内蒙古石拐群古鳕类一新属

内蒙古石拐地区石拐群召沟组中的长腹鳍大青山鳕(新属、新种) Daqingshaniscus longiventralis gen. et sp. nov. 是在我国中侏罗世地层中发现的一比较原始的古鳕类.其头骨眶后部分短,鳃盖骨大于下鳃盖骨,背鳍位于腹鳍与臀鳍之间,腹鳍基线长,鳍条都从基部分节、远端分叉,棘鳞仅见于尾上叶,全歪型尾,鳞片呈菱形.大青山鳕既与苏联南哈萨克斯坦 Karatau 地区的 Pteroniscus 很接近,又与我国新疆的维吾尔鳕 Uighuroniscus 及西德北部的 Stadthagen 地区的 Indaginilepis 相似.     

记陕北子长晚三叠世一新的古鳕类

记述了陕北子长晚三叠世古鳕科（Ｐａｌａｅｏｎｉｓｃｉｄａｅ）一新属新种──子长瓦窑堡鳕（Ｗａｙａｏｂｕｌｅｐｉｓ ｚｉｃｈａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｇｅｎ． ｅｔ ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．）。其一般形态特征如身体长纺锤形、背鳍基长,后部对着腹鳍和臀鳍之间的空隙、鳍条粗壮、饰缘棘鳞细小、悬挂骨倾斜、鳃盖骨很高大、鳞片小及横列鳞数目多等,与澳大利亚中至晚三叠世的Ｍｙｒｉｏｌｏｐｉｓ很相似,但新属具有吻较尖、背鳍鳍条数目较少、鳞片具有众多的斜嵴、后缘成梳齿状以及具有背嵴鳞等显著特征区别于Ｍｙｒｉｏｌｏｐｉｓ。瓦窑堡鳕在体形、鳍的位置、鳃盖骨高大及鳞片的纹饰等方面也与欧洲中至晚三叠世的 Ｇｙｒｏｌｅｐｉｓ相似,但新属以背鳍基较长、臀鳍基较短、背峪鳞发达及鳍条粗壮等特征区别于Ｇｙｒｏｌｅｐｉｓ。根据瓦窑堡鳕的性质和化石层位的情况,将合鱼化石地层的时代定为晚三叠世。     

古背鳕(Palaeoniscinotus)在我国初次发现

记述了在宁夏六盘山盆地侏罗系中发现的古背鳕（Palaeoniscinotus）一新种─—宁夏古背鳕（P.ningxiaensis）。其一般形态特征如体形、鳍的位置和结构、悬挂骨的倾斜程度、鳃盖骨系统及鳞片等结构,与俄罗斯伊尔库茨克中侏罗世的切卡诺夫斯基氏古背鳕（P．czekanowskii）很相似,但新种的背鳍和臀鳍的鳍条均较少、鳞片条纹倾斜分布以及侧线鳞较少等特征显然有别于后者。最后讨论了这个属的系统位置和含鱼化石地层的时代,认为属中侏罗世的可能性较大。     

云南罗平中三叠世翼鳕属一新种及早期辐鳍鱼类系统发育关系（英文）

辐鳍鱼亚纲是现存脊椎动物中最大的类群,包括腕鳍鱼次亚纲、辐鳍鱼次亚纲(包括软骨硬鳞类和新鳍鱼类)和亲缘关系密切的化石类群。已灭绝的翼鳕属(Pteronisculus)是隶属于辐鳍鱼亚纲的一个干群,包括产于马达加斯加、欧洲和北美下三叠统的11个种和中国中三叠统的一个种。根据滇东罗平中三叠世(安尼期)海相地层中发现的5块保存完好的化石,命名翼鳕属一新种,张氏翼鳕(Pteronisculus changae sp. nov.)。这是翼鳕属在中三叠世的第二个确切种,最大体长达295 mm,代表了罗平生物群中已知体型最大的辐鳍鱼亚纲干群物种。新种具有翼鳕属的独特衍征,泪骨具有牙齿,但它又有明显区别于本属其他种的自近裔特征,如间颞骨中部有一个内突起,21根上神经骨,83列侧线鳞。分支分析结果为早期辐鳍鱼类系统发育关系提供了新的见解,认为翼鳕属是Cyranorhis的姐妹群。根据体型和口缘牙齿等特征推测张氏翼鳕是一个快速游动的捕食者,以浮游无脊椎动物和体型较小的鱼类或鱼类幼体为食。作为翼鳕属最年轻的成员之一,张氏翼鳕的发现进一步表明翼鳕的多样性比我们过去认识的要高,古特提斯洋东缘可能是该属在中三叠世早期的避难所。     

