Long-term protection effects of national reserve to forest vegetation in 4 decades: biodiversity change analysis of major forest types in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve,China

The Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CNR) was established in 1960 to protect the virgin Korean pine mixed hardwood forest, a typical temperate forest of northeast China. We conducted systematic studies of vascular diversity patterns on the north slope of the CNR mountainside forests (800–1700 m a.s.l.) in 1963 and 2006 respectively. The aim of this comparison is to assess the long-term effects of the protection on plant biodiversity of CNR during the interval 43 years. The research was carried out in three types of forests: mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (MCBF), mixed coniferous forest (MCF), and sub-alpine coniferous forest (SCF), characterized by different dominant species. The alpha diversity indicted by species richness and the Shannon-Wiener index were found different in the same elevations and forest types during the 43-year interval. The floral composition and the diversity of vascular species were generally similar along altitudinal gradients before and after the 43-year interval, but some substantial changes were evident with the altitude gradient. In the tree layers, the dominant species in 2006 were similar to those of 1963, though diversity declined with altitude. The indices in the three forest types did not differ significantly between 1963 and 2006, and these values even increased in the MCBF and MCF from 1963 to 2006. However, originally dominant species, P. koraiensis for example, tended to decline, while the proportion of broad-leaved trees increased, and the species turnover in the succession layers trended to shift to higher altitudes. The diversity pattern of the under canopy fluctuated along the altitudinal gradient due to micro-environmental variations. Comparison of the alpha diversity in the three forests shows that the diversity of the shrub and herb layer decreased with time. During the process of survey, we also found some rare and medicinal species disappeared. Analysis indicates that the changes of the diversity pattern in this region are caused by both nature and human factors. Meteorological records revealed that climate has changed significantly in the past 43 years. We also found the most severe human disturbance to the CNR forests in the process of another field survey that is the exploitation of herb medicines and Korean pine nuts. We hope this research would give some guidance to the future reserve management in Changbai Mountain area.     

山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落物种多样性

在对山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落进行数量分类的基础上,运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对保护区内森林群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并对森林群落各层片之间的物种多样性进行了相关性分析.结果表明:(1)森林群落15个群丛的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数能很好地反映各群丛多样性变化规律.(2)各群丛的丰富度指数和物种多样性指数总体上呈现草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,草本层的均匀度最小,大多数森林群落乔木层和灌木层的均匀度比较接近.(3) Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数以及Pielou指数和Alatalo指数之间表现极显著差异性(P＜0.01).(4)群丛3(华北落叶松-土庄绣线菊+美蔷薇-东方草莓群丛)灌木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.643,P＜0.05);群丛8(白桦+山杨-灰栒子+美蔷薇-中亚苔草群丛)乔木层和灌木层呈显著负相关(r=-0.458,P＜0.05),灌木层和草本层则呈显著正相关(r=0.404,P＜0.05);群丛11(白杄-中亚苔草+烟管头草)的乔木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.949,P＜0.05).     

长白山林区森林/沼泽交错群落的植物多样性

本研究应用样带网格调查方法,对森林／沼泽交错区上6种群落的植物多样性状况、优势种类与分布以及交错区环境梯度进行了研究。结果表明：森林／沼泽交错区植物多样性具有沿着交错区环境梯度逐渐增高的趋势;发育成熟的交错群落具有最高的植物多样性,且高于相对应的典型森林群落。由于交错区群落存在着沼泽植物类群、森林类群以及交错区群落的优势种类群,故发育成熟的交错区群落种类较丰富,一些优势种种群数量为森林中的5倍。因为交错区的生境对于满足这些种类的生活史具有重要作用。森林／沼泽交错群落的特征与交错区环境梯度以及两个植被类型的特征密切相关。     

长白山国家级自然保护区植被时空变化及其驱动因子

基于MODIS NDVI数据,采用一元线性回归趋势分析和相关系数检验法对长白山国家级保护区2000—2010年间植被时空变化及其驱动因子进行研究。结果表明:10年来,长白山国家级自然保护区中88.95%的植被保持稳定,9.71%的植被显著改善,1.34%的植被显著退化,植被的总体保护效果较好。从植被变化的驱动因子来看,气温对植被的影响略强于降雨,气温和降雨与植被变化的关系总体上都呈负相关,但显著相关的面积均不足8%,10年间气温和降雨对自然保护区内植被的影响总体有限。自然保护区内不同地形上的植被变化存在一定空间差异,海拔1 800 m以上,坡度26°—35°范围内的岳桦林和苔原植被出现较明显退化。自然保护区内规模日益扩大的旅游活动以及不合理的开发建设与部分植被的退化有一定关系。尽管自然保护区内植被显著退化的面积仅占1.34%,但必须引起管理部门的高度重视。据此,提出三点建议以更有效地保护现有植被和恢复已退化植被,为长白山国家级自然保护区的科学管理提供参考。     

