A digital thermocouple thermometer

Measurements of the reproducibility of a random selection of copper/constantan thermocouples were made and it was found that they agreed within 1 ° C. Based on this finding, a digital thermocouple thermometer was designed and constructed incorporating a thermocouple linearizer and cold junction compensation. The instrument

Accuracy of the Completed Digital Thermometer

     

2.

Reproductive potential and endocrinological responses of sheep kept under controlled lighting. I. Comparative reproductive performance of four breed types of ewe     

G. Evans  T.J. Robinson 《Animal reproduction science》1980,3(1):23-37

Five ewes of each of four breed types were kept in each of two environmentally-controlled rooms over a period of 2.5 years. The daylength varied between 20 and 9 h on a 6-monthly cycle, including a period of 22 weeks during which daylength was decreased by 0.5 h per week, 2 weeks in which it increased from 9 to 20 h, and 2 weeks at 20 h; each room operated 3 months out of phase with the other. Towards the end of the period of decreasing daylength each ewe was synchronised with a progestagen sponge for 12 days, given an injection (i.m.) of 750 I.U. pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on withdrawal, and inseminated 48 and 58 h later (500 million fresh undiluted sperm per insemination). Thus, insemination occurred at a single synchronised oestrus every 6 months. Progesterone pregnancy diagnosis was performed on blood samples taken 18 days later and parturition was induced by an injection (i.m.) of 16 mg dexamethasone on day 143 of gestation. Lambs were weaned at birth, allowing the ewes approximately 5.5 weeks to recover before the next insemination and a ‘successive’ conception.The performance of the four types of ewe, starting as maidens, is tabulated.

Temperature	Indicated	Error
(°C)	temperature	(°C)
	(°C)
?1.95.75	?195	0.75
?77.02	?78	0.38
0	0	0
52.49	53	0.51
Mean		0.413

     

3.

An experimental study using tissue culture medium as preservation and perfusion fluid     

T Nilsson  E Schueller  G P Murphy  W J Staubitz 《Cryobiology》1973,10(3):191-196

A commercially available tissue culture medium has been proven capable of preserving dog kidney function for at least 24 hr after simple cooling. The advantages of using tissue culture medium as preservation fluid instead of plasma or albumin solutions from the infectious and immunological points of view are obvious. An in vitro study was completed using the tissue

1.

Conceptions	Merino	Dorset Horn × Merino	Border Leic. × Merino	South Suffolk × Merino	$\text{P}$
Successive (%)	20.0	12.5	11.1	47.6	$\text{< 0.01}$
Non-successive (%)	76.0	76.9	66.7	95.0	$\text{< 0.05}$
Overall (%)	51.1	52.4	44.4	70.7	$\text{< 0.05}$
Mean litter size	1.7	1.5	1.5	2.2	$\text{< 0.05}$
Mean lambs per ewe per year	1.8	1.6	1.3	3.1	$\text{< 0.01}$

     

4.

Hemopoietic activities of cryopreserved murine fresh and postmortem bone marrow cells     

P. I. Liu  K. C. Poon  L. Crook  S. S. Liu  C. C. Hong 《Cryobiology》1979,16(6):513-516

The percentage of preservation of erythropoietic and granulopoietic precursor cells in the murine bone marrow was studied using in vitro methylcellulose clonal cell culture assays and in vivo murine spleen colony assays. This study clearly demonstrates

a. Type of Spleen Colonies Induced by 6-hr Postmortem Murine Bone Marrow Cells^a

Code (animal No.)	Perfusion time (br)	Perfusion pressure mm/Hg	Flow ml/min	Weight gain	pH	pO2 mm/Hg	Histological appearance
1	24	70-60 systolic	96	35	7.3	150–180	Grossly normal
2	24		45-40 diastolic	108	30
3	24		96	30
4	48	70-60 systolic	80	35	7.3	150–180	Grossly normal
5	48	45-40 diastolic	120	40	7.4
6	48		100	40
7	72	70-60 systolic	115	40	7.4	150–180	Slight vacuolization of the tubular cells
8	72	45-40 diastolic	96	40
9	72		80	40
10	24	70-60 systolic	110	35	7.3	150–180	Used for transplantation
11	24	45-40 diastolic	120	35
12	24		140	40
13	24		100	30
14	24		96	30

	Mean (%)
Type of colonies	t Score	P Value	Unfrozen	Frozen
			Erythrocytic	26.283	14.100	2.09	0.059
Granulocytic	23.741	32.917	1.45	0.173
Mixed	49.321	52.700	0.55	0.59

a

$\text{N = 92}$. the presence of pluripotent hemopoietic precursor cells in cryopreserved 0-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-hr postmortem murine bone marrow cells. Apparently, the erythropoietic precursor cells are more sensitive to freezing injury as compared to granulopoietic precursor cells.