云南罗平中三叠世辐鳍鱼下纲干群一新种:尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)(英文)

翼鳕(Pteronisculus)是辐鳍鱼下纲干群中一个已绝灭的属,以泪骨构成口缘为典型特征。直到最近,该属仅发现于欧洲、马达加斯加和北美的早三叠世地层;可能的中三叠世化石记录发现于斯匹次卑尔根岛。根据最近采自云南罗平中三叠世安尼期(242~247 Ma)海相地层中保存良好的化石标本,命名了翼鳕属一新种,尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)。该种代表了翼鳕属在亚洲的首次发现,它的发现为支持三叠纪时期东、西特提斯洋之间存在生物交流的假说提供了新证据。另外,作为翼鳕属最晚的代表种之一,尼尔森翼鳕的发现表明翼鳕属在早三叠世末并没有灭绝,至少延续到中三叠世早期。     

河北昌黎乌鳢化石的发现

1955年冬,河北昌黎泥炭中发现了两块乌鳢(Ophicephalus argus Cantor)化石。在同一地层中还有四不象鹿和赤鹿等哺乳类化石。所发现的两块化石,代表两个不同个体的鳃盖骨。鳃盖骨略呈等边三角形。外侧的放射肋纹及生长线,因有原先复盖在上面的鳞片的印痕,故显示不清。内侧的关节窝较大,略呈椭圆形。鳃盖上的鳞片彼此复盖形成不规则的五边形。     

中国鲑科鱼类地理分布的探讨

鲑(gui)在我国古书中见于东汉王充(27—107)论衡“鲑肝死人”,实为河豚鱼。杜亚泉等(1923)在动物学大字典中始称Salmonidae为鲑科。此科主要特征为“上下颌、犁骨、腭骨及舌常有牙齿。鳍无鳍棘及硬刺。背鳍2个,后一为脂鳍。腹鳍条多于7,腹位,鳍基有一长腋鳞。体被圆鳞,头部无鳞。有侧线。鳃盖膜分离且不连喉峡。鳃膜条骨7—20,有中喙骨及辅颌骨。顶骨位额骨与上枕骨之间(如白鲑属)或两侧(如鲑属)。有或无眶蝶骨及上前鳃盖骨。幽门盲囊11—210个。鳔有管通食道”。     

记宁夏石炭纪扁体鱼类化石一新属*

本文记述的标本采自宁夏中卫晚石炭世土坡组下部,属于个体较小的扁体鱼类,身长与身高近相等,约3cm。眼眶大,眶下感觉管明显。鳃盖骨大致呈长条形,下鳃盖骨大小与鳃盖骨相近,前鳃盖骨呈椭圆状,匙骨强壮。锁骨保存于匙骨前上部。背、腹棘鳞发育。胸鳍小,腹鳍没有保存。背鳍中等长,臀鳍与背鳍等长,均起点位于身体最高点后。尾鳍呈外形对称的歪型尾。全身覆盖长条形鳞,胸鳍下方具有一枚异常大型的鳞片。经过与北美、澳洲以及中国浙江的扁体鱼类标本对比,发现其间有明显差异,应为一新属新种——小型宁夏扁体鱼(Ningxiaplatysomus parvus gen.et sp.nov.),归于扁体鱼亚目,科不定。     

金龙鱼(Scleropages:Osteoglossomorpha)化石的首次发现（英文）

金龙鱼化石的鳞片和骨骼碎片在过去时有报道,但鉴定并非十分可靠,因为在骨舌鱼科鱼类中这些鳞片和骨骼十分相似。首次记述了保存完美的金龙鱼化石,标本产于湖南湘乡下湾铺组和湖北松滋洋溪组,确立为骨舌鱼科金龙鱼属一新种:中华金龙鱼Scleropages sinensis sp.nov.。新种与现生金龙鱼(Scleropages)在头部骨骼、尾骨骼、各鳍的形状和位置以及具有网状鳞片等方面极为相似,因而归入该属。然而,新种在以下特征上不同于金龙鱼的现生种:鼻骨无纹饰,鼻骨上的感觉管显露于沟内,感觉管联合不经过顶骨,翼耳骨侧向加厚,眶前骨上的感觉孔大,眼眶后的眶下骨不完全覆盖前鳃盖骨上支,其宽高比例为0.75而非现生种的1–1.2,前鳃盖骨后下角变尖,鳃盖骨后下缘凹形、下端变尖,匙骨背突长大,脊椎46–48,椎体横突短小,胸鳍十分长大,上下两端的尾鳍条和内部鳍条等长。亚洲的现生种发现于各种河流和小溪中,比较喜欢水草茂盛的静水环境,一般游弋于表层水中,以鱼虾、昆虫等为食,新种中华金龙鱼也应该有相似的生长环境和食性。新种似具有性二形性,雄鱼体形略纤细,头部略大,口裂更深。中华金龙鱼化石的发现,说明金龙鱼属(Scleropages)和骨舌鱼属(Osteoglossum)在早始新世以前就已经分化,这对解释骨舌鱼类的跨洋分布具有十分重要的意义。     

