C57BL／6J-HBV转基因小鼠血清生化指标与性别年龄的关系

目的观察C57BL/6J-HBV乙型肝炎病毒转基因小鼠血清总胆红素（T-BIL）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总蛋白（TP）和白蛋白（ALB）与性别和年龄的关系,以及与遗传背景相同的C57BL／6J小鼠的差异。方法选取8周龄和24周龄的C57BL／6J-HBV转基因小鼠及C57BL／6J小鼠的血清测定T-BIL、ALT、AST、TP和ALB值。结果C57BL／6J-HBV转基因小鼠与同周龄同性别的C57BL／6J小鼠相比,T-BIL、ALT、AST、TP和ALB均存在显著差异（P〈0．05）;24周龄的C57BL／6J-HBV转基因小鼠ALT和AST与其8周龄鼠相比均存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论C57BL／6J-HBV转基因小鼠T-BIL、ALT、AST、TP和ALB值显著高于C57BL／6J小鼠;且C57BL／6J-HBV转基因小鼠ALT和AST值与年龄有关,与性别无关。     

心脏血管三角的应用解剖学研究

目的:探讨心脏血管三角的形态学特点,为心脏手术提供形态学资料。方法:取正常成人心脏60例,10%甲醛溶液固定;取新鲜成人心脏10例,制作出心脏的血管铸型标本。定点解剖显示左冠状动脉及其分支的形态、位置、数目、直径及角度,心大静脉的形态、位置,进行观测。比较前室间支、左旋支与心大静脉围成的三角的特点。结果:左冠状动脉起始处与终末处的外径分别为4．18±1．36mm、4．79±1．53mm,主干长度8．99±1．26mm;左旋支、前室间支起始处的外径分别为3．30±1．02mm、3．31±1．03mm;左冠状动脉分别与前室间支、左旋支形成的夹角为173°±5．3°,117°±4．6°。对角支起于心血管三角的上角,有1-3支不等,其起始处的外径为1．78±0．32mm,长度为20．12±0．42mm。心大静脉与前室间动脉、左旋支呈深、浅相交,静脉行于动脉表面占56%、静脉行于动脉深面占44%。心大静脉、前室间支、左旋支两两相交形成心血管三角的三角与三边,其夹角分别为41．97°±11．9°, 65．05°±14．5°,70．17°±16．5°,前室间支的起始处与心大静脉相交处的距离23．04±5．36mm,旋支的起始处与心大静脉相交处的距离15．24±4．23mm,心大静脉横跨前室间支与左旋支的距离为26．28±6．31mm。结论:前室间支、左旋支与心大静脉在左心室前上部围成一闭合、开放、半闭合半开放、山峰四型血管三角。三血管以不同的角度两两相交,三角形的形状可分为A、B、C类。三角形内有数目不等的对角支及左心室前支,对角支分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型。左冠状动脉介入治疗,心二尖瓣,主动脉瓣置换应充分考虑心血管三角的形态特点,尽可能避免血管的损伤。     

WIF-1心脏特异表达转基因小鼠心脏功能分析

目的建立心脏特异表达WIF-1转基因小鼠,研究该基因在心脏中表达对小鼠心脏发育,形态和功能维持中的作用。方法RT-PCR法克隆人WIF-1基因,把WIF-1基因插入α-MHC启动子下游,构建转基因表达载体,通过显微注射法建立转WIF-1C57BL/6J小鼠。并利用特异引物PCR法鉴定转基因小鼠的基因表型,RT-PCR和Westernblot检测基因表达水平,超声检测不同月龄WIF-1转基因小鼠心脏结构及功能变化。结果建立了2个系的心脏特异表达WIF-1转基因小鼠。心脏超声检查证实,WIF-1转基因小鼠与对照小鼠比较,左心室重量减小,舒张期左室内径和容积变小,每搏输出量和心输出量减小。结论WIF-1基因是心脏功能的负调控因子。     