     

Reproductive potential and endocrinological responses of sheep kept under controlled lighting. I. Comparative reproductive performance of four breed types of ewe

Five ewes of each of four breed types were kept in each of two environmentally-controlled rooms over a period of 2.5 years. The daylength varied between 20 and 9 h on a 6-monthly cycle, including a period of 22 weeks during which daylength was decreased by 0.5 h per week, 2 weeks in which it increased from 9 to 20 h, and 2 weeks at 20 h; each room operated 3 months out of phase with the other. Towards the end of the period of decreasing daylength each ewe was synchronised with a progestagen sponge for 12 days, given an injection (i.m.) of 750 I.U. pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on withdrawal, and inseminated 48 and 58 h later (500 million fresh undiluted sperm per insemination). Thus, insemination occurred at a single synchronised oestrus every 6 months. Progesterone pregnancy diagnosis was performed on blood samples taken 18 days later and parturition was induced by an injection (i.m.) of 16 mg dexamethasone on day 143 of gestation. Lambs were weaned at birth, allowing the ewes approximately 5.5 weeks to recover before the next insemination and a ‘successive’ conception.The performance of the four types of ewe, starting as maidens, is tabulated.

An experimental study using tissue culture medium as preservation and perfusion fluid

A commercially available tissue culture medium has been proven capable of preserving dog kidney function for at least 24 hr after simple cooling. The advantages of using tissue culture medium as preservation fluid instead of plasma or albumin solutions from the infectious and immunological points of view are obvious. An in vitro study was completed using the tissue

1.

Hemopoietic activities of cryopreserved murine fresh and postmortem bone marrow cells

The percentage of preservation of erythropoietic and granulopoietic precursor cells in the murine bone marrow was studied using in vitro methylcellulose clonal cell culture assays and in vivo murine spleen colony assays. This study clearly demonstrates

a. Type of Spleen Colonies Induced by 6-hr Postmortem Murine Bone Marrow Cells^a

DNA synthesis catalysed by endogenous templates and DNA-dependent DNA polymerases in spermatogenic cells from rat

The activity levels of DNA polymerases α and β have been measured by autoradiography in squash preparations from rat testis of sexually mature animals. Similar results were obtained with ‘fixed’ samples (dipped in acetone: ethanol for 5 min at 25 °C) or ‘unfixed’ samples (frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried). The activities of DNA polymerases α and β in situ were distinguished by differential assay conditions and by selective inhibition with compounds such as N-ethylmaleimide and aphidicolin. Using the endogenous chromatin as template, maximal activity for both enzymes was obtained in the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, MgCl₂ and ethylene glycol. When DNA polymerase activities in several predominant testicular cell types (pre-leptotene primary spermatocytes, pachytene primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids) were quantitatively compared, on a per cell basis, the following percentage distribution was observed:

     

6.

A simple system for extending refrigerated, nonfrozen preservation of biological material using pressure.     

S E Charm  H E Longmaid  J Carver 《Cryobiology》1977,14(5):625-636

High pressure (above 238 atmg) substantially extends the refrigerated storage of highly perishable biological material in a nonfrozen state.

5. Calculated Equivalent Values of Pressure and Temperature for Reducing Reaction Rates of Horseradish Peroxidase

	Pre-leptotene primary spermatocyte %	Pachytene primary spermatocyte %	Round spermatid %	Elongated spermatid %
DNA polymerase α	25	42	30	3
DNA polymerase β	29	34	36	1

Pressure (atmg)	Temperature (°K)	$\text{T}\text{T}{}_0$a
0	296	0.999
272	289	0.975
340	287	0.969
408	285	0.963

a

$\text{T}{}_0\text{= 296 °}\text{K}$It has been known for some time that high pressure stops microbial growth. The effect of high pressure is to reduce further the enzyme activity at refrigerated temperatures. Two enzymes studied, peroxidase and crude trypsin from red crab intestine, demonstrated this effect.A number of food materials such as fish, beef, and chicken were tested for microbial growth and organoleptic qualities after high-pressure storage in a simple 14-liter pressure chamber. Pressure was generated by a hand pump. The results indicated that after 30 days those items held in a non-frozen state at ?3 °C and 238 atmg were not significantly different microbiologically and organoleptically from frozen controls at atmospheric pressure and ?20 °C.This system should be useful for the preservation of biological materials where freezing or thawing effects are undesirable or unknown.The energy saved compared to freezing should also be considered. Only 62% of the energy is required for storage at ?3 °C as compared with frozen storage at ?20 °C, and about 28 cal/g must be removed in cooling to ?3 °C as compared with 120 cal/g in cooling to ?20 °C.

