Site Selectivity of the Pit Oichnus excavatus Donovan and Jagt Infesting Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske) (Echinoidea) in the Type Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous,The Netherlands)

Two tests of the holasteroid echinoid Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske) from the type area of the Maastrichtian Stage (Upper Cretaceous) bear a varied infestation of episkeletozoans (oysters, bryozoan colony, and serpulids), borings (probable Caulostrepsis isp., Oichnus simplex Bromley), surface abrasion (Gnathichnus? isp.), and pits (O. excavatus Donovan and Jagt). Only O. excavatus represents a premortem infestation. In one specimen, the four individual pits of this ichnospecies are each associated with a different ambulacrum and pore pairs that, in life, bore respiratory tube feet; the anterior ambulacrum, of different gross morphology, is not infested. In the second test, three out of four of the same ambulacra are infested, although there are also O. excavatus in the interambulacra. The association between O. excavatus and the ambulacra of the echinoid, and thus its tube feet, is open to several plausible explanations, but most likely provided some form of feeding or protective advantage to the pit-forming organism.     

Structural patterns of enamel in the superfamily Ceboidea

A fundamental enamel structure was found in the superfamily Ceboidea, and tentatively named the nonserial pattern, as distinguished from the multiserial and uniserial patterns. In the nonserial pattern, almost all rows of enamel prisms are straight to slightly curved from the enameldentin junction to the surface of the tooth, and are nearly uniformly oriented. Accordingly, Schreger's band is definitely lacking throughout the length and width of enamel. The interprismatic bundles between both adjacent rows are well developed. The nonserial pattern has so far been found to be limited to some genera of which the molars preserve rather primitive external features; i.e.,Saimiri, Callicebus, Aotus, Alouatta, Saguinus andLeontopithecus. On the other hand, the multiserial pattern is fairly common in many genera of the Ceboidea. The nonserial pattern, which corresponds to the pattern I described byBoyde (1964), is the most primitive, judging from its occurrence, structural simplicity and other factors. The multiserial and uniserial patterns are assumed to be independently evolved from the nonserial pattern.     

Phylogeny of North American amblemines (Bivalvia, Unionoida): prodigious polyphyly proves pervasive across genera

Abstract. The subfamily Ambleminae is the most diverse subfamily of fresh‐water mussels (order Unionoida), a globally diverse and ecologically prominent group of bivalves. About 250 amblemine species occur in North America; however, this diversity is highly imperiled, with the majority of species at risk. Assessing and protecting this diversity has been hampered by the uncertain systematics of this group. This study sought to provide an improved phylogenetic framework for the Ambleminae. Currently, 37 North American genera are recognized in Ambleminae. Previous phylogenetic studies of amblemines highlighted the need for more extensive sampling due to the uncertainties arising from polyphyly of many currently recognized taxa. The present study incorporated all amblemine genera occurring in North America north of the Rio Grande, with multiple species of most genera, including the type species for all but seven genera. A total of 192 new DNA sequences were obtained for three mitochondrial gene regions: COI, 16S, and ND1. In combination with published data, this produced a data matrix incorporating 357 gene sequences for 143 operational taxonomic units, representing 107 currently recognized species. Inclusion of published data provides additional taxa and a summary of present molecular evidence on amblemine phylogeny, if at the cost of increasing the amount of missing data. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses suggest that most amblemine genera, as currently defined, are polyphyletic. At higher taxonomic levels, the tribes Quadrulini, Lampsilini, and Pleurobemini were supported; the extent of Amblemini and the relationships of some genera previously assigned to that tribe remain unclear. The eastern North American amblemines appear monophyletic. Gonidea and some Eurasian taxa place as probable sister taxa for the eastern North American Ambleminae. The results also highlight problematic taxa of particular interest for further work.     

Ordovician Paracrinoids from the Baltic: Key Problems of Comparative Morphology of Pelmatozoan Echinoderms

The erect feeding appendages of paracrinoids, brachioles of typical blastozoans and arms of crinoids are morphologically similar in their terminal growth, biserial cover plates, and pinnulation. This is attributed to the inducing effect of the radial ambulacral canal on their growth mode. The uniserial brachioles of Laurentian paracrinoids are homologous to the biserial brachioles of the Baltic Achradocystites and Heckerites, and those of other blastozoans. Based on this assumption, the two Baltic genera, which have a brachiole system plesiomorphic for paracrinoids, and a similar morphology of the theca, are assigned to this class. Brachiolars in brachioles are a new development, homologous to the flooring plates of the food groove and, where present, are the continuations of these plates beyond the theca. The uniserial brachioles of Laurentian paracrinoids evolved from the biserial brachioles as a result of a gradual shift of brachiolars in the neighboring rows and their subsequent fusion in pairs. Brachials in crinoidal arms are a new development that evolved as distal serial growth of radial plates under the induced influence of the incipient radial canals emerging from the closed vestibular cavity, which was an ontogenetic innovation in crinoids. The transformation of a nonorganized small-plated theca into a large-plated, and completely or partly symmetrized theca, or vice versa is possible and results from accelerated or retarded growth of some plate generation in relation to the growth rate of the theca.     