长白山北坡主要森林群落凋落物现存量月动态

以长白山北坡4种主要森林群落类型为研究对象,于2006年群落生长季节(5-10月)每月初采用直接收获法对森林凋落物现存量进行连续定位调查研究。结果表明:各群落内凋落物现存量大小依次为阔叶红松林(6.43 t/hm²)>白桦林(6.02 t/hm²)>云冷杉林(5.51 t/hm²)>山杨林(5.50 t/hm²);凋落叶和枝现存量占现存凋落物总量的比例最大,达50%以上,其次为半分解物(>35%),花果皮等所占比例较少,各占总量的10%和5%以下。凋落物现存量月动态阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林呈双峰型变化,峰值出现在5月和7月;云冷杉林则呈单峰型变化,峰值仅出现在7月。位于相近海拔高度的阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林,凋落物各组分现存量月动态变化趋势相似,其中白桦林和山杨林变化趋势基本相同,凋落枝、皮及半分解物现存量5月和7月较高,凋落叶则呈现下降趋势,而阔叶红松林凋落叶和枝现存量5月和7月较高,而位于较高海拔的云冷杉林,则与前者呈现不同变化趋势,8月前波动较大,从5月开始明显上升,7月达到峰值,8月后曲线渐趋平缓或略有下降。进一步对阔叶红松林和云冷杉林内凋落叶现存量月动态进行比较得出,阔叶红松林7月份凋落叶现存量高不完全取决于红松叶现存量,主要由色木槭、紫椴和水曲柳等阔叶树种叶凋落物现存量变化决定,而云冷杉林则取决于红松和云冷落叶的凋落物的量。     

长白山三种林型对蛾类群落结构和多样性的影响

选择长白山阔叶红松林、白桦林和落叶松林3种林型,对各林型蛾类的群落结构和多样性进行了比较。结果表明:蛾类各科(亚科)在3种林型中的比例分配明显不同。阔叶红松林中尺蛾科数量占优绝对优势,占47.0%,其次是舟蛾科,为9.3%。优势种为台褥尺蛾,占17.2%;从蛾类总种数和蛾类个体总数上看,白桦林中蛾类物种丰富度、多度和多样性指数明显高于阔叶红松林和落叶松林,优势度指数则最低;白桦林的优势种有尘尺蛾、枞灰尺蛾和双星白枝尺蛾;在落叶松林中,灯蛾科、波纹蛾科和枯叶蛾科的多度都比阔叶红松林和白桦林高,其优势种为阿泊波纹蛾。     

伏牛山自然保护区森林冠层结构对林下植被特征的影响

在伏牛山自然保护区典型地段设立样方,测定了森林生态系统内几种典型群落类型的冠层结构、光环境特征,调查了林下植被的特征,分析了它们之间的相互关系.结果显示:各群落的冠层结构和光环境有一定的差异,单因素方差分析表明,部分群落间的差异性达到显著水平;各群落灌木层物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均高于草本层,而优势度正相反;线性拟合的结果表明,草本层的物种丰富度、多样性与冠下光合量子通量密度间呈极显著负相关,优势度与冠下光合量子通量密度间呈显著正相关,灌木层各参数与冠层结构特征间相关性不显著.研究表明,冠层结构的变化对草本层(包括更新幼苗)的影响显著高于灌木层.林隙/林窗或林中空地的出现可能对草本物种或其他阳性及先锋物种具有促进作用,而对优势种幼苗的萌发和定植产生负效应.推测在典型的落叶阔叶林生态系统演替进程中,林下光照强度可能不是最主要的限制因素,优势种种子的扩散、萌发和定植限制可能更重要.     

长白山北坡阔叶红松林草本植物物种多样性及其季节动态

通过对原始阔叶红松林草本植物早春（5月5～20日）、夏季（6月20日～7月10日）和秋季（8月20日～9月10日）的三次调查,结果表明其物种多样性是很丰富的,一年内共有123种（包括6个变种）草本植物在该森林内出现。同时其季节变化也比较明显,早春、夏季和秋季的草本植物物种数分别为：79,101,和98;Shannon多样性指数分别为：3．1829,3．3140,2．9677;Shannon均匀度指数分别为0．7284,0．7181和 0．6473。早春的草本植物以银莲花（Anemone spp）、延期索（Corydalis spp）、顶冰花（Gagealutea）等为主,夏秋季则美汉草（Meehania urticifolia）和一些苔草（Carex spp．）占优势。草本植物一年内的水平及垂直结构也有很大变化。     

