水稻细胞质雄性不育系幼穗发育过程中多胺与乙烯的关系初探(英文 )

利用ＨＰＬＣ和ＧＣ分别测定了水稻细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系幼穗多胺（ 腐胺,亚精胺和精胺） 含量和乙烯释放速率,并研究了外施多胺合成抑制剂ＭＧＢＧ 和乙烯前体ＡＣＣ生成抑制剂ＡＶＧ 对两系幼穗多胺含量和乙烯释放速率以及花粉育性的影响。结果表明, 不育系幼穗乙烯释放速率显著高于其保持系幼穗, 外施ＡＶＧ 引起两系幼穗乙烯释放速率下降,并使不育系花粉育性得以部分恢复; 不育系幼穗多胺含量显著低于保持系幼穗, 外施ＭＧＢＧ 使两系幼穗Ｓｐｄ 和Ｓｐｍ 含量下降, 并使保持系花粉育性降低。外施ＡＶＧ 抑制乙烯释放,促进多胺合成;而外施ＭＧＢＧ 抑制Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ 合成, 却促进乙烯的释放; 而且,乙烯释放速率与多胺（精胺和亚精胺） 含量呈显著负相关。提示在水稻ＣＭＳ 系及其保持系幼穗发育过程中乙烯与多胺（ 精胺和亚精胺） 的生物合成竞争ＳＡＭ。     

PRO—LONG涂膜处理对后熟香蕉果实乙烯形成以及其它有关生…

香蕉果实采后以商业上推荐使用的１．５％Ｐｒｏ－ｌｏｎｇ溶液处理,贮藏于２０℃和７５％相对湿度下,分别测定果实的ＡＣＣ含量、ＭＡＣＣ含量、ＥＦＥ酶活性、乙烯释放、叶绿素含量的变化和果实的硬度变化。结果表明,ＰＲＯ－ＬＯＮＧ处理延缓了香蕉果实果皮的叶绿素降解、硬度的下降以及乙烯释放的增加。在后熟过程中,处理果实的ＡＣＣ含量发生积累。ＡＣＣ含量的高峰在乙烯释放高峰和ＥＦＥ酶活性高峰之前出现。与对照比较,     

PRO－LONG涂膜处理对后熟香蕉果实乙烯形成以及其它有关生理变化的影响

香蕉（ＭｕｓａａｃｕｍｉｎａｔａＣｏｌｌａｃｖ．ＤｗａｒｆＣａｖｅｎｄｉｓｈ）果实采后以商业上推荐使用的１．５％Ｐｒｏ－ｌｏｎｇ溶液处理,贮藏于２０℃和７５％相对湿度下,分别测定果实的ＡＣＣ含量、ＭＡＣＣ含量、ＥＦＥ酶活性、乙烯释放、叶绿素含量的变化和果实的硬度变化．结果表明,ＰＲＯ－ＬＯＮＧ处理延缓了香蕉果实果皮的叶绿素降解、硬度的下降以及乙烯释放的增加．在后熟过程中,处理果实的ＡＣＣ含量发生积累．ＡＣＣ含量的高峰在乙烯释放高峰和ＥＦＥ酶活性高峰之前出现．与对照比较,处理果实的ＡＣＣ含量和ＥＦＥ酶活性的高峰延迟了５ｄ出现．在后熟过程中,以Ｐｒｏ－ｌｏｎｇ处理果肉四片,其ＥＦＥ酶活性受部分抑制（抑制率为１９．４５％至４０．５１％）．果实ＭＡＣＣ含量在贮藏起初处于一个较显著水平,随着后熟的发展而逐步增加,但与ＡＣＣ含量的明显增加相比变化是微小的．我们的研究进一步阐明了ＰＲＯ－ＬＯＮＧ涂膜对香蕉果实后熟的影响主要是通过减少氧的供给,部分地抑制了ＥＦＥ酶活性,延缓了乙烯的形成和释放,从而延长了后熟过程．     

梨贮藏过程中乙烯和钙调素动态及其与贮藏性的关系

对两个梨品种不同成熟期果实贮藏过程中,整个果实以及果皮、果肉、果心的乙烯释放变化及果肉、种子的钙调素(CaM)含量进行测定。结果表明:(1)黄花品种完整果实及不同部位乙烯释放量都高于耐贮藏的湘南品种,且启动乙烯生成和形成乙烯峰值的时间也早于湘南品种;(2)果实不同部位形成峰值的顺序均依次为果心、果肉、果皮;(3)果实呼吸跃变过程中,CaM含量伴随乙烯释放量的上升而升高,乙烯峰值过后,CaM含量下降,果实衰老。     

