重组人白介素6受体功能区片段的功能鉴定

用生物素标记重组人白介素６受体功能区片段ｒＩＬ６Ｒ－２８及其二联体蛋白ｒＩＬ６Ｒ－５３,竞争ＥＬＩＳＡ表明重组蛋白可以与配基ＩＬ－６特异结合,流式细胞术检测结果表明ＩＬ－６与生物素标记的重组蛋白所形成的复合物能够与７ＴＤ１细胞表面的ｇｐ１３０结合,而７ＴＤ１细胞生长分析则表明,重组蛋白可以增强ＩＬ－６对７ＴＤ１细胞的生长刺激作用。     

白介素17

白介素１７黄仕和,秦椿华（卫生部武汉生物制品研究所,武汉４３００６０）（同济医科大学工业毒理研究室,武汉４３００３０）关键词白介素１７新近,美国Ｉｍｍｕｎｅｘ公司的尧政兵等（１９９５）从激活的人Ｔ细胞里鉴定了一种新型白介素—ＩＬ－１７（ｈＩＬ－１７）...     

创伤后巨噬细胞对T细胞白介素2及白介素2受体α基因表达的直…

以２５μｇ／ｍｌ的丝裂霉素Ｃ处理巨噬细胞３０ｍｉｎ,可阻断巨噬细胞白介素１（ＩＬ－１）、白介素６（ＩＬ－６）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的合成与分泌。创伤小鼠巨噬细胞经丝裂霉素Ｃ处理后,可明显抑制正常Ｔ细胞白介素２（ＩＬ－２）ｍＲＮＡ及ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）α ｍＲＮＡ水平,并增强Ｔｓ细胞的抑制活性。去除Ｔ细胞中Ｔｓ细胞可使巨噬细胞的抑制作用消失。表明创伤后巨噬细胞可通过     

人白介素6受体功能区片段在E.coli中的表达

通过ＤＮＡ体外重组技术,以ｐＥＴ－３ｂ为表达载体,构建了重组表达质粒ｐＥＴ－６Ｒ（Ｂ）和ＰＥＴ－６Ｒ（Ｂ）４,分别编码２８ｋＤ和ｈＩＬ－６Ｒ配基结合区片段及其５３ｋＤ的二联体蛋白,并为酶切分析和ＤＮＡ序列分析所证实,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明,含有重组表达质粒的菌株可分别表达出２８ｋＤ的蛋白ｒＩＬ６Ｒ－２８和５３ｋＤ的ｒＩＬ６Ｒ－５３重组蛋白分别占菌体总蛋白的４５％和２９％左右,重组蛋白主要包涵体形     

人白介素6受体基因在痘苗病毒载体系统中的表达

人ＩＬ－６受体是一个在各种细胞上表达的跨膜糖蛋白分子,是ＩＬ－６发挥细胞效应所必需的。本文通过将ＩＬ－６４ ｃＤＮＡ重组到痘苗病毒的ＴＫ基因中构建成重组痘苗病毒ＶＩＬ６４。细胞原位杂交和ＡＰＡＡＰ染色结果表明,感染ＶＩＬ６Ｒ后的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞中,ＩＬ－６Ｒ在ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平上于现较强后     

新型的Ⅱ类细胞因子受体--白介素22结合蛋白

白介素22结合蛋白为一种新型的Ⅱ类细胞因子受体家族成员,已弄清了其蛋白质结构,基因及其表达。它能直接结合IL－22,作为IL－22的拮抗剂,发挥着多种生物学功能。     

白细胞介素13研究进展

白细胞介素１３研究进展陈志荣,陈雪花,杨吉成（苏州医学院基因工程研究室,苏州２１５００７）关键词白细胞介素１３白细胞介素１３（ＩＬ－１３）是在１９９３年Ｋｅｙ－ｓｔｏｎｅ细胞因子专题会上新命名的一种细胞因主要由ＴＨ２细胞分泌,故目前一般认为它属于机体...     