云南武定中泥盆世骨鳞鱼目一新种

本文记述的是采自云南武定中泥盆统地层中的一个总鳍类、骨鳞鱼目(Osteolepiformes Jarvik 1942)、骨鳞鱼科(Osteolepididae Cope 1889)的瑟索鱼属(Thursius)化石新种——武定瑟索鱼(Thursius wudingensis sp. nov.).对骨鳞鱼化石的记述在国内尚属首次.本文除了对化石新种进行描述和分类之外,还对武定瑟索鱼的生物地理意义以及它与杨氏鱼的关系作了尝试性的探讨.     

北京西山杏石口组的鱼化石

本文记述了北京西山杏石口组的—占鳕——Xingshikous xishanensis gen. et sp. nov.,其形态与延长群的 Triassodus 和石拐群召沟组的 Daqingshaniscus 有所相似,但更近似后者.根据古鳕类的进化水平,推证含鱼化石沉积杏石口组的时代为早侏罗世.文中还讨论了我国北方古鳕类基干支的某些分子如 Turfania、Triassodus、Xingshikous、Daqingshaniscus 和 Uighuroniscus 的分布及其生物地层意义.     

New and Little-known Nymphs of Gryllones (Insecta) from the Lower Permian of Russia

New nymphs of the gryllones insects (Insecta; Gryllones) Iblatta attrepida gen. et sp. nov. (Eoblattida incertae sedis) and Tshekardushka artenatis gen. et sp. nov. (Reculida incertae sedis) from the Lower Permian Chekarda locality (Kungurian Stage of Russia) are described. The nymph of Czekardia blattoides Martynov, 1940 (Eoblattida incertae sedis) from Chekarda is redescribed.     

The new family Caucasichthyidae (Pisces,Perciformes) from the Eocene of the North Caucasus

Caucasichthys kumaensis gen. et sp. nov., a representative of a new monotypic perciform family Caucasichthyidae, from the Middle Eocene (Bartonian, Kuma Horizon) of the North Caucasus (Gorny Luch locality) is described. The new family is characterized by elongated body, strong preopercular spine in adults, absence of supraneurals, large pelvic fins, long caudal peduncle, and anal fin longer at the base than soft dorsal fin. Scales vary from cycloid to spinoid on different parts of the body. Caucasichthys shares a number of apomorphic features with members of certain percoid families, most notably the Priacanthidae. However, because of its unique combination of features, the new family cannot be properly placed within any existing perciform suborder and it is placed incertae sedis among the Perciformes.     

TWO NEW PARROTS (PSITTACIFORMES) FROM THE LOWER EOCENE FUR FORMATION OF DENMARK

Abstract:  Two new fossil psittaciform birds from the Lower Eocene 'Mo Clay' (Fur Formation) of Denmark ( c . 54 Ma) are described. An unnamed specimen is assigned to the extinct avian family of stem-group parrots, Pseudasturidae (genus and species incertae sedis ), while a second ( Mopsitta tanta gen. et sp. nov.) is the largest fossil parrot yet known. Both specimens are the first fossil records of these birds from Denmark. Although the phylogenetic position of Mopsitta is unclear (it is classified as family incertae sedis ), this form is phylogenetically closer to Recent Pstittacidae than to other known Palaeogene psittaciforms and may, therefore, represent the oldest known crown-group parrot.     

