抑郁症单胺类递质受体研究进展

目前认为,抑郁症的发病主要与单胺类递质有关,单胺类递质受体系统在抑郁症的发病及治疗过程中会发生明显变化,本文综述了5-羟色胺受体,肾上腺素受体和多巴胺受体在抑郁症发病机制中所起作用的研究进展。     

抑郁症分子机制中5-羟色胺2C受体的作用

5-羟色胺系统与抑郁症关系密切,阐明5-羟色胺相关受体在抑郁症中的作用,有助于抗抑郁药物的开发与应用,提高抑郁症的治疗效果。在5-羟色胺的受体中,5-羟色胺2C受体(5-hydroxytryptamine type 2C receptor,5-HT2CR)在抑郁症的发病及治疗机制中发挥重要的作用。虽然已有关于5-羟色胺2C受体与抑郁症具有相关性的报道,但近年来,5-羟色胺2C受体参与抑郁症的相关分子机制有了新的进展,本文将抑郁症分子机制中5-羟色胺2C受体的作用加以综述,以期为相关工作提供依据。     

BDNF及其受体在抗抑郁症中的作用及其机制研究

脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurothrophic factor,BDNF)广泛存在于中枢和外周神经系统,具有神经再生和修复功能。近年来,研究发现BDNF在改善抑郁发生过程中神经可塑性以及抗抑郁药物治疗中发挥重要的作用。综述了BDNF及其受体在抗抑郁症中的作用及其机制研究。     

综述与专论：甘丙肽对抑郁症状的调控作用及其机制的研究进展

甘丙肽(galanin, GAL)作为治疗抑郁症的可能靶点被关注已久,但目前仍未有广泛应用的GAL类抗抑郁药物。GAL可与3种G蛋白偶联受体(GalR1～3)结合,GalR1和GalR3介导促进抑郁的作用,GalR2介导抗抑郁的作用。GAL的N端有生物活性的片段GAL (1-15),通过其受体GalR1-GalR2异聚体(heteromer),介导比GAL更强的调节抑郁效应。GAL (1-15)还可以通过GalR1-GalR2异聚体与5-羟色胺1A受体(5-HT1AR)相互作用形成GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1AR异聚体的方式,加强5-HT1AR激动剂的抗抑郁效果。此外,GAL及其受体还与去甲肾上腺素、神经肽Y、脑源性神经营养因子、多巴胺等递质或因子交互作用调节抑郁。本文梳理GAL及其受体对抑郁的调节作用及其可能机制,并对以GAL及其受体为靶点开发的药物应用于临床治疗抑郁症的可能性进行探讨。     

甘丙肽对抑郁症状的调控作用及其机制的研究进展

甘丙肽(galanin, GAL)作为治疗抑郁症的可能靶点被关注已久,但目前仍未有广泛应用的GAL类抗抑郁药物。GAL可与3种G蛋白偶联受体(GalR1~3)结合,GalR1和GalR3介导促进抑郁的作用,GalR2介导抗抑郁的作用。GAL的N端有生物活性的片段GAL (1-15),通过其受体GalR1-GalR2异聚体(heteromer),介导比GAL更强的调节抑郁效应。GAL (1-15)还可以通过GalR1-GalR2异聚体与5-羟色胺1A受体(5-HT1AR)相互作用形成GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1AR异聚体的方式,加强5-HT1AR激动剂的抗抑郁效果。此外,GAL及其受体还与去甲肾上腺素、神经肽Y、脑源性神经营养因子、多巴胺等递质或因子交互作用调节抑郁。本文梳理GAL及其受体对抑郁的调节作用及其可能机制,并对以GAL及其受体为靶点开发的药物应用于临床治疗抑郁症的可能性进行探讨。     