超声心动图评定雄性Balb/c小鼠心脏形态和功能

目的：应用超声心动图评定雄性Balb／c小鼠的心脏形态和功能。方法：应用13MHz线控阵超声探头检测27只Balb／c雄性小鼠心脏（周龄：5—7周）,超声检测后,进行戊巴比妥麻醉处死分离左室,测量湿重.结果：获得小鼠完整2维超声心动图,并记录雄性小鼠血流动力学参数：用M型超声心动图计算左室重量与左室湿重呈线性相关：y=1．15x＋3．26（r=0．80）。结论：超声心动图参数能够评定小鼠的心脏形态和功能。     

小鼠心梗模型的建立与无创评价

目的建立小鼠的心肌梗死模型,提高动物存活率,并使用心脏超声进行无创心功能评价。方法昆明雄性小鼠20只,气管插管后由左侧第4肋间进胸,结扎冠状动脉左前降支建立小鼠心肌梗死模型,在模型建立的前1 d和术后1 d、1周分别使用心脏超声检测左室收缩末直径、舒张末直径、缩短分数和射血分数,并于术后第8天进行病理检查。结果小鼠心肌梗死模型建立过程中早期死亡率10%（2/20）,术后1周内死亡率15%（3/20）,经过超声评价,造模成功率为75%（15/20）。小鼠心功能明显下降,射血分数由手术前的（92.1±3.45）%下降到术后1周的（49.8±14.20）%,缩短分数由手术前的（61.4±2.85）%下降到（26.1±9.01）%;心室明显扩大,左室收缩末直径由（13.9±1.98）μm扩大到（36.5±7.37）μm,舒张末直径由（35.9±3.12）μm扩大到（48.9±6.05）μm。病理学检查见明显瘢痕形成。结论通过结扎冠状动脉左前降支的方法建立了小鼠心肌梗死模型并可以使用超声心动图评价这一模型。     

超声成像技术分析糜酶转基因小鼠心脏功能

目的 应用小动物高频超声技术对糜酶转基因小鼠的心功能进行分析,以探索糜酶基因对心脏结构和功能的影响。方法 通过VisualSonics Vevo770高分辨率小动物超声系统检测不同年龄的转基因小鼠及对照小鼠包括心壁厚度、主动脉血流速度、左心室内径、左心室容积、每搏输出量、射血分数、短轴缩短率和心输出量等的心脏功能指标的改变进行比较分析。结果 随着小鼠年龄的增大,转基因阳性小鼠心壁厚度和主动脉血流速度逐渐增加,至6月龄时,转基因小鼠的左心室前壁收缩期厚度增加37%,增长率是对照小鼠的1.2倍（P〈0.05）;主动脉血流速度比对照小鼠高29%（P〈0.05）;转基因阳性小鼠的左心室内径、左心室容积、每搏输出量、射血分数、短轴缩短率和心输出量等的心脏功能指标表现出和以上变化相一致的表型。结论 转基因小鼠糜酶表达水平升高,引起心脏AngⅡ形成增多,可使心肌细胞的收缩力提高;心肌细胞肥大,心壁增厚;且有随年龄增加的趋势,可研究建立慢性、老年性肥厚型心脏病模型。     

Mdr2基因敲除小鼠建立原发性肝癌模型观察

目的 观察C57BL/6背景的Mdr2基因敲除小鼠自发肝肿瘤形成情况。方法 (11.3±4.2)周龄Mdr2基因敲除C57BL/6-Abcb4^tm1小鼠9只和野生型C57BL/6小鼠5只,连续饲养65周后处死小鼠,留取血清及肝标本。检测血清ALT、AST、AFP水平,肝组织石蜡切片做HE、天狼猩红染色,免疫组织化学检测肿瘤及肿瘤旁组织CK-7、CK-19表达情况。结果 9只Mdr2基因敲除小鼠均自发形成肝肿瘤,血清ALT、AST、AFP水平均显著高于野生型小鼠(P<0.01),Mdr2基因敲除小鼠肝肿瘤CK-7、CK-19染色均为阴性。结论 Mdr2基因敲除小鼠连续饲养至(76.3±4.2)周龄时均自发形成肝肿瘤,其病理组织分型为肝细胞癌。     