湖北丹江口早始新世梳趾鼠类一新属及伴生哺乳动物化石

描述了湖北省丹江口市均县镇一始新世化石点的3种哺乳动物化石,其中包括梳趾鼠类一新属种：林氏汉南鼠（新属、新种）Hannanomys lini gen. et sp. nov.。根据林氏汉南鼠与其他梳趾鼠类性状对比及该地点动物群组合特点推测其时代为早始新世晚期,与产于玉皇顶组中段的王家营大尖地方动物群的时代相当。该化石点是李官桥盆地中汉江南岸早始新世化石地点的首次发现,它的认定对在此地区寻找古新统/始新统界线有重要意义。     

New jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and similar beetles from the Cretaceous and Early Paleogene of Asia

A new genus and two new species of jewel beetles are described, Andakhudukia ponomarenkoi gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia and Metabuprestium ustkivdense sp. nov. from the lowermost Paleogene of the Amur Region. In addition, four new monotypic genera that share some features with jewel beetles are described: Cretoelaterium kazanovense gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Transbaikalia and Cretopoena gratshevi gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia have been referred to the families Elateridae and Eucnemidae; Cretofalselaterium baiankhongoricum gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia and Cretogermen turonicum gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous of Kazakhstan have been erected for isolated elytra and placed in Coleoptera incertae sedis.     

New foliicolous lichens from New Zealand 3

Podotara gen. nov. (incertae sedis) is described. It is based on the foliicolous taxonP. pilophoriformis sp.nov., which is described and illustrated. Characteristic of the new genus and species are globose and stipitate apothecia and 3-septate, hyaline, thin-walled ascospores with annular thickening of the septa.Scoliciosporum lividum sp. nov. (Scoliciosporaceae) differs from all species of its genus known to date by its leprose grey thallus, its livid, globose, dull apothecia, and its 3-septate ascosoores spirally contorted in the ascus.     

Elasmobranchs from the Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation near Wapiti Lake (BC, Canada)

Hybodontoid and nonhybodontoid sharks are described from the Lower Triassic Vega‐Phroso Siltstone Member of Sulphur Mountain Formation on the basis of newly discovered material. The age of the classic fossil site ‘Wapiti Lake’ in the Canadian Rocky Mountains is discussed on the basis of new field data and one conodont found in association. Preliminary results suggest that these elasmobranch remains are between early Smithian and Spathian in age. Apart from the enigmatic genus Listracanthus and previously reported edestoids, the shark fauna consists of at least one hybodont, at least two questionable hybodontoid genera and an elasmobranch of enigmatic affinities, represented by peculiar denticles only and described as ‘genus A’incertae sedis. The presence of the only previously reported hybodont genus, cf. Palaeobates, is erroneous. The largest specimen represents the most complete Early Mesozoic shark known. The heterodonty of its dentition, fin spine morphology and the short, robust body shape imply it represents a member of a new family of shark, Wapitiodidae fam. nov. , and is described here as Wapitiodus aplopagus gen. et sp. nov. The unique dental morphology shows affinities to Polyacrodus but clearly differs in the complete lack of side cusps. Wapitiodus gen. nov. possesses a primitive fin spine structure. The tooth crowns are entirely blunt in the distal (posterior) tooth files, and are acuminate‐unicuspid in several anterior files. Tooth morphology, the shape of the basal cartilages, the proximal insertion of the fin spines and the pectoral fin structure are interpreted as diagnostic characters for this new genus, and possibly for the Wapitiodidae fam. nov. The majority of observed characters appear to be primitive and are reminiscent of Palaeozoic sharks, however, and these features include dorsal fin spine morphology and gross skull anatomy. A second species, provisionally placed in the same genus, is described as Wapitiodus homalorhizo sp. nov. Wapitiodus homalorhizo sp. nov. can be distinguished from W. aplopagus gen. et sp. nov. by the proportions of the fin spines, tooth morphology and possibly the body shape. Several isolated teeth and other fragmentary material are referred to either Wapitiodus gen. nov. sp. indet. or to ?Polyacrodus sp. (Polyacrodontidae gen. et sp. indet.). A third genus of elasmobranch (incertae sedis) is described as ‘Genus A’ and is recognized by its peculiar scales. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 149 , 309–337.     

Electraesalopsis beuteli gen.& sp.nov., the first lucanid beetle from the Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

The first stag beetle found in Cretaceous Myanmar amber,Electraesalopsis beuteli Bai,Zhang & Qiu gen.& sp.nov.,is described and illustrated on the basis of one well-preserved specimen.This specimen provides more detailed morphological characters compared with compression fossils,e.g.the highly setose antennae and the punctured elytra.However,the systematic position of the new genus is still questionable and we provisionally place it as Lucanidae incertae sedis.In addition,the discovery ofElectraesalopsis Bai,Zhang & Qiu gen.nov.also indicates that there is very high biodiversity in Burmese amber.The new discoveries in future studies on Burmese amber will provide more information and improve our knowledge of biogeography and early evolution of the Lucanidae.