抑郁症动物模型及评价方法研究进展

抑郁症(depression)是一种严重危害人类身心健康的全球性的主要精神卫生问题。目前病因及病理机制尚不完全清楚,但随着社会经济的发展,生活节奏加快,人们的压力增加,情感冲击加大,造成抑郁症发病率逐年增长。随着对抑郁症研究的深入,抑郁症动物模型及其评价方法被广泛运用于抑郁症发病机制研究和抗抑郁新药的研发。动物模型模拟人类疾病状态的程度以及评价方法的可靠性和准确性直接影响实验研究结果的价值。本综述主要介绍了常用的抑郁症动物模型,及整体、器官、分子水平的评价指标,为后续新型抗抑郁药物的研发提供文献参考。     

精氨酸加压素与抑郁症的研究进展

抑郁症是目前最为常见的情感性精神障碍,以情绪及应激的行为反应失调为主要特征。迄今为止,抑郁症的病因及发病机制不明,但相关的神经生化假说很多。精氨酸加压素(Arginine vasopressin,AVP)作为一种神经肽,因其在抑郁症中改变明显而越来越受关注。加压素系统包括丘脑大细胞性神经元、丘脑视上核和室旁核小细胞性神经元、视交叉上核(Suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN)及下丘脑外边缘脑区。AVP在大脑区域分布不同,对大脑功能的调节机制也不一样。本文从加压素系统及血浆AVP在抑郁症中的研究进展、AVP受体拮抗剂在抗抑郁治疗方面的研究现状进行综述。     

柴胡皂苷A抗抑郁的靶点识别及作用研究

中药柴胡具有改善抑郁患者临床治疗效果的作用,柴胡皂苷A(saikosaponin A,SSA)是柴胡主要药效成分,本研究以SSA为研究对象,利用慢性不可预知性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)模型小鼠悬尾(tail suspension test, TST)和强迫游泳实验(forced swimming test, FST)明确SSA的抗抑郁作用。利用计算机分子对接技术分析并验证SSA的作用靶点,并利用细胞热转移测定实验(cellular thermal shift assay, CETSA)和药物亲和力靶稳定性实验(drug affinity responsive target stability, DARTS)验证SSA的靶标;采用Western blotting等技术研究SSA的抗抑郁作用机制。CUMS模型TST和FST结果表明,与模型组相比,SSA能够显著缩短小鼠的不动时间,表明SSA具有显著的抗抑郁作用。计算机分子对接证明了SSA与催产素受体(oxytocin receptor, OXTR)结合效果较好,表明SSA抗抑郁...     

抗抑郁治疗与海马神经发生

抑郁模型动物普遍存在海马神经发生缺隐,许多抗抑郁措施可提高海马神经发生,提示海马神经发生和抑郁症之间的密切联系,其机制可能涉及激素、神经递质、受体、神经营养因子、信号转导通路以及神经胶质细胞的功能等。研究海马神经发生有助于探讨抑郁症的发病机制,以便从新的角度研发抗抑郁药物。     

多组配对受体调节应激反应在抑郁症发病中的作用和分子机制

应激导致的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)轴活性紊乱在抑郁症发病中具有重要作用,下丘脑室旁核的促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(corticotropin-releasing hormone,CRH)神经元是其中枢驱动力.室旁核内有多种受体与CRH神经元共存,共同调控CRH的转录表达.本课题组的系列研究发现,抑郁症发病与调控CRH基因的多组成对受体的表达失衡相关:CRH受体R1和R2、盐皮质激素受体和糖皮质激素受体、雌激素受体和雄激素受体,这些成对受体间的相互作用调控CRH基因的转录表达.调控CRH神经元活性的多组成对受体的动态平衡失调是抑郁症发病的重要分子机制之一,恢复此类受体的表达平衡将是抑郁症的预防和治疗的重要策略.     