长白山阔叶红松林植物群落与昆虫群落的相互关系研究

通过季节性的观察,系统研究了长白山植物群落、昆虫群落多样性及它们之间关系。结果表明,植物群落物种丰富度指数与植食性昆虫丰富度指数呈负相关,而与捕食性天敌昆虫丰富度指数呈正相关,与寄生性天敌的丰富度指数呈负相关;昆虫群落的均匀度与植物群落的均匀度相关显著。植物群落的多样性指数与捕食性、寄生性天敌的多样性指数呈正相关。而与植食性昆虫的多样性指数呈负相关,这表明植物群落的多样性影响昆虫群落的多样性。     

长白山北坡植物群落相异性及其海拔梯度变化

在长白山北坡,从海拔700～2600m,每隔100m设置一个样地。运用群落多样性指数,分析了在不同海拔,两个群落之间,不同取样面积之间的差异性。结果表明。当取样面积超过16m^2时,在不同取样面积之间,群落之间的差异性表现出相同的规律性。群落差异性指数出现在海拔700～800,1000～1100,1700～1800m,这正是不同植被类型的分界点。群落相似性指数随着取样面积的增加呈线性增加。随着海拔差的增加,群落相似性指数增加率也是不同的。     

长白山生态功能区气候变化特征

为探究长白山生态功能区气候变化特征,本研究利用区域内及周边36个气象站数据与CN05.1格点数据集,采用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall突变检验、累积距平法、Morlet小波分析等方法研究1961—2016年长白山生态功能区内温度(平均气温、四季气温、极端气温)、水分(年降水量、四季降水量、降水日数、相对湿度)、光照(日照时数与日照百分率)和风速因子的时空变化规律.结果表明: 1961—2016年,长白山生态功能区气温升高、日照减少、风速减弱、降水量周期振荡变化.其中,冬季气温[0.45 ℃·(10 a)^-1]与最低温度[0.74 ℃·(10 a)^-1]大幅上升.年平均风速显著降低[-0.21 m·s^-1·(10 a)^-1]但并未发生气候突变.年降水日数大幅降低[-7.01 d·(10 a)^-1],使其与东北地区气候变化特点有所不同.虽然功能区内年降水量倾向率为16.06 mm·(10 a)^-1,但不能以简单的趋势增加或减少来描述降水量变化特征,功能区内降水量变化以26年长周期叠加3年的短周期为主.研究结果对区域生态评估、生态系统响应气候变化、物候变化等研究具有指示意义.     

Biodiversity conservation in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, northeastern China: status, problem, and strategy

The Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve (CMBR) is the largest and one of the earliest natural reserves established in China. The continuous losses of species and ecosystems in the reserve since its establishment have raised numerous concerns within China and beyond, which also leads some people to question the function and efficiency of natural reserves in protecting biological and ecological resources. By collecting the published data, conducting field investigation, and interviewing local people, we present the current status of biological and ecological diversity/resources in the reserve and analyze the major factors causing biodiversity loss in the reserve in an ecological and socio-economic context. We found that the high human population pressure, mismanagement practices of resources, a poor resource evaluation system which underestimates the ecological value of the natural reserve, an inappropriate economic development policy, and rapid expansion of the tourist industry were the major causes leading to the biodiversity loss in the reserve in the past few decades. In order to manage the biological resources and biodiversity in the CMBR in a sustainable way, we recommend some strategies and measures which include balancing economic development and biological/ecological conservation, controlling human population in the reserve, encouraging collaboration within and outside the reserve, especially the areas around the reserve, enhancing governmental assistance and subsidy to the local residents, and promoting scientific research and biodiversity education in the local communities.     

长白山落叶松和白桦-沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律研究

研究了长白山落叶松、白桦沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律,通过野外观测和建立斑块状态、林木蒸腾量与林木年龄的相关模型,利用相关模型定量地分析斑块和林木蒸腾量随林木年龄增长的动态变化过程,并分析了区域气候变化和群落演替的关系。探讨森林沼泽交错群落对湿地生境改造作用、湿地生境的中生化过程以及区域气候变暖对森林湿地演替的影响机制,揭示森林沼泽生态交错带群落的演替规律。结果表明,斑块宽度、高度、面积、体积随林木年龄增长均呈现三次式相关关系,林木蒸腾量随林木年龄增长呈现幂函数相关关系。落叶松、白桦沼泽交错群落经过60年左右时间发育,斑块将不断扩大,使地势平均升高0．405～0,590m;林木蒸腾量也不断增大,平均降低水位1．050～1．442m。森林湿地生境将演变为中生化的森林生境,同时,区域气候变暖与森林树种向湿地侵入存在密切关系,区域气候变暖将加快森林向湿地侵入进程,进而森林沼泽交错群落在相对较短的时间内(50～60年)将演替为森林群落。     

