秸秆资源利用方式中,以秸秆还田、饲料和燃料占绝大多数,研究区域内平均分别占30.8%、26.2%和24.6%.其中东北春玉米区从大到小依次为燃料、饲料和秸秆还田,分别占35.4%、30.8%和19.8%;华北玉米区依次为秸秆还田、饲料和燃料,分别占43.6%、19.9%和17.9%;西南玉米区依次为秸秆还田、饲料和燃料,分别占29.0%、27.9%和20.5%.在研究区域内秸秆焚烧比例均较小,占12.8%;工业原料比例最小,占0.7%.秸秆还田可增加作物产量,东北、华北、西南玉米产区秸秆还田的作物产量分别平均增加632.0、371.6和290.4 kg·hm-2;还可改良土壤状况、减少化肥和有机肥的施入量,其中有机肥施入量减少20%~30%,氮肥减少16%~30%,磷肥减少24%~34%,钾肥减少33%~38%.不同产量水平地块,作物产量随秸秆产量、还田量和还田比例增加而增大.但由于秸秆还田机械不配套,还田质量差,增加了整地除草难度,加重某些病虫害发生,影响后茬作物苗期生长,仍需进行相关配套技术研究.  相似文献   

4.
作物秸秆及其它废弃物栽培食用菌的农业生态效益研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
曹林奎  顾桂芬 《生态学杂志》1992,11(3):13-16,64
一、引言当前,世界上五大问题(环境、粮食、人口、资源和能源)日趋严重,在发展中国家解决饥饿、营养不良和贫困问题已成为人们关注的焦点。与此同时,人们也开始重视食用菌在利用农业有机废物转化为人类食物方面的积极  相似文献   

5.
秸秆降解菌的筛选及模拟田间应用效果分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以透明圈筛选法和滤纸崩解法相结合,建立初筛方法;模拟田间覆土菌种筛选方法,以秸秆腐解率为指标,建立了复筛方法,并进行了模拟田间应用效果分析。Y13、774、HX及J1 4株菌的腐解率较高,比对照分别提高27.04%、29.65%、35.38%和27.86%;其产CO2能力皆高于空白对照,分别提高41.67%、51.85%、30.56%和57.41%;其可溶性糖含量均提高,比对照平均提高15.40%。  相似文献   

6.
随着Bt作物种植面积的逐年增加, 人们对Bt作物释放后潜在的安全性也越来越关注。Bt作物释放的Bt蛋白可以主要通过秸秆还田方式进入土壤进而可能会对土壤生态系统造成影响。本文综述了Bt作物秸秆还田释放的Bt蛋白在土壤中的降解及对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展。重点阐述了①Bt作物秸秆还田释放的Bt蛋白在土壤中的降解; ②Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤微生物的影响; ③Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤动物的影响; ④Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响; ⑤Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤养分含量的影响。从而为Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤环境的生态风险评价提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
玉米秸秆酸解副产物对重组酿酒酵母6508-127发酵的影响   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
将木质纤维素类生物质如玉米秸秆等用稀酸水解预处理,在半纤维素水解为单糖的同时,水解液中还会产生一些可能对后续发酵有影响的副产物。本实验分别考查了在玉米秸秆稀酸水解液中检测出的乙酸、甲酸、香草醛、糠醛和羟甲基糠醛对重组木糖发酵菌株S. cerevisiae 6508-127生长和发酵的影响。结果表明,甲酸和乙酸对菌体生长的抑制强于乙醇生成,且甲酸的抑制程度远大于乙酸;2g/L香草醛可使菌体生长延滞期明显延长,而在较低浓度(≤1.2g/L)此现象不明显。糠醛在0.5-1.5g/L范围内对菌体生长有抑制作用,但使乙醇得率提高;羟甲基糠醛在0.2g/L浓度存在就使乙醇得率有明显降低,但使生物量得率提高;研究中还发现,糠醛、羟甲基糠醛和香草醛可被S. cerevisiae 6508-127代谢。  相似文献   

8.
以小麦、玉米、谷子秸秆为原料,使用碱性双氧水对其进行预处理后再添加纤维素酶和木聚糖酶进行水解,以水解液中总糖含量为指标,评估水解效果并进行条件优化。将3种作物秸秆水解液作为有机碳源,探究其用于培养小球藻的效果。结果表明:3种作物秸秆最佳水解条件为固液比1∶15、温度30℃、处理时间12 h。在此条件下,玉米、谷子和小麦秸秆水解液总糖含量分别达1.677、1.412和1.211 g·L-1。采用3种作物秸秆水解液培养小球藻,可显著提高小球藻的生物量和油脂含量。其中,玉米秸秆水解液效果最佳,小球藻生物量和油脂含量分别达到1.801 g·L-1和30.1%。表明利用作物秸秆水解液为碳源,可显著提高小球藻的生物量并促进油脂富集。研究结果为秸秆木质纤维素原料的高效转化利用奠定了基础,为农业废弃物资源化利用提供了新思路,也为利用秸秆水解液高效培养小球藻提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
作物种质资源的价值及其评估   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
回顾了对作物种质资源价值的认识过程,对作物种质资源价值评估的理论和方法进行了论述,指出了作物种质资源价值评估及其产权保护的必要性,对作物种质资源价值评估一些问题和难点进行了探讨,并对今后研究提出了建议.  相似文献   