IL－6受体结构与功能的研究进展

ＩＬ－６是一个多功能的细胞因子,其生物学作用在很大程度上受ＩＬ－６受体（ＩＬ－６Ｒ）结构和功能的影响。ＩＬ－６Ｒ由两条多肽链组成,即配体结合链ｇｐ８０和信号传导链ｇｐ１３０。它们在结构和功能上既有分工又有合作。两种亚基组成的高和力ＩＬ－６Ｒ是介导细胞效应所必需的。ＩＬ－６Ｒα中的造血功能区属于造血因子受体超家族成员,它决定着结合ＩＬ－６的能力,然而ｇｐ１３０则是多种细胞因子共用的信号传递分子,其胞     

Interleukin-22 protects against acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

The protective effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on acute alcohol-induced liver injury were investigated. Mice were gavaged with 7 doses of alcohol (56% wt/vol, 15.2 mL/kg of body weight for each dose) over the 24 h, and IL-22 (0.5 mg/kg BW) was given to the mice by injection into the tail vein 1 h after alcohol administration. The results indicated that acute alcohol administration caused prominent hepatic microvesicular steatosis and an elevation of serum transaminase activities, induced a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione in conjunction with enhanced lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatocyte apoptosis as well as hepatic TNF-alpha production. IL-22 treatment attenuated these adverse changes induced by acute alcohol administration. The protective effects of IL-22 on alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity were due mainly to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic features.     

Interleukin-22 Protects against Acute Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

The protective effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on acute alcohol-induced liver injury were investigated. Mice were gavaged with 7 doses of alcohol (56% wt/vol, 15.2 mL/kg of body weight for each dose) over the 24 h, and IL-22 (0.5 mg/kg BW) was given to the mice by injection into the tail vein 1 h after alcohol administration. The results indicated that acute alcohol administration caused prominent hepatic microvesicular steatosis and an elevation of serum transaminase activities, induced a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione in conjunction with enhanced lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatocyte apoptosis as well as hepatic TNF-alpha production. IL-22 treatment attenuated these adverse changes induced by acute alcohol administration. The protective effects of IL-22 on alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity were due mainly to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic features.     

Interleukin-22 forms dimers that are recognized by two interleukin-22R1 receptor chains

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a class 2 cytokine whose primary structure is similar to that of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). IL-22 induction during acute phase immune response indicates its involvement in mechanisms of inflammation. Structurally different from IL-10 and a number of other members of IL-10 family, which form intertwined inseparable V-shaped dimers of two identical polypeptide chains, a single polypeptide chain of IL-22 folds on itself in a relatively globular structure. Here we present evidence, based on native gel electrophoresis, glutaraldehyde cross-linking, dynamic light scattering, and small angle x-ray scattering experiments, that human IL-22 forms dimers and tetramers in solution under protein concentrations assessable by these experiments. Unexpectedly, low-resolution molecular shape of IL-22 dimers is strikingly similar to that of IL-10 and other intertwined cytokine dimeric forms. Furthermore, we determine an ab initio molecular shape of the IL-22/IL-22R1 complex which reveals the V-shaped IL-22 dimer interacting with two cognate IL-22R1 molecules. Based on this collective evidence, we argue that dimerization might be a common mechanism of all class 2 cytokines for the molecular recognition with their respective membrane receptor. We also speculate that the IL-22 tetramer formation could represent a way to store the cytokine in nonactive form at high concentrations that could be readily converted into functionally active monomers and dimers upon interaction with the cognate cellular receptors.     

Interleukin-22 Mediates Early Host Defense against Rhizomucor pusilluscan Pathogens

Background

In recent years, the fungal infectious disease zygomycosis has increased in incidence worldwide, especially among the immunodeficient population. Despite the rates of zygomycosis-related death and deformation being very high, the mechanism(s) by which the fungal pathogens cause these severe manifestations remain unknown.

Methods

Using the associated Rhizomucor variabilis species, which can selectively induce cutaneous zygomycosis in otherwise healthy individuals, we investigated the host mechanisms of infection-related responses, including cytokine and chemokine expression as well as contributions of particular T cell subsets. siRNA specifically targeting IL-22,IL-17 and IFN-γ were used to down-regulate expression of those molecules.

Results

In mouse models of infection, IL-22 was implicated in development of Rhizomucor spp.-induced skin lesions. In cultured human peripheral blood monocytes, R. pusilluscan, which is often found in immunodeficient patients, induced the production of IL-22, while R. variabilis did not. Moreover, Rhizomucor spp.-induced secretion of Il-22 from CCR6⁺CCR4⁺CCR10⁺ cells was down-regulated by knockdown of IL-22 related signaling receptors, RORC and ARH.

Conclusion

Our data strongly suggest that avoidance of IL-22 may be one mechanism by which mucor species produce morbidity and mortality in infected individuals.     