     

A simple system for extending refrigerated, nonfrozen preservation of biological material using pressure.

High pressure (above 238 atmg) substantially extends the refrigerated storage of highly perishable biological material in a nonfrozen state.

5. Calculated Equivalent Values of Pressure and Temperature for Reducing Reaction Rates of Horseradish Peroxidase

Hyperosmotic injury in mammalian cells. Volume and alkali cation alterations of CHO cells in unprotected and DMSO-treated cultures.

Correlated studies on volume distributions and cation (Na⁺ and K⁺) content of CHO cells in suspension were carried out after various exposures to hypertonic NaCl or sucrose (500–7550 mOsm in both the presence and absence of DMSO (5–20%; $\text{w}\text{v}$). The effects superimposed by ouabain (10^?2–10^?4m), amphotericin B (6–18 μg/ml), and glutaraldehyde (1.25%) on the above-mentioned parameters were also investigated. Volumetric analysis of CHO cells with the Coulter Channelyzer indicated a biphasic dose-dependent response to hypertonic media, the duration of the

TABLE 2. Correlation between Volume, Survival, and Cation Content of CHO Cells Exposed to Hypertonic Media in Suspension

     

8.

Heat exchange in the cryosurgery of Menière's disease: Experimental and clinical studies     

S. Harly  J.E. Aastrup  O. Elbrønd 《Cryobiology》1977,14(5):609-613

The temperature course in the lateral semicircular canal and in the facial canal was studied in experiments during freezing of the semicircular canal. The course of the temperature was measured with thermocouples. Concurrently, the heat flow was measured, and also the total heat exchange was measured throughout the freezing period by a thermoelectric heat flowmeter incorporated in the cryotip. The measurements showed correlation between the total amount of heat exchanged, the freezing time, and the temperature in the semicircular canal. This correlation was utilized to assess and calculate (the temperature of the lateral semicircular canal) the course of the cryoprocess in vivo, where it is possible to measure the heat flow and the total heat exchange during the freezing period only.

2. Results upon Vertigo

Osmolality mOsm	Exposure (min)								Hypertonic agent
					NaCl				Sucrose
		$\text{V}{}^{\mathrm{a}}$	Na+	K+	$\text{S}{}^{\mathrm{b}}$	V	Na+	K+	S
1000	60 or less	Small	High	High	High	Normal	Low	High	High
1500–2000	60 or less	Small	High	Low	Low	Normal	Low	High	High
2000 or over	60 or more	Small or largec	High	Very low	Very low	Small	Very low	Very low	Very low

     

9.

Cell Biology: Paper alert     

《Current opinion in cell biology》2000,12(5):525-535

A selection of interesting papers that were published in the two months before our press date in major journals most likely to report significant results in cell biology.

	No Vertigo	Improved	Unchanged
Number of patients	7	5	3

     

10.

Clinical challenges     

《Clinical eye and vision care》1997,9(3):165-167

Glaucomatocyclitic crisis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilaterally increased IOP. A careful history, slit-lamp examination and gonioscopic examination will assist the examiner in making an accurate diagnosis.The etiology of this syndrome remains unknown. If indeed it is a disturbance of the anterior intraocular vasculature secondary to an autonomic abnormality, any of the proposed etiologies might possibly trigger an attack (Table 2).Treatment at this time should consist of 1 gH. 0.5% apraclonidine given in office or a topical steroid, cycloplegic, and ocular hypotensive agent combination. Follow-up should be within 24 h to monitor for IOP reduction. If treatment with apraclonidine is initiated, additional drops should be instilled as needed to lower the IOP to acceptable levels. Prophylactic treatment with topical steroids has been considered in this mostly benign syndrome [14]. However, the potential side-effects of long-term steroid use and the unpredictable frequency of glaucomatocyclitic crises may preclude steroid use in these cases. Table 2. Proposed etiological factors and diseases related to glaucomatocyclitis crisis.

