组蛋白去乙酰化酶6与人类疾病

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6 (histone deacetylase 6, HDAC6)属于IIb类组蛋白去乙酰化酶家族,是一种依赖锌的,主要靶向非组蛋白的去乙酰化酶。越来越多的研究表明,HDAC6的表达和活性在多种疾病的发生发展过程中是异常的,因此,HDAC6被认为是潜在治疗的靶点。临床前数据表明,许多特异性靶向HDAC6的小分子抑制剂在多种疾病的治疗中发挥作用。该文讨论了HDAC6结构和功能的最新研究,并结合其小分子抑制剂在恶性肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、肾纤维化和自身免疫及炎症等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶11的免疫调控功能及其在免疫相关疾病中的作用研究进展

组蛋白乙酰化是一种重要的表观遗传修饰,受到组蛋白乙酰转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶的动态调节。组蛋白去乙酰化酶11 (histone deacetylases 11, HDAC11)是IV类HDAC的唯一成员,能够催化组蛋白和非组蛋白赖氨酸残基去乙酰化并具有去脂酰化活性。HDAC11与免疫细胞的成熟、分化和功能密切相关,多数研究显示HDAC11通过负调控IL-10和上调促炎细胞因子发挥免疫激活作用,但HDAC11也负调控中性粒细胞和T细胞的功能,发挥免疫抑制作用。最近报道HDAC11在炎症反应、肿瘤免疫、移植免疫、自身免疫疾病中发挥重要作用,是免疫治疗的重要靶点。该文就HDAC11的生物学特性、免疫调控功能、在免疫相关性疾病中的作用及其抑制剂开发的最新研究进展作一综述。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4与人类疾病北大核心CSCD

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4(histone deacetylase 4,HDAC4)是一类依赖锌的去乙酰化酶,属于Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs),主要具有去乙酰化酶的活性。HDAC4由去乙酰化酶结构域发挥去乙酰化酶的作用,还具有核定位序列和核输出序列,通过转录后与翻译后水平的修饰可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭,进而参与多种调节过程。近年来的研究发现,HDAC4可参与基因的转录调控、细胞凋亡、代谢等诸多生物进程,在多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文主要从HDAC4的结构、去乙酰作用、自身的修饰及其在核浆中的穿梭作用对其进行概述,同时对其在骨关节炎、心血管疾病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症等不同疾病中的作用、相关的分子机制及组蛋白抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

HDAC2:阿尔茨海默病治疗靶点

表观调节机制在阿尔茨海默病的发生、发展过程中起着重要作用。乙酰化组蛋白和乙酰化非组蛋白在基因表达与信号转导过程中具有重要的调控作用。组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂可以改善AD患者突触可塑性与学习记忆能力。HDAC2在控制神经元形成中起关键作用。HDAC2参与海马区域记忆形成相关蛋白表达,对学习和记忆的形成具有负调节作用,影响神经突触可塑性和数量。目前应用的HDAC抑制剂为广谱药物缺乏特异性,分析HDAC2作用机制有利于研究出针对疾病的靶点药物。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4与人类疾病

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4（histone deacetylase 4,HDAC4）是一类依赖锌的去乙酰化酶,属于Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylases,HDACs）,主要具有去乙酰化酶的活性。HDAC4由去乙酰化酶结构域发挥去乙酰化酶的作用,还具有核定位序列和核输出序列,通过转录后与翻译后水平的修饰可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭,进而参与多种调节过程。近年来的研究发现,HDAC4可参与基因的转录调控、细胞凋亡、代谢等诸多生物进程,在多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文主要从HDAC4的结构、去乙酰作用、自身的修饰及其在核浆中的穿梭作用对其进行概述,同时对其在骨关节炎、心血管疾病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症等不同疾病中的作用、相关的分子机制及组蛋白抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6:异常蛋白降解的关键调控因子