10.
以黄瓜品种‘津优4号’和经过1年腐熟的花生秸秆、玉米秸秆和稻壳为试验材料,研究不同作物秸秆还田对黄瓜生长、营养吸收及光合特性的影响。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,不同作物秸秆还田不仅显著增加了黄瓜植株的根系活力和叶片硝酸还原酶活性,而且提高了黄瓜叶片的叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)及光合速率,使得黄瓜叶片对光能的利用效率增加,净光合速率显著增强。(2)不同秸秆还田还促进了黄瓜的株高、茎粗、地上部和根系的干鲜重增加,显著提高了黄瓜产量。(3)玉米秸秆还田效果最好,其黄瓜产量(5 765.74 g·m-2)较对照显著提高了43.8%,其次为花生秸秆还田,稻壳还田效果稍差。研究表明,秸秆还田促进了黄瓜植株根系吸收能力,显著增强了叶片的氮代谢、光能利用效率、净光合速率,从而促进了黄瓜植株的生长发育,提高了产量,并以玉米秸秆还田效果最佳。  相似文献   

11.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Crop residue resources may affect soil quality, global carbon balance, and stability of crop production, but also contribute to future energy security. This study was performed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variation in residue quantities of field crops in five provinces of North China (NC) and three provinces of Northeast China (NEC). The availability of biomass resources was derived from statistical data on crop yields for all crops on the provincial and even county level. We found that cereals – wheat, maize, and rice – were the biggest resource of crop residue feedstock. The ranking of these crops as a source of biomass for bioenergy is determined by the acreage in each region and the crop‐specific yield. Annually, the average amount of total residue of 83.0 Mt (Mt = Mega tonnes) in NC (16.9 Million ha) comprised 76.6 Mt field residues and 6.4 Mt process residues on an air‐dried basis. The average amount of total biomass residue of 105.7 Mt in NEC (19.8 Million ha) comprised 92.8 Mt field residues and 12.9 Mt process residues. Averaged for 2008, 2009, and 2010, the total standard coal equivalent (SCE) in NC amounted to 46.4 Mt, which comprised 42.4 Mt field residues and of 3.9 Mt process residues. In NEC, the SCE value of 57.0 Mt comprised 49.7 Mt field residues and 7.4 Mt process residues. The temporal availability of field residues was mainly concentrated in the period between July and September, followed by the period between October and December. In the period between July and September, the amount of field residue available amounted to 40.9 and 53.1 Mt in NC and NEC, respectively. An accurate assessment of field residues may guide policy makers and industry to optimize the utilization of the crop residue resource.  相似文献   

12.
以优质强筋小麦品种‘济麦20’为供试材料,研究了不同氮肥基追比(基肥:追肥为1:1、1:2、1:5)和灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果显示,灌浆中期高温胁迫处理能显著降低小麦千粒重、籽粒产量以及籽粒的淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉比例,峰值粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度也相应降低,而籽粒蛋白质含量相应提高,导致淀粉品质变劣而面团的流变学特性得以改善;在基追比例1:1的基础上增大拔节期氮素追施比例,能显著提高小麦常温和高温胁迫下籽粒产量,缓解高温胁迫对小麦千粒重和籽粒产量的不良影响,而对小麦籽粒面团流变学特性及面粉的粘度指标影响甚微.研究表明,适当提高拔节期氮肥追施比例可有效减缓灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦产量的负面影响,但对小麦籽粒品质影响较小.  相似文献   

13.
农药的轭合与结合态残留   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
随着科技水平的不断提高,人们对农药残留影响生态环境的认识不断在更新和完善。农药的轭合与结合残留是在标记农药的出现和高精度分析仪器和技术得到应用后被发现和认识的。国外在这方面的研究开展得较早,工作也较  相似文献   

14.
Immunoelectron microscopy has shown that the spatial arrangement of troponin T on tropomyosin can be represented as a structure of approximately 90 Å in length, as shown in Figure 1. The region of residues 90 to 148 of troponin T, which has been confirmed as a main part of the fragment which specifically binds to tropomyosin, was predicted to be a long stretch of α-helix by the method of secondary structure prediction. Furthermore, the mechanism of the specific binding was explored on the basis of the coiled-coil structure of tropomyosin by a simple scoring method. One of the most feasible structures of the specific binding complex was a triple-stranded coiled-coil made between a tropomyosin coiled-coil and the α-helical region of the specific binding fragment of troponin T. It is illustrated as a stereo view in Figure 2.  相似文献   

15.
    