Contents (chosen by)
525	Cytoskeleton (Desai and Holleran)
526	Cell regulation (Roche, Servant and Weiner)
528	Nucleus and gene expression (Aasland and Weinzierl)
529	Membranes and sorting (Ponnambalam)
530	Membrane permeability (Slesinger)
531	Cell-to-cell contact and extracellular matrix (Pfaff)
533	Cell differentiation (van Roessel, Kaltschmidt, Tsang and Huckriede)
534	Cell multiplication (Sclafani)

     

11.

SEAWEED EXTRACTS AS A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR THE ATTENUATION OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN OBESITY‐RELATED PATHOLOGIES1     

Ok‐Hwan Lee  Kye‐Yoon Yoon  Kui‐Jin Kim  SangGuan You  Boo‐Yong Lee 《Journal of phycology》2011,47(3):548-556

Recent studies suggest that seaweed extracts are a significant source of bioactive compounds comparable to the dietary phytochemicals such as onion and tea extracts. The exploration of natural antioxidants that attenuate oxidative damage is important for developing strategies to treat obesity‐related pathologies. The objective of this study was to screen the effects of seaweed extracts of 49 species on adipocyte differentiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during the adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, and to investigate their total phenol contents and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Our results show that high total phenol contents were observed in the extracts of Ecklonia cava (see Table 1 for taxonomic authors) (681.1 ± 16.0 μg gallic acid equivalents [GAE] · g^?1), Dictyopteris undulata (641.3 ± 70.7 μg GAE · g^?1), and Laurencia intermedia (560.9 ± 48.1 μg GAE · g^?1). In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activities were markedly higher in Sargassum macrocarpum (60.2%), Polysiphonia morrowii (55.0%), and Ishige okamurae (52.9%) than those of other seaweed extracts (P < 0.05). Moreover, treatment with several seaweed extracts including D. undulata, Sargassum micracanthum, Chondrus ocellatus, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria verrucosa, and Grateloupia lanceolata significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation and ROS production during differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, the production of ROS was positively correlated with lipid accumulation (R² = 0.8149). According to these preliminary results, some of the seaweed extracts can inhibit ROS generation, which may protect against oxidative stress that is linked to obesity. Further studies are required to determine the molecular mechanism between the verified seaweeds and ROS, and the resulting effects on obesity.

Table 1. List of Korean seaweed extracts of 49 species evaluated in this experiment.