Met对渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗内源多胺含量和乙烯产生的影响

渗透胁迫下,小麦幼苗内源多胺含量和乙烯产生均明显增加,再用0．4mmoL甲硫氨酸掺人处理后,乙烯释出加速,精胺含量进一步增多,亚精胺含量变化不大,腐胺的含量几乎减少到胁迫前的水平。可见,渗透胁迫下,甲硫氨酸既可以在Met循环中以甲硫氨酸与腐胺联合生成亚精胺,进而再与亚精胺联合生成精胺,又可以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸分解生成5’-甲硫基腺苷和氨基环丙烷羧酸,最后由氨基环丙烷羧酸加氧生成乙烯。     

多胺和赤霉素在莴苣种子萌发中的作用及其相互关系

非感光性莴苣（挂丝红品种）种子于２２℃下萌发率在８０％左右,而２８℃下不萌发。２２℃下外源亚精胺显著促进种子萌发,多胺生物合成抑制剂ＤＦＭＡ和ＤＣＨＡ明显抑制种子萌发,而ＤＦＭＯ无效。２２℃诱导种子萌发过程中内源腐胺和亚精含量显著高于２８℃下它们的含量。ＧＡ３处理能诱导２８℃下种子的萌发,单独外源亚精胺处理效果不大,而外源亚精胺对ＧＡ３诱导效应有促进作用。ＤＦ－ＭＡ和ＤＣＨＡ能抑制ＧＡ３诱导２８℃     

水稻细胞质雄性不育系幼穗发育过程中多胺与乙烯的关系初探

利用ＨＰＬＣ和ＧＣ分别测定了水稻细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系幼穗多胺含量和乙烯释放速率,并研究了外施多胺合成抑制剂ＭＧＢＧ和乙烯前体ＡＣＣ生成抑制剂ＡＶＧ对两系幼穗多胺含量和乙烯释放速率以及花粉育性的影响。结果表明,不育系幼穗乙烯释放速率显著高于其保持系幼穗,外施ＡＶＧ引进两系幼穗乙烯释放速率下降,并使不育系花粉育性得以部分恢复;不育系幼穗多胺含量显著低于保持系幼穗,外施ＭＧＢＧ使两系幼穗Ｓｐｄdisp     

月季切花衰老过程中多胺与乙烯的关系

月季切花瓶插过程中,内源腐胺在前2天略有增加,内源亚精胺、精胺、多胺总量则呈下降趋势,乙烯释放速率在第3天达到最高峰;多胺抑制剂甲基乙醛-双咪腙处理抑制了亚精胺、精胺的合成,增加了乙烯的释放速率;乙烯抑制剂氨氧乙酸处理推迟腐胺高峰的到来,降低了乙烯的释放速率,而且在瓶插期的前2天内源亚精胺、精胺含量较高。结果表明,具乙烯跃变型特征的月季切花衰老过程中,多胺与乙烯在其生物合成过程中相互竞争S-腺苷甲硫氨酸作为其合成的前体。     

渗透胁迫和CO~(++)对小麦幼苗内源多胺含量和乙烯产生的影响

抗旱和不抗旱的小麦幼苗叶片与根系,在1MPaPEG渗透胁迫下释出乙烯和生成内源腐胺、亚精胺和精胺的数量增加。当增加2mmol钴离子处理6h和12h后,乙烯生成显著受到抑制,而亚精肢和精胺呈现进一步增加。表明钴离子阻遏了氨基环烷羧酸向乙烯转变的途径,并为多胺合成提供了更多的底物,从而有利于提高小麦抗衰老和抗旱的能力,抗旱品种表现更为明显。     

臭氧胁迫下春小麦叶片胁迫乙烯产生与多胺含量的变化与调控

应用开顶式熏气装置,研究了０．７９６ ｍ ｇ／ｍ ３ Ｏ３ 浓度下,四叶期春小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）叶片内胁迫乙烯产生和多胺含量的变化及其调控。结果表明：Ｏ３ 使胁迫乙烯的产生呈现先升后降的变化。ＣｏＣｌ２ 能强烈抑制胁迫乙烯产生。胁迫初期,精氨酸脱羧酶（ＡＤＣ）活性增强,当叶片伤害加重后,ＡＤＣ活性下降。对氯汞苯甲酸（ＰＣＭＢ）能抑制ＡＤＣ活性,并使腐胺（Ｐｕｔ）含量减少,而亚精胺（Ｓｐｄ）和精胺（Ｓｐｍ ）含量稍有增加。ＣｏＣｌ２ 对叶片ＡＤＣ活性影响不大,未见Ｐｕｔ的积累,Ｓｐｄ 和Ｓｐｍ 含量急剧增加,且一直保持较高水平,叶片所表现的伤害也较轻。较高浓度的Ｓｐｄ 和Ｓｐｍ 能抑制Ｏ３ 对植株的伤害,Ｓｐｄ 和Ｓｐｍ 的抑制作用大于Ｐｕｔ。由此认为,多胺含量变化是植物体对Ｏ３ 胁迫适应的调节机制之一     