鞘鞍醇激酶-1抑制剂PF-543改善1型糖尿病心肌纤维化的实验研究

目的:研究鞘鞍醇激酶-1抑制剂PF-543对1型糖尿病心肌纤维化的影响及其机制。方法:取60只8周龄雄性C57BL6J小鼠,随机分为对照组、对照+PF-543组、1型糖尿病组及1型糖尿病+PF-543组。采用禁食后一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,150 mg/kg)构建1型糖尿病模型。造模后每天通过腹腔注射给予溶媒或PF-543(1 mg/kg),持续至造模后第16周末。造模第16周末采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测心肌组织1-磷酸鞘鞍醇(S1P)浓度;采用心脏超声评估心脏收缩与舒张功能;Masson三色法染色以评估心肌纤维化情况;Western blot检测心脏转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、I型胶原蛋白(Col I)、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白(Col Ⅲ)表达水平。结果:1型糖尿病+PF-543组小鼠血浆及心肌S1P水平显著低于1型糖尿病组(所有P0.05)。超声结果显示,1型糖尿病+PF-543组小鼠心脏左心室射血分数(LVEF)显著高于1型糖尿病组(65.7±3.3%vs 54.4±3.4%,P0.05),左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)显著小于1型糖尿病组(3.81±0.21mm vs 4.52±0.20mm,P0.05)。Masson三色法染色显示1型糖尿病+PF-543组心肌纤维化程度显著低于1型糖尿病组(7.13±0.32%vs 10.21±0.41%,P0.05)。1型糖尿病+PF-543组小鼠心脏TGF-β1、Col I与Col Ⅲ蛋白表达水平均低于1型糖尿病组(所有P0.05)。结论:鞘鞍醇激酶-1抑制剂PF-543可显著降低1型糖尿病小鼠血浆与心脏S1P水平,降低心脏TGF-β1表达与胶原蛋白沉积,改善1型糖尿病小鼠心脏纤维化与心功能。     

子宫内膜异位症小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的变化规律

目的研究子宫内膜异位症发生进程中腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的变化规律。方法构造小鼠子宫内膜异位症模型,用流式细胞术检测造模前后腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球数,计算吞噬率和吞噬指数代表巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。结果巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数分别为：未造模组[（10．1±0．82）％,0．17±0．01]、造模后第1d[（32．78±2．43）％,0．60±0．02]、第2d[（33．82±1．23）％,0．61±0．02]、第3d[（35．93±2．81）％,0．72±0．03]、第4d[（27．92±1．24）％,0．51±0．03]、第5d[（24．34±0．91）％,0．40±0．02]、第6d[（17．91±1．03）％,0．28±0．01]、第9d[（17．56±0．80）％,0．26±0．01I、第12d[（19．42±1．02）％,0．36±0．01]、第15d[（26．78±2．05）％,0．54±0．02]、第18d[（27．46±1．61）％,0．50±0．02]、第21d[（25．99±2．31）％,0．54±0．03]。造模后的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力均显著高于未造模组,且呈现出三个阶段的改变：第1—5d为第1阶段,第6-12d为第2阶段,第15—21d为第3阶段,第1和第3阶段显著高于第2阶段（P〈0．01）。结论 子宫内膜异位症小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能增强,且随时间呈现规律性变化特征,可能与子宫内膜的清除和异位存活有关。     