Form of developmental glaucoma

Autonomic imbalance

Allergy, peptic ulcer, stress

Herpes simplex virus

Cytomegalovirus

Varicella-zoster virus

Mesodermal dysgenesis

Type	No.	Scientific name	Collection time	TP1 (μg GAE · g?1)
Brown macroalgae	SE‐1	Chondracanthus tenellus (Harv.) Hommers.	April 27, 2006	112.8 ± 15.1lm
	SE‐2	Colpomenia sinusa (F. C. Mertens ex Roth) Derbes et Solier in Castagne	May 11, 2006	44.0 ± 4.1opqrs
	SE‐3	Dictyopteris divaricata (Okamura) Okamura	April 6, 2006	41.5 ± 5.6pqrs
	SE‐4	Dictyopteris pacifica (Yendo) I. K. Hwang, H.‐S. Kim et W. J. Lee	April 27, 2006	80.9 ± 8.3mno
	SE‐5	Dictyopteris prolifera (Okamura) Okamura	November 26, 2007	48.4 ± 3.0nopqrs
	SE‐6	Dictyopteris undulata Holmes	July 28, 2007	641.3 ± 70.7b
	SE‐7	Dictyota asiatica I. K. Hwang	April 6, 2006	52.9 ± 7.6nonopqr
	SE‐8	Ecklonia cava Kjellm.	October 22, 2006	681.1 ± 16.0a
	SE‐9	Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura	November 26, 2007	36.5 ± 3.4pqrs
	SE‐10	Endarachne binghamiae J. Agardh	March 10, 2006	50.4 ± 2.6nopqrs
	SE‐11	Hizikia fusiformis (Harv.) Okamura	July 23, 2006	16.4 ± 1.2rs
	SE‐12	Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M. Howe	May 11, 2006	18.1 ± 0.9rs
	SE‐13	Ishige okamurae Yendo	May 26, 2006	237.4 ± 1.6h
	SE‐14	Lethesia difformis (L.) Aresch.	May 11, 2006	11.2 ± 1.9s
	SE‐15	Myelophycus simplex (Harv.) Papenf.	April 27, 2006	39.5 ± 3.2pqrs
	SE‐16	Padina arborescens Holmes	July 29, 2007	172.9 ± 23.1ij
	SE‐17	Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh	April 27, 2006	119.1 ± 5.6kl
	SE‐18	Sargassum micracanthum (Kütz.) Endl.	December 21, 2006	468.0 ± 22.7e
	SE‐19	Sargassum patens C. Agardh	January 21, 2007	41.5 ± 5.7pqrs
	SE‐20	Sargassum confusum C. Agardh f. validum Yendo	March 8, 2008	110.9 ± 3.5lm
	SE‐21	Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh	March 1, 2006	84.8 ± 9.4lmn
	SE‐22	Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agardh	January 21, 2007	353.9 ± 59.1g
	SE‐23	Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensolt	January 21, 2007	72.1 ± 14.9nop
	SE‐24	Sargassum nipponium Yendo	April 6, 2006	54.0 ± 3.5nopqr
	SE‐25	Sargassum sagamianum Yendo	March 8, 2008	41.0 ± 6.7pqrs
	SE‐26	Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze	July 23, 2006	27.7 ± 0.8qrs
	SE‐27	Scytosiphon gracilis Kogame	May 26, 2006	30.2 ± 5.6qrs
	SE‐28	Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngb.) Link	May 11, 2006	66.5 ± 8.9nopq
Red macroalgae	SE‐29	Bonnemaisonia hamifera Har.	April 27, 2006	44.1 ± 2.3opqrs
	SE‐30	Callophyllis crispata Okamura	May 11, 2006	37.6 ± 12.6pqrs
	SE‐31	Chondria crassicaulis Harv.	May 11, 2006	45.4 ± 4.4opqrs
	SE‐32	Chondrus crispus Stackh.	May 26, 2006	40.7 ± 8.0pqrs
	SE‐33	Chondrus ocellatus Holmes	May 11, 2006	47.2 ± 1.7nopqrs
	SE‐34	Gelidium amansii (J. V. Lamour.) J. V. Lamour.	April 27, 2006	525.3 ± 35.9d
	SE‐35	Gloioperltis furcata (Postels et Rupr.) J. Agardh	May 26, 2006	147.7 ± 6.4jk
	SE‐36	Gloioperltis complanta (Harv.) Yamada	May 26, 2006	58.2 ± 6.4nopq
	SE‐37	Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenf.	March 6, 2008	55.1 ± 7.5nopqr
	SE‐38	Grateloupia elliptica Holmes	May 26, 2006	154.4 ± 12.9j
	SE‐39	Grateloupia filicina (J. V. Lamour.) C. Agardh	May 11, 2006	38.2 ± 2.2pqrs
	SE‐40	Grateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawag.	July 23, 2006	32.7 ± 3.0pqrs
	SE‐41	Laurencia intermedia J. V. Lamour.	May 11, 2006	560.9 ± 48.1c
	SE‐42	Laurencia intricata J. V. Lamour.	April 27, 2006	35.4 ± 4.0pqrs
	SE‐43	Laurencia okamurae Yamada	May 11, 2006	193.2 ± 41.9i
	SE‐44	Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo	April 27, 2006	165.2 ± 15.1ij
	SE‐45	Polyopes affinis (Harv.) Kawag. et H.‐W. Wang	May 26, 2006	42.9 ± 2.3opqrs
	SE‐46	Polysiphonia morrowii Harv.	May 11, 2006	392.4 ± 40.3f
	SE‐47	Prionitis cornea (Okamura) E. Y. Dawson	October 22, 2006	47.9 ± 3.6nopqrs
Green macroalgae	SE‐48	Enteromorpha prolifera (O. F. Müll.) J. Agardh	March 26, 2006	42.0 ± 5.3pqrs
	SE‐49	Ulva pertusa Kjellm.	April 27, 2006	48.3 ± 3.8nopqrs

• GAE, gallic acid equivalents; SE, seaweed extracts.
• ¹TP, total phenol content is micrograms of total phenol contents per gram of seaweed extract based on gallic acid as standard. The values are means ± SD from three replications.
• ^a–sMeans in the same column not sharing a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple test.