Evidence for the assignment of Dolichopteryx brachyrhynchus Parr to the genus Bathylychnops Cohen (Pisces, Opisthoproctidae)

The rare opisthoproctid genus Bathylychnops has previously been regarded as containing a single species, B. exilis , known from the transition waters of the eastern North Pacific and, questionably, from the North Atlantic. While the post-larval and juvenile material reported here reaffirms the occurrence of the genus in the North Atlantic, and extends its range into the Indian Ocean, the lower vertebral and higher pelvic ray counts of specimens denies their reference to B. exilis. The systematics of the closely-related genus Dolichopteryx are poorly known, distinction from Bathylychnops resting mainly upon Dolichopteryx having multiserial, as opposed to uniserial, vomerine teeth and lacking an accessory scleral lens to the eye. The species D. brachyrhynchus , known from a single, damaged Atlantic specimen, shows marked similarities with Bathylychnops in pigmentation and the relative positions of fins, anus and dorsal adipose fin, thereby differing from all its congeners. Although the holotype of D. brachyrhynchus lacks an accessory scleral lens, perhaps through damage, it has uniserial vomerine teeth. This latter character and those of similarities in meristics, morphometrics and pigmentation shown with Atlantic-Indian Ocean Bathylychnops (contra B. exilis) are considered sufficient evidence to regard the two species as synonymous and hence transfer D. brachyrhynchus to the genus Bathylychnops.     

Pugs of the tribe Eupitheciini (Lepidoptera,Geometridae): the history of study and distribution over biogeographic regions

The World fauna of the tribe Eupitheciini is the most species-rich in the family Geometridae. This tribe includes about 1900 species (almost 3000 species-group names) from 47 genera; about one third of the genera (15) are monotypic. The generic diversity of Eupitheciini is the highest in the Australian (38 genera, 11 of them endemic) and Oriental regions (32 genera, 4 endemic) and the lowest in the Neotropical Region (possibly one genus only). The faunas of different biogeographic regions can be arranged in following order by their species richness: the Palaearctic (487 species), Oriental (397), Neotropical (346), Australian (251), Afrotropical (198), and Nearctic Regions (166 species). Eupithecia is the most species-rich genus in the family Geometridae and the entire order Lepidoptera, and one of the largest genera in the whole World fauna of insects. The greatest number of species of this genus is recorded in the Palaearctic Region (466 species), where Eupithecia accounts for about 95% of the tribe Eupitheciini. The mainland of the Oriental Region (especially the Himalayas) is also very species-rich; however the proportion of the Eupithecia representatives decreases towards Malaysia, Sundaland, and the Australian Region (about 2% of the tribe). The Eupitheciini faunas have the greatest similarity at the generic level between the Oriental and Australian Regions (the Jaccard and Sørensen coefficient values being 0.62 and 0.77, respectively). The Palaearctic fauna is more similar to the Afrotropical and Oriental faunas at the genus-group level. On the whole, the fauna of the Nearctic Region is similar to that the West Palaearctic, with the exception of the fact that representatives of the genera Gymnoscelis and Chloroclystis are absent in North America, although two endemic genera Nasusina and Prorella are present. At the genus-group level, the Nearctic fauna of Eupitheciini is more similar to the Neotropical (the Jaccard and Sørensen coefficients 0.20 and 0.33, respectively) than to the Palaearctic fauna (0.17 and 0.29). The number of synonymies is very high in the tribe Eupitheciini because of the homogeneity of this group, whose species are difficult to identify without the use of elaborate anatomical techniques. Modern revisions, catalogues, surveys, and atlases on Eupitheciini are absent for many countries and large geographic regions. Revisions of pugs of the tribe Eupitheciini for some biogeographic regions are extremely difficult because of fragmentation of entomological collections including the type specimens of many species-group taxa. A large fraction of synonyms is characteristic of parts of the World with the best known faunas: Europe (64% of synonyms) and North America (39%). On the contrary, the lowest levels of synonymy are typical of the less known faunas of the regions situated at the equatorial latitudes, namely the Neotropical (9%) and Afrotropical (8%) ones.     