Short range side chain‐backbone hydrogen bonded motifs involving Asn and Gln residues have been identified from a data set of 1370 protein crystal structures (resolution ≤ 1.5 Å). Hydrogen bonds involving residues i ? 5 to i + 5 have been considered. Out of 12,901 Asn residues, 3403 residues (26.4%) participate in such interactions, while out of 10,934 Gln residues, 1780 Gln residues (16.3%) are involved in these motifs. Hydrogen bonded ring sizes (Cn, where n is the number of atoms involved), directionality and internal torsion angles are used to classify motifs. The occurrence of the various motifs in the contexts of protein structure is illustrated. Distinct differences are established between the nature of motifs formed by Asn and Gln residues. For Asn, the most highly populated motifs are the C10 (COδi …NHi + 2), C13 (COδi …NHi + 3) and C17 (NδHi …COi ? 4) structures. In contrast, Gln predominantly forms C16 (COεi …NHi ? 3), C12 (NεHi …COi ? 2), C15 (NεHi …COi ? 3) and C18 (NεHi …COi ? 4) motifs, with only the C18motif being analogous to the Asn C17structure. Specific conformational types are established for the Asn containing motifs, which mimic backbone β‐turns and α‐turns. Histidine residues are shown to serve as a mimic for Asn residues in side chain‐backbone hydrogen bonded ring motifs. Illustrative examples from protein structures are considered. Proteins 2012; © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

16.
17.
    
Abstract Protein structures are much more conserved than sequences during evolution. Based on this observation, we investigate the consequences of structural conservation on protein evolution. We study seven of the most studied protein folds, determining that an extended neutral network in sequence space is associated with each of them. Within our model, neutral evolution leads to a non-Poissonian substitution process, due to the broad distribution of connectivities in neutral networks. The observation that the substitution process has non-Poissonian statistics has been used to argue against the original Kimura neutral theory, while our model shows that this is a generic property of neutral evolution with structural conservation. Our model also predicts that the substitution rate can strongly fluctuate from one branch to another of the evolutionary tree. The average sequence similarity within a neutral network is close to the threshold of randomness, as observed for families of sequences sharing the same fold. Nevertheless, some positions are more difficult to mutate than others. We compare such structurally conserved positions to positions conserved in protein evolution, suggesting that our model can be a valuable tool to distinguish structural from functional conservation in databases of protein families. These results indicate that a synergy between database analysis and structurally based computational studies can increase our understanding of protein evolution.  相似文献   

18.
21,31-O-(Propane-1,2-diyl)cyclomaltoheptaose has been prepared from 2-O-allylcyclomaltoheptaose by mercuration in trifluoroacetic acid, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. 2-O-(2,3-Epoxypropyl)cyclomaltoheptaose, prepared from 2-O-allylcyclomaltoheptaose by oxidation with dimethyldioxirane, was converted into 21,31-O-(3-hydroxypropane-1,2-diyl)cyclomaltoheptaose by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. Both derivatives containing fused 1,4-dioxane rings are mixtures of stereoisomers, in which the methyl and hydroxymethyl group, respectively, that is linked to this ring, occupies an axial or an equatorial position.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract  The potential of spinosad as a grain protectant for the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica , was investigated in a silo-scale trial on wheat stored in Victoria, Australia. Rhyzopertha dominica is a serious pest of stored grain, and its resistance to protectants and the fumigant phosphine is becoming more common. This trial follows earlier laboratory research showing that spinosad may be a useful pest management option for this species. Wheat (300 t) from the 2005 harvest was treated with spinosad 0.96 mg/kg plus chlorpyrifos-methyl 10 mg/kg in March 2006, and samples were collected at intervals during 7.5 month storage to determine efficacy and residues in wheat and milling fractions. Chlorpyrifos-methyl is already registered in Australia for control of several other pest species, and its low potency against R. dominica was confirmed in laboratory-treated wheat. Grain moisture content was stable at about 10%, but grain temperature ranged from 29.3°C in March to 14.0°C in August. Bioassays of all treated wheat samples over 7.5 months resulted in 100% adult mortality after 2 weeks exposure and no live progeny were produced. In addition, no live grain insects were detected during outload sampling after a 9 month storage. Spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl residues tended to decline during storage, and residues were higher in the bran layer than in either wholemeal or white flour. This field trial confirmed that spinosad was effective as a grain protectant targeting R. dominica .  相似文献   

20.
    
He Y  Xu J  Pan XM 《Proteins》2007,69(1):75-82
We propose a simple model for the calculation of pK(a) values of ionizable residues in proteins. It is based on the premise that the pK(a) shift of ionizable residues is linearly correlated to the interaction between a particular residue and the local environment created by the surrounding residues. Despite its simplicity, the model displays good prediction performance. Under the sixfold cross test prediction over a data set of 405 experimental pK(a) values in 73 protein chains with known structures, the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) between the experimental and calculated pK(a) was found to be 0.77. The accuracy of this model increases with increasing size of the data set: the RMSD is 0.609 for glutamate (the largest data set with 141 sites) and approximately 1 pH unit for lysine, with a data set containing 45 sites.  相似文献   

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