Citing Literature

Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 21

• Kas?m Cemal Güven, Burak Coban, Osman Özdemir, Pharmacology of Marine Macroalgae, Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology, 10.1002/9781119143802, (585-615), (2020). Wiley Online Library
• Giovanna Bermano, Teodora Stoyanova, Franck Hennequart, Cherry L. Wainwright, Seaweed-derived bioactives as potential energy regulators in obesity and type 2 diabetes, , 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.002, (2019). Crossref
• Ana Rocío Múzquiz de la Garza, Mireya Tapia-Salazar, Maribel Maldonado-Muñiz, Julián de la Rosa-Millán, Janet Alejandra Gutiérrez-Uribe, Liliana Santos-Zea, Bertha Alicia Barba-Dávila, Denis Ricque-Marie, Lucía Elizabeth Cruz-Suárez, Nutraceutical Potential of Five Mexican Brown Seaweeds, BioMed Research International, 10.1155/2019/3795160, 2019 , (1-15), (2019). Crossref
• M. Lynn Cornish, Alan T. Critchley, Ole G. Mouritsen, A role for dietary macroalgae in the amelioration of certain risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, Phycologia, 10.2216/15-77.1, 54 , 6, (649-666), (2019). Crossref
• Carolina Gonçalves-Fernández, Jorge Sineiro, Ramón Moreira, Oreste Gualillo, Extraction and characterization of phlorotannin-enriched fractions from the Atlantic seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity in murine cell line, Journal of Applied Phycology, 10.1007/s10811-018-1729-2, (2019). Crossref
• Noelia Flórez‐Fernández, María P Casas, María Jesús González‐Muñoz, Herminia Domínguez, Microwave hydrogravity pretreatment of Sargassum muticum before solvent extraction of antioxidant and antiobesity compounds, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 10.1002/jctb.5771, 94 , 1, (256-264), (2018). Wiley Online Library
• Yannick Lerat, M. L. Cornish, Alan T. Critchley, Stéphane La Barre, Stephen S. Bates, Applications of Algal Biomass in Global Food and Feed Markets: From Traditional Usage to the Potential for Functional Products, Blue Biotechnology, 10.1002/9783527801718, (143-189), (2018). Wiley Online Library
• Gabriele Andressa Zatelli, Ana Cláudia Philippus, Miriam Falkenberg, An overview of odoriferous marine seaweeds of the Dictyopteris genus: insights into their chemical diversity, biological potential and ecological roles, Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.01.005, 28 , 2, (243-260), (2018). Crossref
• Cyr Abel Maranguy Ogandaga, Yeon Ju Na, Sang-Rae Lee, Young Sik Kim, Han Gil Choi, Ki Wan Nam, Wart-like spot formation on the fronds of Chondrus ocellatus (Gigartinales) by a brown alga, Mikrosyphar zosterae (Ectocarpales) in Korea, Journal of Applied Phycology, 10.1007/s10811-016-1028-8, 29 , 5, (2539-2546), (2017). Crossref
• Fook Yee Chye, Birdie Scott Padam, Seah Young Ng, Innovation and Sustainable Utilization of Seaweeds as Health Foods, Sustainability Challenges in the Agrofood Sector, 10.1002/9781119072737, (390-434), (2017). Wiley Online Library
• Gaurav Rajauria, Lynn Cornish, Francesco Ometto, Flower E. Msuya, Raffaella Villa, Identification and selection of algae for food, feed, and fuel applications, Seaweed Sustainability, 10.1016/B978-0-12-418697-2.00012-X, (315-345), (2015). Crossref