白细胞介素22对T细胞介导的小鼠肝损伤的治疗作用及初步机制探讨

目的研究人白介素22（IL-22）对T细胞介导的肝损伤小鼠的治疗作用。方法利用刀豆蛋白A（ConA）建立T细胞介导的肝损伤小鼠模型,检测静脉注射IL-22对肝损伤小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）活性的影响,同时取小鼠肝组织进行病理学检查。并采用半定量RT-PCR方法检测IL-22刺激HepG2和LO2细胞后,对c-myc及Bcl-2基因转录表达水平的影响。结果IL-22明显降低ConA致小鼠急性肝损伤血清ALT、AST值的升高,减轻ConA对肝组织的病理损伤。体外检测IL-22对HepG2和LO2细胞表达c-myc及Bcl-2基因转录水平有促进作用。结论IL-22对T细胞介导的肝损伤小鼠模型具有治疗作用,该作用可能是通过IL-22促进肝细胞的抗凋亡因子的表达实现的。     

Interleukin-22 ameliorates cerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice by inhibiting the autophagic pathway

Pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes are activated in the pancreas. Severe pancreatitis has a 10-30% mortality rate. No specific treatments for pancreatitis exist now. Here, we discovered that interleukin-22 (IL-22) may have therapeutic potential in treating acute and chronic pancreatitis. Wild-type and IL-22 knockout mice were equally susceptible to cerulein-induced acute and chronic pancreatitis, whereas liver-specific IL-22 transgenic mice were completely resistant to cerulein-induced elevation of serum digestive enzymes, pancreatic necrosis and apoptosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment of wild-type mice with recombinant IL-22 or adenovirus IL-22 markedly attenuated the severity of cerulein-induced acute and chronic pancreatitis. Mechanistically, we show that the protective effect of IL-22 on pancreatitis was mediated via the induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), which bind to Beclin-1 and subsequently inhibit autophagosome formation to ameliorate pancreatitis. In conclusion, IL-22 ameliorates cerulein-induced pancreatitis by inhibiting the autophagic pathway. IL-22 could be a promising therapeutic drug to treat pancreatitis.     

Interleukin-22 mediates early host defense against attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens

Infections by attaching and effacing (A/E) bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, pose a serious threat to public health. Using a mouse A/E pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, we show that interleukin-22 (IL-22) has a crucial role in the early phase of host defense against C. rodentium. Infection of IL-22 knockout mice results in increased intestinal epithelial damage, systemic bacterial burden and mortality. We also find that IL-23 is required for the early induction of IL-22 during C. rodentium infection, and adaptive immunity is not essential for the protective role of IL-22 in this model. Instead, IL-22 is required for the direct induction of the Reg family of antimicrobial proteins, including RegIIIbeta and RegIIIgamma, in colonic epithelial cells. Exogenous mouse or human RegIIIgamma substantially improves survival of IL-22 knockout mice after C. rodentium infection. Together, our data identify a new innate immune function for IL-22 in regulating early defense mechanisms against A/E bacterial pathogens.     

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) Production by Pulmonary Natural Killer Cells and the Potential Role of IL-22 during Primary Influenza Virus Infection