太白山自然保护区典型森林群落数量分类、排序及多样性格局

通过多元回归树（MRT,multivariate regression trees）对太白山自然保护区典型森林群落进行数量分类,采用典范对应分析（CCA,canonical correspondence analysis）进行排序,并对分类得到的森林群落总体多样性进行分析。研究表明：（1）对30个样地进行MRT分类,经交叉验证得出太白山自然保护区典型森林群落可以分为6类。（2）CCA排序揭示了群落的生境分布范围,并反映了太白山森林群落与环境因子的关系,研究表明,海拔、坡度、枯落物厚度和干扰情况4个变量对本研究区群落分布有显著影响。（3）位于中海拔区域森林群落的3种总体多样性指数均较高,而位于高海拔和低海拔区域森林群落的3种总体多样性指数相对较低。     

Study on successions sequence of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Gutian Mountain of Zhejiang, Eastern China:species diversity

Using the widely adopted scheme of space-for-time substitution for investigating 16 typical plots distri-buted as a pattern of contiguous grid quadrates within a sampling plot, the expressions of Shannon-Wiener index (H) for species diversity, Pielou index (Jsw, JSI) for evenness and Simpson index (D) for ecological dominance are employed to investigate the species diversity (SD) of four evergreen broadleaved communities in the successions sequence within the Nature Reserve of the Gutian Mountains. Results showed that in the successions process from the coniferous to the mixed coniferous-broadleaved, then to Schima superba and finally to Castanopsis eyrei forest, the arbor layer SD showed the Shannon-Wiener index (H) as 1.9670, 2.4975, 2.6140 and 2.4356, respectively, characterized by their rise before drop and the shrub (herb) layer SD shows the maximum to be in the mixed coniferous-broadleaved (coniferous) forest (H arriving at 2.8625 (1.5334)). In the vertical structure, on the other hand, for the sequenced coniferous forest, coniferous-broad mixed forest and Castnaopsis eyrei forest, the number of SD ranges in a decreasing order from the shrub, arbor to herb layer in contrast to the SD in a decreasing order of Schima superba forest ranging from the arbor to shrub and then to herb layer, and during the succession, the herb layer exhibits the maximum range of SD change among these layers, with its variation coefficients of 0.1572, 0.0806, 0.0899 and 0.1884 for H, Jsw, JSI and D, in order, in sharp contrast to the minimal SD range in the shrub layer, with the corresponding figures of 0.0482, 0.0385, 0.0142, and 0.1553.     

五鹿山国家级自然保护区物种多样性海拔格局

在五鹿山国家级自然保护区典型地段设立样地,以植物群落样地调查数据为基础,计算不同层次的多样性指数,运用广义可加模型分析各物种多样性的海拔格局.结果表明:乔木层的胸高截面积沿海拔呈显著递增趋势(P＜0.05);α多样性,乔木层丰富度指数、香浓维纳指数、均匀度指数都呈显著的单峰分布格局(P＜0.01),灌木层丰富度指数、香浓维纳指数大体呈以中高海拔1507m为峰值的偏峰分布格局,均匀度指数大体呈显著递增趋势(P＜0.05),草本层丰富度指数、香浓维纳指数较低海拔下随海拔升高递减,较高海拔下变化不大,均匀度指数大体呈递增趋势;β多样性大体呈“～”型变化;γ多样性,大体呈单峰分布格局.沿海拔梯度升高,水热组合发生变化,地带性植被以及群落内的建群种和优势种都发生了变化.     

Study on successions sequence of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Gutian Mountain of Zhejiang, Eastern China: species diversity