• Jatinder Sangha, Owen Wally, Arjun Banskota, Roumiana Stefanova, Jeff Hafting, Alan Critchley, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj, A Cultivated Form of a Red Seaweed (Chondrus crispus), Suppresses β-Amyloid-Induced Paralysis in Caenorhabditis elegans, Marine Drugs, 10.3390/md13106407, 13 , 10, (6407-6424), (2015). Crossref
• Jung-Ae Kim, Fatih Karadeniz, Byul-Nim Ahn, Myeong Sook Kwon, Ok-Ju Mun, Mihyang Kim, Sang-Hyeon Lee, Ki Hwan Yu, Yuck Yong Kim, Chang-Suk Kong, Sargassum sp. Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Suppresses Lipid Accumulation in vitro, Journal of Life Science, 10.5352/JLS.2014.24.3.274, 24 , 3, (274-283), (2014). Crossref
• Georgia M. Hart, Tamara Ticktin, Dovi Kelman, Anthony D. Wright, Nicole Tabandera, Contemporary Gathering Practice and Antioxidant Benefit of Wild Seaweeds in Hawai’i, Economic Botany, 10.1007/s12231-014-9258-7, 68 , 1, (30-43), (2014). Crossref
• Zahid Manzoor, Vivek Bhakta Mathema, Doobyeong Chae, Eun-Sook Yoo, Hee-Kyoung Kang, Jin-Won Hyun, Nam Ho Lee, Mi-Hee Ko, Young-Sang Koh, Extracts of the seaweed Sargassum macrocarpum inhibit the CpG-induced inflammatory response by attenuating the NF-κB pathway, Food Science and Biotechnology, 10.1007/s10068-014-0041-4, 23 , 1, (293-297), (2013). Crossref
• Jatinder Singh Sangha, Di Fan, Arjun H. Banskota, Roumiana Stefanova, Wajahatullah Khan, Jeff Hafting, James Craigie, Alan T. Critchley, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj, Bioactive components of the edible strain of red alga, Chondrus crispus, enhance oxidative stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans, Journal of Functional Foods, 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.001, 5 , 3, (1180-1190), (2013). Crossref
• Areum Daseul Kim, Mei Jing Piao, Yu Jae Hyun, Hee Kyoung Kang, In Soo Suh, Nam Ho Lee, Jin Won Hyun, Photo-protective properties of Lomentaria hakodatensis yendo against ultraviolet B radiation-induced keratinocyte damage, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 10.1007/s12257-012-0336-3, 17 , 6, (1223-1231), (2013). Crossref
• Min‐Jung Seo, Hyeon‐Son Choi, Ok‐Hwan Lee, Boo‐Yong Lee, Grateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawaguchi, the Edible Red Seaweed, Inhibits Lipid Accumulation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production During Differentiation in 3T3‐L1 Cells, Phytotherapy Research, 10.1002/ptr.4765, 27 , 5, (655-663), (2012). Wiley Online Library
• Mi‐Seon Woo, Hyeon‐Son Choi, Ok‐Hwan Lee, Boo‐Yong Lee, The Edible red Alga, Gracilaria verrucosa, Inhibits Lipid Accumulation and ROS Production, but Improves Glucose Uptake in 3T3‐L1 Cells, Phytotherapy Research, 10.1002/ptr.4813, 27 , 7, (1102-1105), (2012). Wiley Online Library
• Young-Jun Lee, Bo-Ra Yoon, Hyeon-Son Choi, Boo-Yong Lee, Ok-Hwan Lee, Effect of Sargassum micracanthum extract on Lipid Accumulation and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production during Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes, Korean Journal of Food Preservation, 10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.3.455, 19 , 3, (455-461), (2012). Crossref
• Mei Piao, Yu Hyun, Suk Cho, Hee Kang, Eun Yoo, Young Koh, Nam Lee, Mi Ko, Jin Hyun, An Ethanol Extract Derived from Bonnemaisonia hamifera Scavenges Ultraviolet B (UVB) Radiation-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Attenuates UVB-Induced Cell Damage in Human Keratinocytes, Marine Drugs, 10.3390/md10122826, 10 , 12, (2826-2845), (2012). Crossref