Dentition in the African catfishes Andersonia (Amphiliidae) and Siluranodon (Schilbeidae) previously considered toothless

Based on light and scanning electron microscopic examination of their morphology, the dentition on both the premaxilla and dentary of Andersonia (Amphiliidae) and Siluranodon (Schilbeidae) catfishes is described from samples taken from tributaries of the White Nile in south‐western Ethiopia. These monotypic African genera were previously believed to lack teeth on the lower jaw in Andersonia and on both jaws in Siluranodon . Siluranodon exhibits an ontogenetic reduction: teeth were less frequently found in larger individuals than in smaller ones. In contrast to the adults of all other schilbeids, whose oral teeth are arranged in multiserial (or at least, biserial) bands, Siluranodon has uniserial teeth on both the premaxilla and the dentary. The adaptive, ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects of jaw‐tooth reduction in catfishes are discussed.     

Early rodent incisor enamel evolution: Phylogenetic implications

Incisor enamel microstructure proved to be a very effective tool for assessment of phylogenetic relationships among the Rodentia. Pauciserial and multiserial Schmelzmuster are clearly distinct by structural characters such as orientation of interprismatic matrix, presence or absence of transition zones between Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB), inclination of HSB, enamel thickness, and others. Pauciserial HSB are structurally very close to the earliest known mammalian HSB found in Paleocene arctocyonids. Biomechanical arguments and outgroup comparison with mixodontians indicate that the pauciserial Schmelzmuster is a symplesiomorphy of the Rodentia. Transitional stages from pauciserial to multiserial Schmelzmuster were observed in middle Eocene ctenodactyloids and from pauciserial to uniserial in middle to late Eocene anomalurids. The multiserial Schmelzmuster is considered a synapomorphy of the Hystricognathi, ctenodactylids, and pedetids. Schmelzmuster evolution reflects the early dichotomy of the Rodentia: In the Asian ctenodactyloid lineage a multiserial Schmelzmuster evolved once and in the North American/European ischyromyoid lineage a uniserial Schmelzmuster developed several times convergently. The pauci- to uniserial Schmelzmuster of the anomalurids excludes a close relationship to the phiomyids, because the ctenodactyloid-phiomyid lineage is characterized by the development of a multiserial Schmelzmuster.     

藜科植物的起源、分化和地理分布

全球藜科植物共约130属1500余种,广泛分布于欧亚大陆、南北美洲、非洲和大洋洲的半干旱及盐碱地区。它基本上是一个温带科,对亚热带和寒温带也有一定的适应性。本文分析了该科包含的1l族的系统位置和分布式样,以及各个属的分布区,提出中亚区是现存藜科植物的分布中心,原始的藜科植物在古地中海的东岸即华夏陆台(或中国的西南部)发生,然后向干旱的古地中海沿岸迁移、分化,产生了环胚亚科主要族的原始类群;起源的时间可能在白垩纪初,冈瓦纳古陆和劳亚古陆进一步解体的时期。文章对其迁移途径及现代分布式样形成的原因进行了讨论。     

Molecular phylogeny of Nyctaginaceae: taxonomy, biogeography, and characters associated with a radiation of xerophytic genera in North America

The four o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae) has a number of genera with unusual morphological and ecological characters, several of which appear to have a "tendency" to evolve repeatedly in Nyctaginaceae. Despite this, the Nyctaginaceae have attracted little attention from botanists. To produce a phylogeny for the Nyctaginaceae, we sampled 51 species representing 25 genera (of 28-31) for three chloroplast loci (ndhF, rps16, rpl16, and nrITS) and included all genera from North America. Parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian methods were used to reconstruct the phylogeny for the family. The family is neotropical in origin. A radiation of woody taxa unites Pisonia and Pisoniella with the difficult tropical genera Neea and Guapira, which also form a clade, though neither appears to be monophyletic. This group is sister to a clade containing Bougainvillea, Belemia, and Phaeoptilum. A dramatic radiation of genera occurred in the deserts of North America. The tribe Nyctagineae and its subtribes are paraphyletic, due to over-reliance on a few homoplasious characters, i.e., pollen morphology and involucre presence. Two notable characters associated with the desert radiation are cleistogamy and edaphic endemism on gypsum soils. We discuss evolutionary trends in these traits in light of available data about self-incompatibility and gypsum tolerance in Nyctaginaceae.     