常用麻醉剂对麻醉小鼠超声心功能的影响

目的:比较常见的多种麻醉剂对小鼠心脏超声结果的影响。方法:C57BL/6小鼠25只,随机分5组,每组5只。首先在清醒状态下,借助小动物高频超声系统(Vevo2100)评价小鼠心功能,然后分别用戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛、三溴乙醇、氯胺酮/地西泮及异氟烷麻醉,再次对心功能进行评价。比较6种不同处理情况下,超声反映的小鼠心功能的差异。结果:与清醒状态相比,5种麻醉方式下,小鼠的心率及心功能均有不同程度降低。其中,戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛、三溴乙醇及异氟烷麻醉组的左心收缩功能显著降低(P0.01),而氯胺酮/地西泮麻醉的小鼠与清醒组相比,收缩功能无明显差异(P0.05),但其余参数也有显著差异(P0.01)。结论:不论何种麻醉方式,都会对小鼠心率及心功能造成一定影响,但其同组内仍具有可比性;因此应根据现实条件及实验需要选择麻醉剂,并贯彻始终,保持试验中麻醉条件的一致性。     

A single center experience with the newly designed R Stent in small coronary vessels

BACKGROUND: Over the past 10 years stents have been used more frequently for the treatment of de novo coronary artery stenosis. Initally these devices were used primarily in coronary arteries with diameters ranging from 3.0 to 4.0 mm. Traditionally, coronary arteries less than 3.0 mm in diameter were treated with only balloon angioplasty, due to the unavailablity of flexible, low profile, small diameter stents. In the past three years, many stents have been designed to be implanted in small coronary arteries. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasiblity of the R Stent in patients with coronary lesions located in coronary arteries with a reference diameter 2.5-3.0 mm. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between November 1998 and September 1999, 32 patients with stable (37%) and unstable (63%) angina treated with the R Stent were included in this study. The treated lesions were in the right coronary artery (RCA) (n = 13), left cirumflex coronary artery (LCX) (n = 10), and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) (n = 9). Of these lesions thirteen were anatomically complex. Stent deployment was successful in 97% with one crossing failure in a patient with a vessel tortuosity of greater than 75 degrees of the circumflex artery. No post-procedual major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) occurred within 30 days of stent implantation. After the procedure, patients were scheduled for a two-week telephone follow-up and a one-month clinical evaluation. At 30 days, only one patient (3%) experienced the recurrence of angina Canadian cardiovascular society classification ((CCS) Class 2). All other patients were event and angina free. CONCLUSION: This first clinical experience in patients with small vessel disease shows that the use of the R stent is safe and feasible with low rates of acute stent thrombosis.     

Coronary artery diameter can be assessed reliably with transthoracic echocardiography

We studied whether diameters of coronary arteries can be measured accurately with the use of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). By knowing the anatomic diameter of the coronary artery together with coronary flow velocity it is possible to measure coronary flow volume more precisely by TTE. However, the suitability of TTE for measurement of diameters of all main epicardial coronary arteries has not been systematically validated. We measured the diameters of the left main (LM), left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary arteries (RCA) with the use of TTE [manual two-dimensional (2D), color-Doppler, and automated 2D analysis] in 30 patients who had normal coronary anatomy. We compared these diameters to those measured with quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). We could measure diameters of LM, LAD, LCX, and RCA by TTE in up to 37%, 63%, 7%, and 60% of patients, respectively. The overall correlation coefficients between TTE and QCA measurements were 0.83 (P < 0.01) with manual 2D analysis, 0.82 (P < 0.01) with automated 2D analysis, and 0.94 (P < 0.01) with a color-Doppler-based analysis. Interobserver variability of TTE measurements was low (coefficient of variation 5.4 +/- 4.6-7.5 +/- 8.8%). TTE is an accurate method to evaluate coronary artery diameter in patients with healthy coronary arteries.     

Anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left sinus of Valsalva in a Yucatan minipig

A 39.2-kg, castrated male Yucatan minipig (Sus scrofa domestica) was presented for enrollment in a coronary artery study. Angiography revealed an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left sinus of Valsalva. The left anterior descending, left circumflex, and anomalous right coronary arteries were implanted with metallic stents without complications. The minipig remained on the study for 3 mo until it reached its predetermined study endpoint, during which time it showed no clinical signs of disease. Histologic examination of the implanted coronary arteries revealed no differences between the normal (left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries) and the anomalous right coronary artery. Swine are important models for coronary research. Although several cases of anomalous human coronary arteries have been documented, the current case is the first report of a coronary artery anomaly in a minipig.     

