东亚飞蝗生殖的研究:咽侧体的作用

本文报导了东亚飞蝗生殖活动和内分泌器官之一——咽侧体的关系。从解剖组织学上观察到咽侧体体积增长,并表现出一定的细胞学变化;在雌蝗成虫中,咽侧体特别表现有周期性分泌活动。雌雄飞蝗羽化后1—2日内将咽侧体摘去,对雌雄成虫初期交配活动影响不大:但去咽侧体雄蝗到了后期交配次数较少,而去咽侧体雌蝗卵巢始终不能发育。如果将咽侧体植入正常交配雌蝗或人为孤雌生殖雌蝗体内,则缩短产卵前期并增加产卵量。摘去咽侧体的雌蝗又植入咽侧体,或割断咽侧体的神经连系,对雌蝗卵巢发育并无影响,并照常产下卵块。由此证明咽侧体是控制飞蝗卵巢发育的内分泌中心之一。     

棉花粉蚧雄成虫对雌虫的性选择及日交配节律

研究棉花粉蚧雄成虫对不同虫态、不同日龄雌虫的性选择以及雌雄成虫日交配节律,为该虫性信息素的研究提供科学依据。采用四臂嗅觉仪测定了雄虫对不同虫态以及不同日龄雌虫(3龄若虫、1日龄至8日龄处女雌成虫、已交配雌成虫)的选择性,观察了雄虫与雌成虫日交配节律。结果表明,雄成虫对4日龄处女雌成虫的选择率显著高于其他虫态和日龄,一天内扶桑绵粉蚧交配高峰期出现在7∶00-9∶00。因此,推测4日龄处女雌成虫和上午7∶00-9∶00可能是释放性外激素的旺盛虫期和时间。     

一些因子对七星瓢虫咽侧体活性的影响(英文)

七星瓢虫(Coccmella septimpunctata)为了适应环境的变化,通过咽侧体产生保幼激素的活动调节其生殖作用。为了探索内外因素对咽侧体活动的影响,应用放射化学法及免疫电泳测定了食物、卵巢发育、脑神经肽、保幼激素类似物对卵黄发生期成虫保幼激素生物合成及血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白含量的影响。结果表明咽侧体活性受上述各种因子的影响。咽侧体活性与卵黄原蛋白含量及卵母细胞生长密切相关,说明有反馈作用。食物的质与量影响着咽侧体活性的变化。低剂量外源保幼激素类似物处理成虫则可促使咽侧体活性的变化。脑分泌的神经肽(allatotropin)可活化咽侧体。这些结果表明雌瓢虫保幼激素的生产主要是受起源于脑的促咽侧体信号的调节作用。     

嗜虫书虱性信息素的提取方法和生物活性测定方法

首次利用嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila雄虫分别爬向雌、雄虫的时间确定了嗜虫书虱是雌虫分泌的性信息素,而不是雄虫分泌的聚集信息素。首次在国内外对微小个体的啮齿目昆虫嗜虫书虱L.entomophila性信息素的提取方法和生物活性测定方法进行了研究。在自制圆盘诱捕器的生物活性测定试验中,雄虫爬向雌虫平均只需要(20.00±2.44)min(N=10),而雄虫爬向雄虫的时间平均需要(70.50±6.56)min,两者差异极显著(p<0.01),说明了是雌虫分泌的性信息素。采用有机溶剂(正己烷和二氯甲烷)浸泡法和顶空气体收集方法并用两种溶剂(正己烷和二氯甲烷)进行淋洗收集嗜虫书虱未交尾雌成虫性信息素,分别用自制的圆盘诱捕器和模拟仓诱捕器和“Y”型嗅觉仪三种方法对不同方法提取的性信息素粗提物进行了生物活性测定,结果表明:顶空气体收集法得到的正己烷淋洗液在自制的圆盘诱捕器诱捕法中对雄虫的引诱活性最强,其诱集系数和诱虫数分别是46.3%±4.2%和14.0±1.0,与未交配的雌虫的相当,两者差异不显著(p>0.05),与顶空气体收集法得到的二氯甲烷淋洗液及正己烷浸泡液和二氯甲烷浸泡液的差异均显著(p<0.05)。说明顶空气体收集法用正己烷淋洗方法可以用来收集嗜虫书虱雌成虫性信息素。不同生物活性测定方法研究表明“Y”型嗅觉仪是在理想的状态下进行的选择性试验,其对正己烷淋洗液的诱集系数和诱虫数均较高,分别为55.3%±6.3%和15.0±1.8,与圆盘诱捕法相比差异不显著(p>0.05),和模拟仓诱捕法相比差异显著(p<0.05)。因此在实际应用中主要考虑利用圆盘诱捕法对嗜虫书虱进行诱捕。     