Using 18S rDNA to resolve diaptomid copepod (Copepoda: Calanoida: Diaptomidae) phylogeny: an example with the North American genera

The phylogenetic relationships among the numerous genera of diaptomid copepods remain elusive due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient numbers of phylogenetically informative morphological characters for cladistic analysis. Molecular phylogenetic techniques offer high potential to resolve phylogenetic relationships in the absence of sufficient morphological characters because of the ease in which many characters can be unambiguously coded. I present the first molecular phylogeny for diaptomid copepod genera using 18S rDNA. Specifically, I test Light’s (1939) hypothesis regarding the interrelationships among the North American diaptomid genera. The 18S phylogeny is remarkably consistent with Light’s hypothesis. The endemic North American genera represent a monophyletic group exclusive of the non-endemic genera. Moreover, his hypothesized basal genus for the North America genera, Hesperodiaptomus, is the basal genus in this analysis. However, his Leptodiaptomus group is not reciprocally monophyletic with his Hesperodiaptomus group, but is rather a derived member of the latter group. Finally, the genus Mastigodiaptomus is found to be more closely allied with the non-endemic genera, as Light suggested. This phylogeny contributes heavily to the understanding of phylogenetic relationships among North American diaptomids and has large implications for the systematics of diaptomids in general. The use of 18S rDNA sequences in phylogenetic analyses of diaptomid copepods can be used to confirm the monophyly of recognized genera, the interrelationships among genera, and subsequent biogeographic interpretation of the family’s diversification. The use of molecular data, such as 18S rDNA sequences, to test phylogenetic hypotheses based on a very limited number of morphological characters will be a particularly useful approach to phylogenetic analysis in this system.     

柏科分类和分布：亚科,族和属

柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxodiaceae有许多相似之处,近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他属的差异较大,被提升为单种科Sciadopity-aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科,即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres-soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据,柏木亚科又分4族,即柏木族Cupresseae(包括:柏术属Cupressus、杂交柏属×Cupressocyparis、扁柏属Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括:崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属Platycladus)、圆柏族Junipereae(包括:圆柏属Juniperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括:翠柏属Calocedrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族,即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括:西澳柏属Actinostuobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdring-toneae(包括:白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括:甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏属Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型,即:(     

Origin,Differentiation, and Geographic Distribution of the Chenopodiaceae

Numbers of species and genera,endemic genera,extant primitive genera,relationship and distribution patterns of presently living Chenopodiaceae(two subfamilies,12 tribes,and 118 genera)are analyzed and compared for eight distributional areas,namely central Asia,Europe,the Mediterranean region,Africa,North America,South America, Australia and East Asia． The Central Asia,where the number of genera and diversity of taxa are greater than in other areas,appears to be the center of distribution of extant Chenopodiaceae．North America and Australia are two secondary centers of distribution． Eurasia has 11 tribes out of the 12,a total of 70 genera of extant chenopodiaceous plants,and it contains the most primitive genera of every tribe． Archiatriplex of Atripliceae,Hablitzia of Hablitzeae,Corispermum of Corispermeae,Camphorosma of Camphorosmaea,Kalidium of Salicornieae,Polecnemum of Polycnemeae,Alexandra of Suaedeae,and Nanophyton of Salsoleae,are all found in Eurasia,The Beteae is an Eurasian endemic tribe,demonstrating the antiquity of the Chenopodiaceae flora of Eurasia．Hence,Eurasia is likely the place of origin of chenopodiaceous plants． The presence of chenopodiaceous plants is correlated with an arid climate．During the Cretaceous Period,most places of the continent of Eurasia were occupied by the ancient precursor to the Mediterranean,the Tethys Sea．At that time the area of the Tethys Sea had a dry and warm climate．Therefore,primitive Chenopodiaceae were likely present on the beaches of this ancient land．This arid climatic condition resulted in differentiation of the tribes Chenopodieae,Atripliceae,Comphorosmeae,Salicornieae,etc．,the main primitive tribes of the subfamily Cyclolobeae. Then following continental drift and the Laurasian and Gondwanan disintegration, the Chenopodiaceae were brought to every continent to propagate and develop, and experience the vicissitudes of climates, forming the main characteristics and distribution patterns of recent continental floras. The tribes Atripliceae, Chenopodieae, Camphorosmeae, and Salicornieae of recent Chenopodiaceae in Eurasia, North America, South America, southern Africa, and Australia all became strongly differentiated. However, Australia and South America, have no genera of Spirolobeae except for a few maritime Suaeda species. The Salsoleae and Suaedeae have not arrived in Australia and South America, which indicates that the subfamily Spirolobeae developed in Eurasia after Australia separated from the ancient South America-Africa continent, and South America had left Africa. The endemic tribe of North America, the tribe Sarcobateae, has a origin different from the tribes Salsoleae and Suaedeae of the subfamily Spirolobeae. Sarcobateae flowers diverged into unisexuality and absence of bractlets. Clearly they originated in North America after North America had left the Eurasian continent. North America and southern Africa have a few species of Salsola, but none of them have become very much differentiated or developed, so they must have arrived through overland migration across ancient continental connections. India has no southern African Chenopodiaceae floristic components except for a few maritime taxa, which shows that when the Indian subcontinent left Africa in the Triassic period, the Chenopodiaceae had not yet developed in Africa. Therefore, the early Cretaceous Period about 120 million years ago, when the ancient Gondwanan and Laurasian continents disintegrated, could have been the time of origin of Chenopodiaceae plants.The Chinese flora of Chenopodiaceae is a part of Chenopodiaceae flora of central Asia. Cornulaca alaschnica was discovered from Gansu, China, showing that the Chinese Chenopodiaceae flora certainly has contact with the Mediterranean Chenopodiaceae flora. The contact of southeastern China with the Australia Chenopodiaceae flora, however, is very weak.     

