溃疡性结肠炎的发病机制及其治疗进展

溃疡性结肠炎是一种病因特别复杂的难治性慢性结肠炎性疾病。研究表明,多种因素可介导肠道免疫反应发生从而损伤肠黏膜。临床治疗包括西医治疗、中医治疗、中西医结合治疗等,西医治疗药物主要包括氨基水杨酸、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂和微生物制剂等,中医治疗包括中药口服、中药灌肠、中成药制剂、针灸等。本文总结了溃疡性结肠炎发病机制的研究现状及治疗进展,为溃疡性结肠炎的预防、诊断、治疗以及新药研发提供了新的思路。     

基于NF-κB信号通路的 益生菌治疗溃疡性结肠炎的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种肠道非特异性炎症性疾病,迁延不愈,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前认为,肠道菌群的改变是诱发和维持结肠炎症的主要原因。临床上应用益生菌制剂作为UC患者的辅助治疗,可平衡患者肠道菌群,减轻炎症反应。UC患者免疫调节功能紊乱,TLR4及其信号传导通路是UC发病的重要环节。易感人群肠道中的菌群突破肠上皮屏障,免疫系统被各种微生物抗原激活,炎症细胞活化从而导致结肠黏膜组织产生炎症反应,该过程可由TLR4-NF-κB信号传导通路介导。本研究就益生菌基于TLR4-NF-κB信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗进行综述。     

NF-κB在溃疡性结肠炎中的作用

核因子NF-κB（Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB）是一种多向性的转录因子,它参与多种炎症和免疫应答相关分子基因的表达,同时也参与调控细胞的增殖和分化。它在动脉粥样硬化、关节炎、哮喘、肿瘤等疾病的发展中都起了重要的作用。炎症是多种细胞及细胞因子参与的机体防御性反应,但严重或长期的炎症则会造成机体损伤。溃疡性结肠炎（UC）是一组以慢性、周期性炎症为特征的肠道疾病,长期、反复的肠道炎症不仅影响患者生活质量,而且增加了肠道纤维化及癌变的风险,而核因子NF-κB与炎症反应关系非常密切。本文就NF-κB的作用与UC的联系作一简要综述。     

NF-κB在溃疡性结肠炎中的作用

核因子NF-κB(Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)是一种多向性的转录因子,它参与多种炎症和免疫应答相关分子基因的表达,同时也参与调控细胞的增殖和分化。它在动脉粥样硬化、关节炎、哮喘、肿瘤等疾病的发展中都起了重要的作用。炎症是多种细胞及细胞因子参与的机体防御性反应,但严重或长期的炎症则会造成机体损伤。溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一组以慢性、周期性炎症为特征的肠道疾病,长期、反复的肠道炎症不仅影响患者生活质量,而且增加了肠道纤维化及癌变的风险,而核因子NF-κB与炎症反应关系非常密切。本文就NF-κB的作用与UC的联系作一简要综述。     

纳米中药对实验大鼠脾虚型溃疡性结肠炎的治疗作用

目的 研究纳米中药对大鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎的治疗作用。方法 利用苦寒泻下中药番泻叶,灌服大鼠,使其产生脾虚症状,再用冰乙酸化学刺激法复制溃疡性结肠炎病理模型。用肉眼观察整段结肠的黏膜改变情况;梯度稀释法行粪便菌群分析,了解几种代表性的菌群的改变;一般病理切片,行染色,观察镜下病理变化。结果 与正常对照组相比,发生溃疡性结肠炎时动物的体重、肠道内优势菌群双歧杆菌（BS）和乳酸杆菌（LBS）数量均显著性降低（P〈0．05）,且伴随相关体征。结肠肉眼观察及病理切片检查恶性改变。中药通过扶植肠道优势菌群缓解了溃疡性结肠炎的症状,常态中药组与模型对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;纳米中药小剂量即可达到满意的治疗效果,纳米中药治疗组与常态中药治疗组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 纳米中药可以作为一种微生态调节剂,即从调整肠道微生态失衡角度来治疗溃疡性结肠炎,具有较好的疗效。     