We set out to test the hypothesis that interleukin-22 (IL-22), a cytokine crucial for epithelial cell homeostasis and recovery from tissue injury, would be protective during influenza virus infection. Recent studies have identified phenotypically and functionally unique intestinal NK cells capable of producing the cytokine IL-22. Unlike gut NK cells that produce IL-22, the surface phenotypes of lung NK cells were similar to those of spleen NK cells and were characteristically mature. With mitogen stimulation, both single and double IL-22- and gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing lung NK cells were detected. However, only the IL-22⁺ IFN-γ⁻ lung NK subset was observed after stimulation with IL-23. IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) blocking dramatically inhibited IL-22 production, but not IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we found that NK1.1⁺ or CD27⁻ lung NK cells were the primary sources of IL-22. After influenza virus infection, lung NK cells were quickly activated to produce both IFN-γ and IL-22 and had increased cytotoxic potential. The level of IL-22 in the lung tissue declined shortly after infection, gradually returning to the baseline after virus clearance, although the IL-22 gene expression was maintained. Furthermore, depletion of NK cells with or without influenza virus infection reduced the protein level of IL-22 in the lung. Anti-IL-22 neutralization in vivo did not dramatically affect weight loss and survival after virus clearance. Unexpectedly, anti-IL-22-treated mice had reduced virus titers. Our data suggest that during primary respiratory viral infection, IL-22 seems to a play a marginal role for protection, indicating a differential requirement of this cytokine for bacterial and viral infections.NK cells are important innate immune effectors that patrol the body for invading pathogens and tumors. Primary biological functions of NK cells include natural cytotoxicity and cytokine generation, through which NK cells directly or indirectly control infections and tumors and regulate the immune system (8). Accumulating evidence has unveiled other novel functions of NK cells that are associated with their anatomic locations. For example, in the uterus, NK cells support reproductive tissue development by providing a variety of cytokines, growth factors, and angiogenic factors (18, 26). The uterine NK cells also demonstrate a unique receptor repertoire, the Ly49 phenotype of which is strikingly different from that of spleen NK cells (39).Very recently, an NK1.1 low or negative subset of NK cells (CD3⁻ NKp46⁺) has been identified in the intestinal mucosa and found to be capable of making interleukin-22 (IL-22) (7, 24, 31, 32). IL-22 is one of the IL-10 cytokine family members that have been shown to be important in regulating mucosal epithelial cell function, maintaining barrier integrity, and protection from bacterial infections in the gut and lung (4, 43). Interestingly, gut NK cells are distinguished by an immature phenotype, as evidenced by the lack of multiple traditional NK cell markers, such as Ly49A, Ly49D, Ly49C/I, and Ly49G2, and by altered expression of several markers, such as CD122, NK1.1, CD49b (DX5), CD11b, CD27, and CD127, in comparison with spleen NK cells (24, 31, 32). Functionally, gut NK cells lack the capability of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production and cytotoxicity (24, 31, 32). Taken together, the unique nontraditional features of gut NK cells indicate a distinct developmental process (11, 36) in which they acquire the ability to produce IL-22 and thus are crucial components against intestinal bacterial infections.In addition to the gut, the respiratory tract is an important mucosal system that can be easily invaded by microorganisms. In the lung, NK cells constitute about 10% of the total resident lymphocytes, a relatively higher percentage than that distributed in most other lymphoid tissues and nonlymphoid tissues (17), indicating potential crucial involvement of NK cells in lung infections. Indeed, lung NK cells are known to be vital for containing numerous pulmonary infections, including those caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Bordetella pertussis, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus (12, 16). The potential mechanism of NK cell defense in lung infections has been attributed to NK cell IFN-γ production and their cytolytic functions. However, IL-22 has been implicated in protection against respiratory infection with Gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, where IL-22 levels increase after infection (4). Whether lung NK cell production of IL-22 in the context of respiratory virus infection or IL-22 itself is important for viral protection has not been investigated.In this study, we investigated the phenotypes and IL-22 production potential of lung NK cells in the context of influenza virus infection. The data show that lung NK cells are phenotypically similar to spleen NK cells yet capable of producing IL-22 upon in vitro stimulation and after influenza virus infection in vivo. Unlike gut NK cells, IL-22-producing lung NK cells are capable of making IFN-γ and display cytolytic potential. After influenza virus infection, in spite of the detection of IL-22-producing NK cells in the lung, IL-22 levels actually went down, and mice treated with anti-IL-22 antibodies had reduced virus titers, with little change in disease severity. These observations show that IL-22 serves different roles in bacterial versus virus infections of the lung and suggest that it may be actively regulated to limit proliferation of cells targeted by the influenza virus.     

Interleukin-22 protects rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells from serum deprivation-induced cell death

Interleukin-22 (IL-22), an IL-10 family cytokine, mediates the crosstalk between leukocytes and epithelial cells. Previous studies reported that IL-22 expresses in mouse brain, and the rat PC12 cells are responsive to IL-22 stimulation. However, the biological roles of IL-22 in neuronal cells remain largely unknown. We show here that IL-22 activates Stat3, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and Akt pathways and inhibits Erk/MAPK pathway in na?ve PC12 cells. We further demonstrate that IL-22 protects na?ve PC12 cells from serum starvation-induced cell death via the Jak1/Stat3 and Akt pathways. We also show that IL-22 has no effects on na?ve PC12 cell proliferation and cannot protect na?ve PC12 cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced cytotoxicity. However, IL-22 exerts a dose-dependent protective effect on MPP⁺-induced neurodegeneration in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. Overall, our data suggest that IL-22 might play a role in neurological processes. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that IL-22 confers a neuroprotective function, which may provide a new therapeutic option for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.