Taxonomy of the Cupressaceae: Subfamilies,Tribes and Genera

Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae have recently been merged under the earlier name Cupressaceae s.I. by many authors, as the two families are similar in a number of morpho logical characters. Sciadopitys S. et Z., which has often been treated as a morphologically isolated member of the Taxodiaceae, has recently been considered as a monotypic family, Sciadopityaceae. The Cupressaceae s.s. may be reorganized into two subfamilies. The Cu pressoideae is composed of genera with the uppermost cone-scales infertile and can be divided into four tribes: Cnpresseae, including Cupressus, X Cupressocyparis, Charnaecyparis and Fokeinia;Thujopsideae, including Thuja, Thujopsis and Platycladusl Junipereae, including Juniperus and Microbiota; and Tetraclineae, including Calocedrus and Tetraclinis. The Callitroideae is composed of genera with the uppermost cone-scales fertile and can be divided into three tribes: Actinostrobeae, including Actinostrobus, Callitris, Fitzroya and Neocallitropsis; Widdringtoneae, including Pilgerodendron, Diselma and Widdringtonia ; Libocedreae, including Libocedrus, Papuacedrus and Austrocedrus. Five geographical distribution patterns are recognized in the 21 genera of Cupressaceae. (a) One genus, X Cupressocyparis, is a natural hybrid derived from selections in England; (b) Two genera, Cupressus and Juniperus, are distributed in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America; (c) Three genera, Thuja, Chamaecyparis, and Calocedrus, are disjnnctly distributed in Eastem Asia and North America; (d) Five genera, Actinostrobus, Callitris, Libocedrus, Papuacedrus and Widdringtonia, have limited distribution; and (e) The other 10 genera, which are monotypic, are restricted to narrow areas except Plotycladus. Three centers of genera diversity are identified in the Cupressaceae, i. e Eastern Asia with nine genera, southwestern North America with five genera, and Australia and its adjacent islands in the east　with six genera, including New Zealand,. Tasmania, New Caledonia, and New Guinea. Other important areas are western Mediterranean with three genera and Chile and Argentinawith three genera.     

A monograph of Boykinia, Peltoboykinia, Bolandra and Suksdorfia (Saxifragaceae)