雌性信息素在麻点豹天牛成虫交尾行为中的作用

通过对麻点豹天牛Coscinesthes salicisGressitt成虫交尾行为的观察,发现雌、雄成虫间明显存在着性引诱物质的诱导现象,作者采用溶剂从雌虫体上提取出该物质,并对其生物活性及雄虫的感应方式进行检测,结果证明该信息素提取物在成虫的交尾行为中起着较为关键的作用,雄虫依靠此信息物来寻找和识别雌虫。应用提取物对雄虫所诱发的交尾行为反应与正常状态下的行为相似,经测定雄虫对该性信息素提取物的感应方式主要是接触感应。     

聚集性信息素和植物源信息素对松墨天牛的联合诱捕作用

我们评价了聚集性信息素和植物源信息素对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)在林间的联合诱捕作用,以期研制出更优的引诱剂控制松墨天牛成虫的危害。结果显示,樟子松墨天牛M.galloprovincialis雄虫挥发出来的聚集性信息素2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol对松墨天牛雌雄成虫均有引诱效果,而且樟子松墨天牛性信息素与植物源信息素之间相互增效作用十分显著,比性信息素或植物源信息素单独使用效果提高4⁵倍。松墨天牛雌虫卵巢发育情况显示,成虫期在浙江地区大约持续4个月,松墨天牛成虫期可以分为两个阶段,第一个阶段为取食期(卵巢未成熟),从5月9日到7月9日;第2个阶段为产卵期(卵巢成熟),从6月3日到9月18日,两个阶段在一段时期有重叠。聚集性信息素和植物源信息素联合应用将在防控松墨天牛危害,遏制松材线虫病传播方面发挥重要作用。     

绿盲蝽对性信息素类似物和植物挥发物的触角电位反应

为了更好地利用性信息素类似物与植物挥发物对绿盲蝽Lygus lucorum进行监测和生物防治, 本研究采用电生理学方法测试了绿盲蝽成虫对9种性信息素类似物和12种植物挥发性物质的触角电位(electroantennogram, EAG)反应。结果表明: 在测试的这21种化合物中, 绿盲蝽对丁酸酯类化合物和绿叶气味物质的EAG反应较强; 雄虫对性信息素类似物比雌虫更敏感, 而雌虫对植物挥发物更敏感。其中性信息素类似物中, 绿盲蝽对反-2-丁酸己烯酯的EAG反应最强; 植物挥发物中, 绿盲蝽对反-2-己烯醛的EAG反应最强, 雌虫对反-2-己烯醇、反-2-己烯醛、顺-3-己烯醇等绿叶气味物质的EAG反应相对高于萜类化合物的反应。剂量反应曲线表明, 在测定的浓度范围内, 雄虫对反-2-丁酸己烯酯的反应比雌虫显著高, 而对β 蒎烯的反应则比雌虫显著低。绿盲蝽成虫对性信息素类似物和植物挥发物的EAG反应存在的两性差异具有生态适应意义: 雄虫对性信息素类似物更敏感将更有利于其寻找交配对象, 而雌虫对绿叶气味物质更敏感将更有利于其寻找产卵寄主。     