Using the widely adopted scheme of space-for-time substitution for investigating 16 typical plots distributed as a pattern of contiguous grid quadrates within a sampling plot, the expressions of Shannon-Wiener index (H) for species diversity, Pielou index (J _sw , J _SI ) for evenness and Simpson index (D) for ecological dominance are employed to investigate the species diversity (SD) of four evergreen broadleaved communities in the successions sequence within the Nature Reserve of the Gutian Mountains. Results showed that in the successions process from the coniferous to the mixed coniferous-broadleaved, then to Schima superba and finally to Castanopsis eyrei forest, the arbor layer SD showed the Shannon-Wiener index (H) as 1.9670, 2.4975, 2.6140 and 2.4356, respectively, characterized by their rise before drop and the shrub (herb) layer SD shows the maximum to be in the mixed coniferous-broadleaved (coniferous) forest (H arriving at 2.8625 (1.5334)). In the vertical structure, on the other hand, for the sequenced coniferous forest, coniferous-broad mixed forest and Castnaopsis eyrei forest, the number of SD ranges in a decreasing order from the shrub, arbor to herb layer in contrast to the SD in a decreasing order of Schima superba forest ranging from the arbor to shrub and then to herb layer, and during the succession, the herb layer exhibits the maximum range of SD change among these layers, with its variation coefficients of 0.1572, 0.0806, 0.0899 and 0.1884 for H, J _SW , J _SI and D, in order, in sharp contrast to the minimal SD range in the shrub layer, with the corresponding figures of 0.0482, 0.0385, 0.0142, and 0.1553. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2006, 25(6): 603-C606 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

雾灵山国家自然保护区森林群落物种多样性研究

在样方法获取全面资料并用数量方法确定森林群落类型的基础上,对雾灵山国家自然保护区各森林群落的物种多样性(D)、生态优势度(C)、群落均匀度(J)等指标进行了计测;并着重对物种多样性进行评价,分析了物种多样性变化的时空规律,就物种多样性的保护与持续利用进行探讨。分析结果表明：雾灵山国家自然保护区森林群落物种多样性比较丰富,其D值在2.37～4.17之间;在特定高度范围内,随海拔增高D值增大,C值变小;多数森林群落灌木层的D值高于乔木层,C值低于乔木层;地带性群落的D值大于非地带性群落,C值相反。     

井冈山自然保护区栲属群落物种多样性的研究

以井冈山栲属群落 1 5个样地调查资料为基础 ,研究了井冈山栲属群落的物种多样性特征。结果表明 :栲属群落物种多样性指数较高 ,各样地间多样性指数测值变幅不大 ;测度栲属群落物种多样性时 ,各种多样性指数基本表现出相同的趋势 ;总体来看 ,栲属群落物种多样性在群落不同层次的变化规律为 :灌木层 >乔木层 >草本层 ;各层次变化幅度从大到小的顺序为 :草本层 >乔木层 >灌木层 ;群落物种多样性没有表现出一个明显的随海拔高度的变化规律 ,这表明了井冈山栲属群落物种多样性的一致性 ;井冈山栲属群落物种多样性比中亚热带东部和福建龙栖山常绿阔叶林的物种样性指数高 ,这与井冈山的环境条件优越 ,群落保护较好 ,并可能与井冈山处于由南亚热带至中亚热带的过渡地带这一特殊的地理位置有关 ;人为因子的干扰对栲属群落的物种多样性有较大的影响。     

Functional diversity research of forest communities in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve,Hebei

Plant functional traits are the plant physiological characteristics which can response to the changes of the living environment and have a certain impact on the ecosystem structure and function. The objective of our study was to explore characters of present functional diversity indices, the relationships between functional diversity and environmental variables, the relevance of species diversity and functional diversity. In this paper, habitat type, seed dispersal, pollination method, life cycle, life form, leaf form, leaf hair type, flowering period and flowering time were chosen as functional traits, and the research were done in the typical forest communities in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve, Hebei. One hundred and forty-eight quadrats (10 m × 10 m) of forest communities were established along altitude gradients, at the same time, species composition, functional traits, and environmental variables were measured in each quadrat. The results showed that functional diversity indices in forest communities that were calculated by functional distances varied greatly. Functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao and FDis) had highly significantly positive correlation with Patrick index and showed a linear increasing trend. All the nine functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao, FEve, FDiv, FDis) had significantly correlation with Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index. Only FDiv showed significantly negative correlation, and the other eight functional diversity indices showed positive correlation. Environmental filtering was important to functional diversity pattern, and functional diversity indices showed correlation with environmental variables. Altitude was a significant factor to functional diversity in forest communities. Except for FDiv, other functional diversity indices displayed a decreasing trend along altitude gradients. Among all the functional diversity indices, only Rao and FDis showed significantly positive correlation with aspect. The functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao and FDdis) showed a negative correlation with slope, slope position, litter layer thickness, soil thickness, while, they showed a positive correlation with soil temperature and disturbance. All the nine indices were proved successful in the analysis of functional diversity in forest communities with different effectiveness. They were divided into three categories, functional richness (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic), functional divergence (Rao, FDis), functional evenness (FEve, FDis). Meanwhile, each category was highly inter-correlated and each category was relatively independent with other categories. The study of functional diversity provides a number of ecological indication and monitoring methods for the forest, and it can address a wide range of important ecological questions that links species and ecosystems through mechanisms in biodiversity research.