An evaluation of the limits and infra-generic taxonomy of the genus Boykinia and its allies is presented. In the past, Boykinia has been split into the following segregate genera: Boykinia and Telesonix (from North America) and Neoboykinia and Peltoboykinia (from Japan). The situation is complicated by other closely related genera, the limits of which also need clarification. Narrowly defined, they comprise Suksdorfia, Hemieva, Bolandra, Sullivantia and Jepsonia (all from North America) and Hieronymusia (from South America). This monograph draws on a variety of sources for information, including a morphological comparison of all taxa, using a wide range of both living and herbarium material, and observations on leaf anatomy, trichomes, pollen grains and seeds; reference is also made to our previously published work on flavonoids, chromosome numbers and breeding relationships. General ecological observations were made during field work in western North America. The results of these investigations confirm that the genera form a closely related group. Much of the evidence combines to suggest the following conclusions. Boykinia includes nine species in three sections: section Boykinia (B. aconitifolia , B. intermedia , B. lycoctonifolia , B. major , B. occidentalis and B. rotundifolia) , section Renifolium (B. ruhardsonii) and section Telesonix (B. jamesii and B. heucheriformis). Peltoboykinia (P. tellimoides and P. watanabei ) is recognized as a distinct genus allied to both Saxifraga and Boykinia. Suksdorfia , expanded to include Hemieva and Hieronymusia , has three species: S. violacea, S. alchemilloides and S. ranunculifolia. Bolandra is very closely related to Suksdorfia but is retained as a separate genus containing two species, B. californica and B, oregana. Sullivantia and Jepsonia are accepted as genera related to, but distinct from, Boykinia.     

中国蔷薇科绣线菊亚科的演化、分布——兼述世界绣线菊亚科植物的分布

绣线菊亚科是蔷薇科最原始的亚科,共有22属260余种, 包括常绿和落叶两大类群,前者是 原始类型。我国有8属100种,全都为落叶性。本文着重讨论中国各属的起源、演化和分布等 ,同时也概述全亚科植物在世界各植物区的分布等问题。绣线菊属Spiraea是该亚科落叶类群中最原始的属,它在早期发生趋异进化,衍生出形态各异而亲缘关系密切 的不同属,本文阐明了中国各属的系统位置和属间的亲缘关系。通过对我国各属地理分布的 分析对比,属的分布区可归纳为5个类型。对全球绣线菊亚科植物在世界各植物区中的属、种数统计表明,东亚区有8属105种,其中有96个特有种,是该亚科植物分布最多而又最集中 地区,具有在系统发育上处于各主要演化阶段的落叶类型,因此,东亚区是全球绣线菊亚科植 物的现代分布和分化中心,也是落叶类群发生和发展的关键地区。在北美洲,从马德雷区至落基山区一带分布着11属46种,均为特有种,显然北美洲西部也是该亚科植物的现代分布中心,但可能是第二分布中心。南美洲至今保存2个较古老的常绿属,即Quillaja和K ageneckia,基于此,南美洲可能是绣线菊亚科某些常绿属早期分化和发展的关键地区 。中国绣线菊亚科植物在东亚区占绝对优势,有8属82种,其中有62个特有种,分别占该区属 、种和 特有种数的100%、82%、和65%, 这些类群分布最密集地区是在中国喜马拉雅森林植物亚区 中的横断山脉地区和中国日本森林植物亚区的西部,这一带是中国绣线菊亚科的现代分布和多样性中心,很可能是某些属的发源地。由此看来,绣线菊亚科的落叶属可能起源于劳亚古陆。据化石记载,该亚科植物的起源时间可以追溯到白垩纪早白垩世。     

Construction of the phylogenetic model for the genera of the tribe Arctiini (Lepidoptera,Arctiidae) with the SYNAP method

A new scheme of the phylogeny of the tribe Arctiini is proposed. The Western Mediterranean genus Atlantarctia is considered the most primitive one in the tribe; the rest of genera form two large clades Arctia-Pericallia and Gonerda-Platyprepia. The first clade is supposed to have been subjected to radiation in western Eurasia, and the second clade, in Asia and North America in the Palaeogene when the eastern part of Asia was isolated from western Eurasia. Subsequently, most probably in the Neogene-Pleistocene, representatives of both clades spread over the whole Eurasia and North America. The Arctiini fauna of the tundra zone, which includes the genera Acerbia and Pararctia, was formed in Asia and North America, whereas the subboreal fauna (both steppe and nemoral) originated in western Eurasia. The boreal genus Borearctia has most likely also originated in Asia.     

Rogerella isp. Infesting the Pore Pairs of Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske) (Echinoidea: Upper Cretaceous,Belgium)

An otherwise well-preserved test of the holasteroid echinoid Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske) from the Emael Member, Maastricht Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Belgium, is infested by encrusting bivalves and foraminiferans and the boring Rogerella isp. In this specimen, Rogerella preferentially infested and modified the ambulacral pore pairs of the echinoid close to the apex. This was not a commensal association. The echinoid test shows no growth deformations in response to this invasion; pore pairs are locally strongly infested; and encrusting invertebrates testify to the long post-mortem residence time of the test on the sea floor. Rather, the pore pairs of the dead echinoid were crannies attractive to settling larvae of acrothoracian barnacles, the producers of Rogerella.