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6(HDAC6)是位于胞浆中的一种去乙酰化酶,参与调控细胞内多种重要的生物活性,可使α-微管蛋白(α-tubulin)、热休克蛋白90(Hsp90)和皮肌动蛋白(cortactin)去乙酰化,并与多种蛋白质缔结形成复合物。在细胞培养中,当产生的错误折叠蛋白超过了分子伴侣再折叠及泛素蛋白酶体系统(UPS)处理能力时,HDAC6可将其特异转运到细胞核周结构——异常蛋白包涵体(aggresome)中,从而使之被自噬有效降解,因此认为HDAC6在异常蛋白降解中发挥了关键的调控功能,是"蛋白构象病"的潜在治疗靶点。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6与阿尔兹海默病

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6(histone deacetylase 6,HDAC6)在细胞中参与了许多蛋白质的修饰过程,最新证据显示其在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)发展过程中起了越来越重要的作用,HDAC6不仅可与tau蛋白相互作用并影响其磷酸化过程,而且同时也受到GSK-3β的调控。本文主要介绍了HDAC6在阿尔兹海默病中的作用机制,同时介绍下HDAC6抑制剂对AD的治疗作用。     

果蝇组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDAC1和HDAC3选择性调控形态发生素靶基因转录

在真核细胞中,组蛋白的乙酰化状态对于基因转录的正常进行具有重要的调控作用。组蛋白的乙酰化修饰由组蛋白乙酰转移酶(histone acetyltransferases,HATs)执行,这种修饰是动态的、可逆的,负责去乙酰化修饰的酶是组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs),推测HDACs可能通过影响组蛋白的乙酰化状态在基因的转录过程中发挥调控作用。该文以组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDAC1和HDAC3为对象,研究了它们在果蝇翅膀发育过程中对Wg(Wingless)、Hh(Hedgehog)以及Dpp(Decapentaplegic)信号通路下游靶基因转录的调控作用。结果发现,HDAC1功能缺失可导致Dpp下游靶基因Omb(optomotor-blind)和Hh下游靶基因Ptc(patched)的表达上调。Real-time quantitative PCR(RT-q PCR)结果显示,在HDAC1基因敲除的果蝇中,Ptc、Ci(cubitus interruptus)以及Omb的转录水平增加。HDAC3缺失导致Sal(spalt)的表达上调。RT-q PCR结果证实了HDAC3基因敲除果蝇的Sal转录增加,同时发现Vg(vestigial)的转录下降。而过表达HDAC1或HDAC3对下游靶基因的表达则没有影响。综上所述,该研究表明,HDAC1和HDAC3可以选择性地调控形态发生素下游靶基因的转录。     

神经退行性疾病中的乙酰化内稳态

近年来对神经退行性疾病机制的研究发现,乙酰化和去乙酰化在这一过程扮演了重要角色。组蛋白乙酰化酶(histone acetylase,HAT)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)两大家族分别催化组蛋白的乙酰化和去乙酰化,两者相互拮抗,维持体内乙酰化内稳态的平衡。乙酰化内稳态的概念就是在这样的基础上提出的。在神经退行性疾病的发病过程中,组蛋白乙酰基转移酶含量下降,乙酰化内稳态被打破,影响了神经细胞内重要基因的转录,从而导致了神经细胞功能失调甚至死亡。该文主要介绍HAT和HDAC两大家族在神经退行性疾病中的作用机制,以及针对乙酰化内稳态平衡机制的治疗策略。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶5的研究进展

组蛋白去乙酰化酶5(HDAC5)属于Ⅱa类HDAC家族成员,其通过催化组蛋白去乙酰化导致局部染色质结构呈压缩/关闭状态而抑制基因转录;HDAC5还可催化其他蛋白质去乙酰化而调控生物大分子之间的相互作用。由此,HDAC5广泛参与调控基因转录、细胞信号传导、细胞衰老和细胞凋亡等重要生理、病理过程,并在细胞分化和肿瘤发生过程中发挥重要作用。本文综述了新近有关HDAC5结构、功能和其参与疾病发生发展的研究进展。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.