Volume 47 , Issue 3 June 2011

Pages 548-556     

Heat exchange in the cryosurgery of Menière's disease: Experimental and clinical studies

The temperature course in the lateral semicircular canal and in the facial canal was studied in experiments during freezing of the semicircular canal. The course of the temperature was measured with thermocouples. Concurrently, the heat flow was measured, and also the total heat exchange was measured throughout the freezing period by a thermoelectric heat flowmeter incorporated in the cryotip. The measurements showed correlation between the total amount of heat exchanged, the freezing time, and the temperature in the semicircular canal. This correlation was utilized to assess and calculate (the temperature of the lateral semicircular canal) the course of the cryoprocess in vivo, where it is possible to measure the heat flow and the total heat exchange during the freezing period only.

2. Results upon Vertigo

Cell Biology: Paper alert

A selection of interesting papers that were published in the two months before our press date in major journals most likely to report significant results in cell biology.

Clinical challenges

Glaucomatocyclitic crisis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilaterally increased IOP. A careful history, slit-lamp examination and gonioscopic examination will assist the examiner in making an accurate diagnosis.The etiology of this syndrome remains unknown. If indeed it is a disturbance of the anterior intraocular vasculature secondary to an autonomic abnormality, any of the proposed etiologies might possibly trigger an attack (Table 2).Treatment at this time should consist of 1 gH. 0.5% apraclonidine given in office or a topical steroid, cycloplegic, and ocular hypotensive agent combination. Follow-up should be within 24 h to monitor for IOP reduction. If treatment with apraclonidine is initiated, additional drops should be instilled as needed to lower the IOP to acceptable levels. Prophylactic treatment with topical steroids has been considered in this mostly benign syndrome [14]. However, the potential side-effects of long-term steroid use and the unpredictable frequency of glaucomatocyclitic crises may preclude steroid use in these cases. Table 2. Proposed etiological factors and diseases related to glaucomatocyclitis crisis.

SEAWEED EXTRACTS AS A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR THE ATTENUATION OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN OBESITY‐RELATED PATHOLOGIES1

Recent studies suggest that seaweed extracts are a significant source of bioactive compounds comparable to the dietary phytochemicals such as onion and tea extracts. The exploration of natural antioxidants that attenuate oxidative damage is important for developing strategies to treat obesity‐related pathologies. The objective of this study was to screen the effects of seaweed extracts of 49 species on adipocyte differentiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during the adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, and to investigate their total phenol contents and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Our results show that high total phenol contents were observed in the extracts of Ecklonia cava (see Table 1 for taxonomic authors) (681.1 ± 16.0 μg gallic acid equivalents [GAE] · g^?1), Dictyopteris undulata (641.3 ± 70.7 μg GAE · g^?1), and Laurencia intermedia (560.9 ± 48.1 μg GAE · g^?1). In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activities were markedly higher in Sargassum macrocarpum (60.2%), Polysiphonia morrowii (55.0%), and Ishige okamurae (52.9%) than those of other seaweed extracts (P < 0.05). Moreover, treatment with several seaweed extracts including D. undulata, Sargassum micracanthum, Chondrus ocellatus, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria verrucosa, and Grateloupia lanceolata significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation and ROS production during differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, the production of ROS was positively correlated with lipid accumulation (R² = 0.8149). According to these preliminary results, some of the seaweed extracts can inhibit ROS generation, which may protect against oxidative stress that is linked to obesity. Further studies are required to determine the molecular mechanism between the verified seaweeds and ROS, and the resulting effects on obesity.

Table 1. List of Korean seaweed extracts of 49 species evaluated in this experiment.

ALGAL RESPONSE TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT IN FORESTED OLIGOTROPHIC STREAM1

Nutrient input in streams alters the density and species composition of attached algal communities in open systems. However, in forested streams, the light reaching the streambed (rather than the local nutrient levels) may limit the growth of these communities. A nutrient‐enrichment experiment in a forested oligotrophic stream was performed to test the hypothesis that nutrient addition has only minor effects on the community composition of attached algae and cyanobacteria under light limitation. Moderate nutrient addition consisted of increasing basal phosphorus (P) concentrations 3‐fold and basal nitrogen (N) concentrations 2‐fold. Two upstream control reaches were compared to a downstream reach before and after nutrient addition. Nutrients were added continuously to the downstream reach for 1 year. Algal biofilms growing on ceramic tiles were sampled and identified for more than a year before nutrient addition to 12 months after. Diatoms were the most abundant taxonomic group in the three stream reaches. Nutrient enrichment caused significant variations in the composition of the diatom community. While some taxa showed significant decreases (e.g., Achnanthes minutissima, Gomphonema angustum), increases for other taxa (such as Rhoicosphenia abbreviata and Amphora ovalis) were detected in the enriched reach (for taxonomic authors, see Table 2 ). Epiphytic and adnate taxa of large size were enhanced, particularly during periods of favorable growth conditions (spring). Nutrients also caused a change in the algal chl a, which increased from 0.5–5.8 to 2.1–10.7 μg chl · cm^?2. Our results indicate that in oligotrophic forested streams, long‐term nutrient addition has significant effects on the algal biomass and community composition, which are detectable despite the low light availability caused by the tree canopy. Low light availability moderates but does not detain the long‐term tendency toward a nutrient‐tolerant community. Furthermore, the effects of nutrient addition on the algal community occur in spite of seasonal variations in light, water flow, and water chemical characteristics, which may confound the observations.

Table 2. Percent abundances of the most frequent taxa in three reaches of the Fuirosos stream. U1 and U2 untreated; E, enriched both in the periods before (bef) and after (aft) the enrichment of the E reach. Acronyms identifying the taxa are indicated.