Ethylene production and embyogenesis from anther cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Summary Ethylene production was measured in cultured barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) anthers. The pattern of ethylene production and the content of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were different among cultivars. Ethylene production appeared to be related to embryogenesis (callus and embryo production). In cultivars in which anthers had low amounts of ACC and produced ethylene slowly, the addition of ethylene promotors (Ethrel or ACC) increased embryogenesis. However, in the cultivar Klages, in which anthers had high amounts of ACC and produced ethylene rapidly, the addition of an ethylene production inhibitor (putrescine) increased embryogenesis. Thus, an optimum level of ethylene production appears to be important for embryogenesis. The differences in anther response and callus production among cultivars may be due to both the capacity to produce ethylene and the sensitivity to high ethylene levels.     

Levels of ethylene, ACC, MACC, ABA and proline as indicators of cold hardening and frost resistance in winter wheat

Changes in ethylene production and in the contents of 1-aminocydopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), 1-(malonylamin6)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), abscisic acid (ABA) and L-proline were determined after 40 days of cold hardening at 4°C in three wheat cultivars differing in frost resistance. Proline and especially ABA accumulated with hardening in all varieties in parallel with the degree of frost resistance, e.g. proline and ABA increases in the non-resistant cv. Slávia were 2x and 5x, whilst in the resistant cv. Mironovská 808 increases were 4X and 20X. Ethylene production and MACC level showed no significant changes with hardening in any of the cultivars after 40 d, but ACC levels did increase with hardening. The production of ethylene, ACC and MACC was studied during hardening. Ethylene production decreased sharply at low temperature and rose rapidly (within 1 day) on return to normal temperature, while ACC production reacted in the opposite direction. MACC levels rose rapidly during the first 4 days of cold, then more slowly for about 2 weeks, thereafter decreasing again steadily. The only varietal differences occurring at maximum levels were correlated with the degree of frost resistance.     

Polyamines Promote the Biosynthesis of Ethylene in Detached Rice Leaves

The effects of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermineand diaminopropane) on the production of ethylene in detachedrice leaves were investigated. Polyamines effectively promotedthe production of ethylene in detached rice leaves under bothlight and dark conditions. Putrescine stimulated the productionof ethylene within 4 hours of its application, a result suggeststhat putrescine enhances the production of ethylene directly.Putrescine also stimulated the production of ethylene in detachedleaves that had been aged for 2 and 4 days. The stimulatoryeffect of putrescine resulted from the enhancement of the synthesisof 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) and the conversionof ACC to ethylene. The activity of S-adenosylmethio-nine decarboxylasein segments of rice leaves was inhibited by the applicationof putrescine. Thus, the enhancement of the synthesis of ACCby putrescine seems to be mediated by increases in the activityof ACC synthase and in the level of the substrate (S-adenosylmethionine)for ACC synthase. (Received February 27, 1991; Accepted June 5, 1991)     

Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis by aminoethoxyvinylglycine and by polyamines shunts label from 3,4-[C]methionine into spermidine in aged orange peel discs

The flux of radioactivity from 3,4-[(14)C]methionine into S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), spermine, and spermidine while inhibiting conversion of ACC to ethylene by 100 millimolar phosphate and 2 millimolar Co(2+) was studied in aged peel discs of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) fruit. Inhibition up to 80% of ethylene production by phosphate and cobalt was accompanied by a 3.3 times increase of label in ACC while the radioactivity in SAM was only slightly reduced. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) increased the label in SAM by 61% and reduced it in ACC by 47%. Different combinations of standard solution, in which putrescine or spermidine were administered alone or with AVG, demonstrated clearly that inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis-at the conversion of SAM to ACC-by AVG, exogenous putrescine or exogenous spermidine, stimulated the incorporation of 3,4-[(14)C]methionine into spermidine.     

Effect of paclobutrazol on water stress-induced ethylene biosynthesis and polyamine accumulation in apple seedling leaves

Ethylene biosynthesis and polyamine content were determined in [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol] (paclobutrazol) pre-treated and non-treated water-stressed apple seedling leaves. Paclobutrazol reduced water loss, and decreased endogenous putrescine spermidine content. Gibberellic acid (GA) counteracted the inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol on polyamine content. Paclobutrazol also prevented accumulation of water stress-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), ethylene production and polyamines in apple leaves. α-Difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), but not α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), inhibited the rise of putrescine and spermidine in stressed leaves. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) was maintained at a steady state level even when ethylene and the polyamines were actively synthesized in stressed apple seedling leaves. The conversion of ACC to ethylene did not appear to be affected by paclobutrazol treatment.     