Substituted phenyl as a steroid A-ring mimetic: Providing agonist activity to a class of arylsulfonamide nonsteroidal glucocorticoid ligands

A class of arylsulfonamide glucocorticoid receptor agonists that contains a substituted phenyl group as a steroid A-ring mimetic is reported. The structural design and SAR that provide the functional switching of a GR antagonist to an agonist is described. A combination of specific hydrogen bonding and lipophilic elements on the A-ring moiety is required to achieve potent GR agonist activity. This study culminated in the identification of compound 23 as a potent GR agonist with selectivity over the PR and MR nuclear hormone receptors.     

The ecdysteroid receptor

Summary

The steroid molting hormone of insects and other arthropods regulates gene activity in target tissues through its association with a specific, high affinity receptor protein. In this review we summarize recent advances in several areas of ecdysteroid receptor research, including efforts to characterize and purify the receptor protein, cytochemical studies of its tissue distribution and subcellular localization during development, and current molecular genetic studies ecdysteroid action.     

雄激素和雌激素受体药物筛选方法的研究进展

雄激素和雌激素受体通过与相应激素特异性结合促进细胞分化和组织生长,发挥重要的生理功能,其功能失调可诱发多种疾病。雄激素和雌激素受体的选择性调节剂是治疗相关疾病的重要药物。基于基因组学、分子生物学、细胞生物学和生物信息学等最新研究成果而发展形成的实验技术或方法被用于新型雄激素和雌激素受体调节剂的筛选,显著加快了新药开发的进程。     

Analysis of 3D models of octopus estrogen receptor with estradiol: evidence for steric clashes that prevent estrogen binding

Relatives of the vertebrate estrogen receptor (ER) are found in Aplysia californica, Octopus vulgaris, Thais clavigera, and Marisa cornuarietis. Unlike vertebrate ERs, invertebrate ERs are constitutively active and do not bind estradiol. To investigate the molecular basis of the absence of estrogen binding, we constructed a 3D model of the putative steroid-binding domain on octopus ER. Our 3D model indicates that binding of estradiol to octopus ER is prevented by steric clashes between estradiol and amino acids in the steroid-binding pocket. In this respect, octopus ER resembles vertebrate estrogen-related receptors (ERR), which have a ligand-binding pocket that cannot accommodate estradiol. Like ERR, octopus ER also may have the activation function 2 domain (AF2) in a configuration that can bind to coactivators in the absence of estrogens, which would explain constitutive activity of octopus ER.     

降钙素基因相关肽家族受体及其受体活性修饰蛋白

降钙素基因相关肽家族是一类多功能的激素家族 ,参与人体的多种生物学功能 ,与多种疾病有关。降钙素基因相关肽受体包括降钙素受体 (CTR)和降钙素受体样受体 (CRLR) ,CTR可以独自与降钙素结合 ,而CRLR必须与一组称作受体活性修饰蛋白 (RAMPs)的蛋白质共同作用才能发挥生物学功能。综述CTR的研究概况及CRLR与RAMPs相互作用的机制和表达调控 ,以期为人们设计新型药物提供参考。     

Ago-Allosteric Modulation and Other Types of Allostery in Dimeric 7TM Receptors

Conventionally, an allosteric modulator is neutral in respect of efficacy and binds to a receptor site distant from the orthosteric site of the endogenous agonist. However, recently compounds being ago-allosteric modulators have been described i.e., compounds acting both as agonists on their own and as enhancers for the endogenous agonists in both increasing agonist potency and providing additive efficacy—superagonism. The additive efficacy can also be observed with agonists, which are neutral or even negative modulators of the potency of the endogenous ligand. Based on the prevailing dimeric concept for 7TM receptors, it is proposed that the ago-allosteric modulators bind in the orthosteric binding site, but–importantly–in the “other” or allosteric protomer of the dimer. Hereby, they can act both as additive co-agonists, and through intermolecular cooperative effects between the protomers, they may influence the potency of the endogenous agonist. It is of interest that at least some endogenous agonists can only occupy one protomer of a dimeric 7TM receptor complex at a time and thereby they leave the orthosteric binding site in the allosteric protomer free, potentially for binding of exogenous, allosteric modulators. If the allosteric modulator is an agonist, it is an ago-allosteric modulator; if it is neutral, it is a classical enhancer. Molecular mapping in hetero-dimeric class-C receptors, where the endogenous agonist clearly binds only in one protomer, supports the notion that allosteric modulators can act through binding in the “other” protomer. It is suggested that for the in vivo, clinical setting a positive ago-allosteric modulator should be the preferred agonist drug.     