Significance of inducible nitric oxide synthase in acute myocarditis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen strain)

Chagas' disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is associated with myocarditis and expression of myocardial cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). To assess the functional significance of NOS2 in murine Chagas' disease, we infected NOS2 knockout (NOS2(-/-)) and C57BL/6x129sv (wild type) mice with the Tulahuen strain of T. cruzi. Serial transthoracic echocardiography was performed to assess the progression of left and right ventricular dysfunction in infected mice. Uninfected wild type and NOS2(-/-) mice served as controls. At day 10 post-infection (p.i.), infected wild type mice had larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (2.52+/-0.14-vs-2.11+/-0.06 mm, P<0.02) and right ventricle (0.6+/-0.2-vs-0 visual grade, P<0.02) as compared with uninfected wild type mice. At day 19 p.i., compared with uninfected controls, infected wild type mice had larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (3.30+/-0.29-vs-2.11+/-0.07 mm), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (1.86+/-0.29-vs-0.88+/-0.05 mm), right ventricle (1.6+/-0.2-vs-0 visual grade), lower heart rate (413+/-27-vs-557+/-25 beats per min), left ventricular relative wall thickness (0.44+/-0.05-vs-0.64+/-0.03) and fractional shortening (45+/-4-vs-57+/-2%) [P<0.05 for all]. In contrast, no differences in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter or fractional shortening were noted among infected and uninfected NOS2(-/-) mice at day 19 p.i. Compared with uninfected controls, infected NOS2(-/-) mice had significantly lower heart rate (272+/-23-vs-512+/-31 beats per min, P<0.01) and larger right ventricle (0.6+/-0.2-vs-0, P<0.05 visual grade). The magnitude of right ventricular dilation in NOS2(-/-) mice was less than that observed in infected wild type mice. At necropsy, the heart weight was greater (129+/-16-vs-109+/-7 mg, P=0.02) and myocardial inflammation more severe in infected wild type compared with infected NOS2(-/-) mice. Myocardial interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma were induced in all infected mice. These data indicate that nitric oxide derived from NOS2 plays an important role in the development and progression of ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction in acute murine chagasic myocarditis caused by infection with the Tulahuen strain.     

金钱豹和猪獾冠状动脉的解剖

为了阐明金钱豹(Panthera pardus)和猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)心冠状动脉的分支分布特征及血供情况,为心脏生物学及动物学研究提供结构基础资料,利用血管铸型和组织透明方法观察研究了金钱豹与猪獾心左、右冠状动脉的分支分布.结果表明,金钱豹和猪獾的心均由左右冠状动脉营养.金钱豹左冠状动脉分为室间隔支、前降支和旋支.前降支又分出左室上支、左室中支和左室下支.右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右室后下支和右室后上支.猪獾左冠状动脉分为前降支和旋支.前降支又分出室间隔支和左室前支,旋支又分出左缘支和左室后支.其右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右缘支和右室后支.金钱豹和猪獾心的室间隔均由发自左冠状动脉的独立的室间隔支营养,二者左右冠状动脉在膈壁的分布属于均衡型.     

Anomalous course and branches of human coronary arteries

132 hearts obtained from cadavers were dissected in order to study anomalies in the course and branches of human coronary arteries. Only in 1 heart was a deviation of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery taking a course inferior to the coronary sulcus observed. The right coronary artery travelled the entire length of the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart and gave both a posterior ventricular and a collateral branch. Circumflex branches of the right and left coronary arteries did not anastomose.     