The effect of polyamines on ethylene synthesis during normal and pollination-induced senescence of Petunia hybrida L. flowers

Senescence of Petunia hybrida L. flowers is accompanied by a climacteric pattern in ethylene production and a rapid decline in the levels of putrescine and spermidine during the preclimacteric phase. The decrease in spermidine is caused by the decline in the availability of putrescine which is initially synthesized from L-arginine via agmatine and N-carbamoylputrescine. Inhibition of putrescine and polyamine synthesis resulted in a rapid drop in the levels of putrescine and spermidine without resulting in a concomitant increase in ethylene production. These results indicate that polyamine synthesis is not involved in the control of ethylene synthesis through its effect on the availability of S-adenosylmethionine, and is confirmed by the results obtained with pollinated flowers. Treatment with polyamines may stimulate or suppress ethylene production in the corolla, depending on the concentrations applied. In unpollinated flowers the onset of the climacteric rise in ethylene production was accelerated after treatment with polyamines. However, in pollinated flowers this process was delayed as a result of treatment with low concentrations of polyamines. The effects of exogenous polyamines on ethylene production in both pollinated and unpollinated flowers indicate that ethylene synthesis in these flowers is not regulated by a feedback control mechanism. Although polyamines do not play a key role in the control of ethylene production during the early stages of senescence through their effect on the availability of S-adenosylmethionine, it appears that they play an important role in some of the other processes involved in senescence.Abbreviations ACC 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid - MGBG methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) - SAM S-adenosylmethionine     

Effects of propylene and oxygen on the ethylene-producing system of apples

Hypobaric conditions and treatments with ethylene and the ethylene analogue propylene were used to investigate effects of oxygen and elhylene on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, ACC synthase activity and ethylene production of apples ( Malus sylveslris Mill. cv. Golden Delicious). Prcclimacteric apples were stored in air at 6.6 kPa (reduced pressure); 6.6 kPa ventilated with pure O₂; 6.6 kPa ventilated with 2600 μl 1⁻¹ C₂H₄; and in air at 101.3 kPa (atmospheric pressure) for 4 months at 4°C. No ACC synthase activity was detectable in apples stored at 6.6 kPa, whereas ACC synthase activity was induced in apples stored at 6.6 kPa and ventilated with either O₂ or C₂H₄. In a further experiment, preclimacteric apples were stored for 14 days either in air at 20 kPa or at 20 kPa ventilated with pure O₂. Both treatments were supplied with 58 500 μl 1⁻¹ propylene from day 0 to day 9 or from day 9 to day 12. Ethylene production of apples treated with propylene from day 0 to day 9 increased earlier than ethylene production of untreated apples. Propylene treatment from day 9 to day 12 did not stimulate ethylene production. Ethylene and propylene induced and stimulated extractable ACC synthase activity and ACC formation of apples. Oxygen enhanced this effect. The results also suggest inhibition of in vivo ACC synthase activity by propylene.     

Inhibition of the ethylene response by 1-MCP in tomato suggests that polyamines are not involved in delaying ripening, but may moderate the rate of ripening or over-ripening

Ethylene initiates the ripening and senescence of climacteric fruit, whereas polyamines have been considered as senescence inhibitors. Ethylene and polyamine biosynthetic pathways share S-adenosylmethionine as a common intermediate. The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene perception, on ethylene and polyamine metabolism and associated gene expression was investigated during ripening of the model climacteric fruit, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), to determine whether its effect could be via polyamines as well as through a direct effect on ethylene. 1-MCP delayed ripening for 8 d compared with control fruit, similarly delaying ethylene production and the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-synthase and some ethylene receptor genes, but not that of ACC oxidase. The expression of ethylene receptor genes returned as ripening was reinitiated. Free putrescine contents remained low while ripening was inhibited by 1-MCP, but increased when the fruit started to ripen; bound putrescine contents were lower. The activity of the putrescine biosynthetic enzyme, arginine decarboxylase, was higher in 1-MCP-treated fruit. Activity of S-adenosylmethionine-decarboxylase peaked at the same time as putrescine levels in control and treated fruit. Gene expression for arginine decarboxylase peaked early in non-treated fruit and coincident with the delayed peak in putrescine in treated fruit. A coincident peak in the gene expression for arginase, S-adenosylmethionine-decarboxylase, and spermidine and spermine synthases was also seen in treated fruit. No effect of treatment on ornithine decarboxylase activity was detected. Polyamines are thus not directly associated with a delay in tomato fruit ripening, but may prolong the fully-ripe stage before the fruit tissues undergo senescence.