嗜酸乳杆菌胞壁粗提物及DNA对实验性结肠炎结肠上皮NF-κB 表达的影响

目的:研究嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠粘膜上皮NF-κB表达的影响。方法:雌性BABL/c小鼠40只随机分为正常组、嗜酸乳杆菌BCW组、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA组和生理盐水对照组,除正常组小鼠外,其余各组自由饮用1.5%DSS7天建立小鼠结肠炎模型,随即给予嗜酸乳杆菌BCW(20ug/10g)、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA(0.2ug/10g)和生理盐水灌肠7天,每天观察小鼠情况,实验结束时处死小鼠,去结肠组织行HE染色观测结肠炎症情况,并行结肠上皮NF-κB免疫组化。结果:饮用DSS小鼠DAI积分显著增高,结肠组织粘膜破坏、炎症细胞浸润,结肠上皮NF-κB表达增加(9.15±0.43),嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能降低小鼠DAI积分,减轻粘膜损伤,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达(4.67±0.56/6.03±0.60)。结论:嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能缓解急性溃疡性结肠炎,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达。     

嗜酸乳杆菌胞壁粗提物及DNA对实验性结肠炎结肠上皮NF-κB表达的影响

目的：研究嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠粘膜上皮NF-κB表达的影响。方法：雌性BABL/c小鼠40只随机分为正常组、嗜酸乳杆菌BCW组、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA组和生理盐水对照组,除正常组小鼠外,其余各组自由饮用1.5%DSS7天建立小鼠结肠炎模型,随即给予嗜酸乳杆菌BCW（20ug/10g）、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA（0.2ug/10g）和生理盐水灌肠7天,每天观察小鼠情况,实验结束时处死小鼠,去结肠组织行HE染色观测结肠炎症情况,并行结肠上皮NF-κB免疫组化。结果：饮用DSS小鼠DAI积分显著增高,结肠组织粘膜破坏、炎症细胞浸润,结肠上皮NF-κB表达增加（9.15±0.43）,嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能降低小鼠DAI积分,减轻粘膜损伤,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达（4.67±0.56/6.03±0.60）。结论：嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能缓解急性溃疡性结肠炎,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达。     

柠檬苦素对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎的治疗作用及机制

探讨柠檬苦素(limonin)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium salt,DSS)致实验性小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)模型的治疗作用及其机制。将20只8周龄雌性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、柠檬苦素组和5-氨基水杨酸组,每组5只。正常的小鼠每日给予蒸馏水饮用,其余各组小鼠给予30 g/L DSS连续饮用7 d后,继续饮用正常水3 d,诱导小鼠急性UC模型。药物治疗组小鼠分别灌胃给予柠檬苦素和5-氨基水杨酸的剂量为50和50 mg/(kg·d),每日1次,连续灌胃治疗10 d。实验终点时,分析实验动物的体质量变化、结肠长度、结肠组织病理学变化及细胞核转录因子kappa B (NF-κB)的蛋白表达。结果发现:与模型组比较,柠檬苦素可显著改善DSS诱导的小鼠急性结肠炎症状,包括体质量降低、结肠长度缩短、稀便和血便等,减轻小鼠急性结肠炎结肠组织的病理损伤,抑制炎症细胞的浸润和肠黏膜坏死。此外,柠檬苦素亦可以降低结肠炎小鼠结肠组织细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白表达,抑制NF-κB p65的激活。柠檬苦素通过抑制NF-κB p65的激活,缓解DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎症,发挥治疗作用。     

核转录因子-κB信号通路的激活与阻断

核因了-κB（nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB）是广泛存在于细胞内的一种重要的核转录因子.它参与机体的炎症反应、免疫应答、细胞凋亡及其他应激反应.NF-κB过度激活与人类许多疾病如类风湿性关节炎、肿瘤和移植排斥反应等直接相关,因此通过药物或者分子生物学方法来抑制或者阻断NF-κB信号转导途径可能会成为治疗某些疾病的重要手段.该文介绍NF-κB的生物学特性及各种阻断NF-κB活化的策略.     

TLR/NF-κB信号通路与肺部疾病

Toll样受体(Toll like receptor,TLR)是一种重要的模式识别受体,核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)处于TLR下游信号通路中的关键位置,当TLR受到病原微生物刺激后,激活NF-κB,诱导炎症因子释放,启动固有免疫。但TLR/NF-κB信号通路过度激活,有可能导致炎症反应失控。本文将介绍TLR/NF-κB信号通路及其在肺部炎症疾病例如急性肺损伤、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺癌、哮喘等发生发展中的作用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.