Vascularization of the conducting system in the human heart

On 200 randomized specimens of the human heart, of either sex, from 20 to 80 years of age, we investigated the vascularization of the conducting system of the heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification, by the dissection, injection-corrosive, radiographic and coronarographic method. The symmetrical type of arterial vascularization was established in 24%, the right type in 63% and the left type in 13% of the cases investigated. The sinoatrial node is vascularized in 60% by the right and in 40% of the cases by the left coronary artery. The atrioventricular node and the stem of the atrioventricular bundle are vascularized by the right coronary artery in 85% of the cases investigated, in 13% by the left and in 2% by both arteries. The right fasciculus of the atrioventricular bundle is vascularized by the left artery, the left fasciculus by both arteries. The vascularization of the posterior strand in both ventricles is conformable to the type of arterial vascularization of the heart.     

Percutaneous closure of a coronary fistula between the right coronary artery to the left atrium

We describe a case of a congenital coronary artery fistula of the right coronary artery draining into the left atrium in an eight-year-old boy. The initial diagnosis was made after the detection of a continuous cardiac murmur at the age of six years. Transthoracic echocardiography showed the right coronaric ostium dilatation, the site of drainage in the left atrium and left ventricle volume overload. Catheterization confirmed the diagnosis. The patient underwent percutaneous closure by PDA occluder device. Immediate post-closure angiograms showed complete occlusion of the fistula. The patient showed transient ischemic changes on ECG associated to an increase of plasmatic levels of the cardiac enzyme. ECG and cardiac enzyme were normal one week after the procedure.     

Blood Supply to the Interventricular Septum of the Heart in Rodents with Intramyocardial Coronary Arteries

The blood supply to the interventricular septum of the heart was studied in a sample of 1634 specimens belonging to four rodent families, Cricetidae, Arvicolidae, Gliridae, and Muridae. Most specimens (n = 1604) were examined using a corrosion-cast technique, while the remaining 30 were studied by histological techniques. In 1417 cases the coronary artery pattern was normal, and the interventricular septum was fundamentally supplied by one or rarely two septal arteries arising from the right and/or left coronary arteries. In 72 specimens the right and left coronary arteries were normal, while the septal artery arose from a separate ostium in the aorta, behaving as a third coronary artery. The remaining 145 animals possessed anomalies in the origin of the coronary arteries, and the septum was also principally irrigated by a septal artery. In 5 of these 145 anomalous cases the septal artery originated from a separate ostium in the aorta. In all specimens examined a less important vascularization of the septum was established through thinner penetrating vessels originating from the right and/or left coronary arteries. Existence of one or rarely two septal arteries is the most constant feature of the coronary artery arrangement in rodents with intramyocardial coronary arteries.     

VIP receptors in mesenteric and coronary arteries: a radioligand binding study

Using a biologically active radioligand, [Tyr(125I)10]VIP, we have identified and characterized receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on membranes prepared from the rat superior mesenteric artery and bovine coronary arteries. Binding was specific, saturable, reversible and dependent on time and temperature. Scatchard analysis suggested the presence of a high and a low affinity binding site in each arterial system with the following binding constants: the rat mesenteric artery, KD = 0.22 +/- 0.02 and 13.6 +/- 7.8 nM (corresponding maximum number of binding sites, RO = 606 +/- 44 fmol/mg protein and 2.1 +/- 0.2 pmol/mg protein); bovine circumflex coronary artery, KD = 0.10 +/- 0.01 and 37.8 +/- 16.1 nM (corresponding RO = 369 +/- 65 fmol/mg protein and 2.0 +/- 0.7 pmol/mg protein); bovine left and right descending coronary arteries, KD = 0.12 +/- 0.03 and 21.3 +/- 6.4 nM (corresponding RO = 472 +/- 7 fmol/mg protein and 2.2 +/- 0.3 pmol/mg protein). The arterial VIP receptors did not recognize secretin, glucagon, apamin or bovine parathyroid hormone, and had reduced affinity for PHI, PHM and growth hormone releasing factors (GRF). These recognition properties were, by and large, similar to those seen in the bovine cerebral arteries although a between-species heterogeneity of recognition function could be deduced from the differences in the competitive binding of rat and bovine vascular VIP receptors with the corresponding species-specific GRFs.