Proteinase-activated receptors, nucleotide P2Y receptors, and μ-opioid receptor-1B are under the control of the type I transmembrane proteins p23 and p24A in post-Golgi trafficking

We recently characterized the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), as the first cargo protein recognized by p24A. Here, we demonstrate that p24A binds to several other GPCRs, including PAR-1, the nucleotide receptors P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(11), as well as the μ-opioid receptor 1B. The acidic amino acid residues Glu and Asp at the second extracellular loop of GPCRs are essential for interaction with p24A. p23, another member of the p24 family, also interacts with GPCRs, similar to p24A. However, p23 shows a delayed dissociation from PAR-2 after activation of PAR-2, compared to the dissociation between PAR-2 and p24A. p24A and p23 arrest both P2Y(4) receptor and μ-opioid receptor 1B at the intracellular compartments, as observed for PAR-2. A comparable result was obtained when we studied primary rat astrocytes in culture. Over-expression of the N-terminal p24A fragment impairs PAR-2 resensitization in astrocytes that extends our findings to a native system. In summary, we demonstrate that p24A and p23 are specific cargo receptors of GPCRs and differentially control GPCR trafficking in the biosynthetic pathway, and thereby, p24A and p23 regulate GPCR signaling in astrocytes.     

The insulin-binding domain of insulin receptor is encoded by exon 2 and exon 3.

Insulin receptors are disulfide-linked oligotetramers composed of two heterodimers each containing a 130-kDa alpha subunit and a 90-kDa beta subunit. Insulin binds to the extracellular alpha subunit, and in the process stimulates the autophosphorylation of the beta subunit and the expression of tyrosine kinase activity. Studies combining the use of photoaffinity labeling and immunoprecipitation with anti-peptide antibody have directly demonstrated that the cysteine-rich domain, encoded by exon 3, in the alpha subunit is part of the insulin-binding site of the receptor. Experiments with chimeric insulin receptors and chimeric insulin-like growth factor I receptors have confirmed that the cysteine-rich domain constitutes a part of the insulin-binding site. In addition, results from these experiments suggest that the N-terminal sequence, encoded by exon 2, in the alpha subunit also participates in insulin binding. In this review it is proposed that, assuming two insulin-binding sites per each holoreceptor oligotetramer, each insulin-binding domain may contain respectively two sub-domains for hydrophobic and charge contact with insulin, and that high-affinity binding would require the interaction of both subunits with the possibility of each subunit reciprocally contributing one of the sub-domains.     

Structural Investigations of Full-Length Insulin Receptor Dynamics and Signalling

Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis via binding and activation of the insulin receptor dimer at two distinct pairs of binding sites 1 and 2. Here, we present cryo-EM studies of full-length human insulin receptor (hIR) in an active state obtained at non-saturating, physiologically relevant insulin conditions. Insulin binds asymmetrically to the receptor under these conditions, occupying up to three of the four possible binding sites. Deletion analysis of the receptor together with site specific peptides and insulin analogs used in binding studies show that both sites 1 and 2 are required for high insulin affinity. We identify a homotypic interaction of the fibronectin type III domain (FnIII-3) of IR resulting in tight interaction of membrane proximal domains of the active, asymmetric receptor dimer. Our results show how insulin binding at two distinct types of sites disrupts the autoinhibited apo-IR dimer and stabilizes the active dimer. We propose an insulin binding and activation mechanism, which is sequential, exhibits negative cooperativity, and is based on asymmetry at physiological insulin concentrations with one to three insulin molecules activating IR.