沙柳木蠹蛾性行为及其性信息素滴度的动态节律

沙柳木蠹蛾Holcocerus arenicola是为害沙柳Salix psammophila的主要钻蛀性害虫之一。在进入暗期后的6 h内,对其求偶行为和交配行为进行观察和记录,调查该虫求偶和交配的活动规律。通过触角电位技术（EAG）和毛细管气相色谱（GC）对性腺体内信息素的滴度进行了分析,以揭示性信息素产生的昼夜节律和雌虫日龄对性信息素合成的影响。结果表明：该虫在暗期0.5~1 h内即开始有求偶行为,最大求偶高峰出现在羽化后的第2晚。交配行为主要发生在暗期的1~2 h内。在各日龄的成虫中,1日龄成虫的交配百分率最高。交配平均时间为24.16±2.64 min,随着日龄的增加,交配时间前移。在实验中,未观察到5~6日龄成虫的交配行为。沙柳木蠹蛾性信息素的体内合成早于求偶行为1~2 h,并在暗期的前2 h内达到峰值。性信息素的滴度随着雌虫日龄的增减而减少,最高值为当日羽化雌虫的腺体提取物。林间诱蛾实验中,处女雌蛾和性腺体提取物对雄蛾均有较好的诱捕效果。本研究表明,在沙柳木蠹蛾的性信息素滴度和性活动之间具有同步关系,同时为进一步利用长距离性信息素防治该虫提供了参考。     

竹横锥大象对寄主及虫体挥发物的行为和触角电位反应

为了探明竹横锥大象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guerin-Meneville是否存在两性间的引诱作用,以及寄主植物慈竹Neosinocalamus affinis笋对两性行为的影响,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了竹横锥大象雌、雄成虫对4种虫体及寄主挥发物不同处理（雌、雄成虫,慈竹笋与雌、雄成虫的复合体）的行为反应,测定了触角不同部位对雌雄成虫3种虫体的提取物（整体、鞘翅、后肠）及其与寄主植物挥发物质联合作用的触角电位反应（EAG）。结果表明：雌成虫挥发物对雄虫有较高的引诱活性,对雌虫有驱避作用;雄成虫挥发物对雌虫有一定的引诱作用。雌、雄成虫对虫体与竹笋复合体气味的行为和电生理反应均显著或极显著高于对相应虫体挥发物的反应。经EAG测定,触角各部位对虫体不同部位挥发物的EAG值差异明显,触角端部对虫体与植物挥发性物质的联合作用EAG反应差异极其显著（P＜0.01）。竹横锥大象对沾染雌雄成虫虫体提取物的玻璃棒有一定的兴奋表现,雌虫兴奋率为6.67%,雄虫为26.67%。结果提示,竹横锥大象种内存在信息素,雌虫释放的信息素对同类雄虫有很强的引诱作用,而雄虫所释放的信息素对同类雌虫有引诱作用,添加寄主植物能够增强两性间的引诱效果。     

Extraction and identification of cuticular semiochemical components of Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guerin-Meneville ( Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

为了确定我国南方竹林主要害虫长足大竹象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guerin-Meneville雌虫是否存在诱引雄虫的化学信息素以及所释放的相关化学信息素的成分,本研究利用风洞和“Y”型嗅觉仪测试到长足大竹象雄虫对雌虫及雌虫体表提取化合物具有正趋向行为反应,随后用GC-EAD和GC-MS对雌虫体表提取化合物进行了分析.在GC-EAD分析时发现雄虫触角对雌虫体表粗提液和体表物质标准品化合物的触角电位反应时有5个GC峰有电生理活性;通过质谱法确定这5个电生理活性GC峰的化学成分分别为苯酚、已酸乙酯、2-壬酮、壬醛和十五酸甲酯.风洞和GCEAD分析表明,这5种成分的标准品化合物对长足大竹象雄虫具有诱引生物活性和触角电生理活性.结果说明长足大竹象雌虫体表粗提液中存在的苯酚、已酸乙酯、2-壬酮、壬醛和十五酸甲酯是长足大竹象成虫的化学信息素物质.     

Lack of humoral control in calling and pheromone release by brain,corpora cardiaca,corpora allata and ovaries of the female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)

Investigations into the physiological regulation of calling behaviour and pheromone release by the adult female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, showed that the brain, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata and ovaries play no significant endocrine role for either calling behaviour or pheromone release. Removal of corpora allata, corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex and ovaries from last-instar larvae had no effect on calling behaviour nor on the pheromone release in the resulting moths. Severing the suboesophageal connectives had no effect on calling, but effectively eliminated pheromone release. Since severing nerves should not remove humoral output from the brain, the regulation on pheromone release appears neural.     

Juvenile hormone induction of pheromone gland PBAN-responsiveness in Helicoverpa armigera females

The maturation of corpora allata (CA) and the competence of pheromone glands in the adult moth Helicoverpa armigera, are both age-related and appear to be correlated. Sex pheromone glands of pharate adults do not produce sex pheromone independently, nor do they respond to exogenous PBAN. Newly emerged moths produce significantly less pheromone than day one moths. JH (juvenile hormone) II was found to be the main JH form produced by CA in vitro. JH II primed pheromone glands of pharate adults to respond to PBAN. In addition, injection or topical application of JH II to newly-emerged females induced pheromone production in the presence of PBAN. Our findings suggest that JH is involved in the initiation of pheromone production of Helicoverpa armigera.     

稻纵卷叶螟对性信息素和花香的嗅觉行为反应及在其种群监测中的应用

[目的]明确稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis生理状态对性信息素和花香气味的嗅觉行为反应的影响,以及在田间性信息素和花香气味诱蛾量的动态.[方法]于2020年在广西、湖南、浙江、四川5个试验点,通过田间网捕、花香气味和性信息素诱捕稻纵卷叶螟成虫,结合解剖卵巢和精巢,比较性信息素和花香诱捕的基本迁...     

飞行对粘虫体内甘油酯积累与咽侧体活性的影响

研究了粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)成虫飞行对甘油酯的恢复、保幼激素的滴度及飞行肌降解的影响, 结果表明,不同日龄粘虫的飞行活动对其能源物质的积累及保幼激素分泌产生不同的影响。1日龄蛾的飞行对粘虫这两方面产生的影响最大,其飞行个体能源物质的积累明显高于未飞行的对照个体; 3日龄飞行个体的能源物质积累与对照相当; 但5日龄飞行个体则很难达到对照水平。1日龄飞行个体咽侧体活性在36 h后明显高于对照,60 h后已是对照的10倍,108 h达到其峰值; 3日龄飞行个体咽侧体的活性稍高于对照,但差别不显著; 5日龄飞行个体的咽侧体活性则稍低于对照。不同日龄飞行对飞行肌的降解也产生不同的影响。1日龄飞行个体的飞行肌在飞行后6 天已经明显低于对照。3、5日龄的飞行活动对其飞行肌降解的影响不明显。因此推测,粘虫咽侧体活化的关键时期可能在羽化后1～3 天之间。     

Juvenile hormones: Their role in the regulation of the pheromonal communication system of the armyworm moth,Pseudaletia unipuncta

Recently, much effort has been devoted to the elucidation of the neuro-endocrine mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis and emission of sex pheromones in the Lepidoptera. The available data indicate that the hormonal mechanisms involved vary considerably among species. For example, compelling evidence that juvenile hormones (JH) play a role in the control of sex pheromone production has been presented only for the armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta. In this species, females that are allatectomized at emergence neither produce nor release pheromone, but both activities are restored following replacement therapy with synthetic JH. However, injection of synthetic JH into neck-ligated females does not induce pheromone biosynthesis, whereas treatment with either a brain homogenate or synthetic PBAN results in a rise in the pheromone titer. These results indicate that the role played by JH is an indirect one and that the tropic factor is a PBAN-like substance. Studies on in vitro JH biosynthesis by isolated corpora allata of P. unipuncta have shown that the low JH output observed early in the life of adult females coincides with the absence of both calling behavior and pheromone production. The subsequent increase in the rates of JH biosynthesis correlates with the onset of pheromone production and release. We have therefore proposed that JH titers must pass a threshold level before the circadian release of PBAN and calling behavior can begin. Furthermore, recent experiments suggest that the continuous presence of JH is necessary for calling behavior to be maintained once initiated. Lastly, we present data suggesting a role for JH or JH acids in the receptivity of P. unipuncta males to the female sex pheromone. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Humoral inhibition of the corpora allata in larvae of Diploptera punctata: Role of the brain and ecdysteroids

Juvenile hormone synthesis by adult female corpora allata was inhibited following implantation into final-larval-instar males; inhibition was prevented by decapitation of the larval hosts on day 11 (prior to the head critical period for moulting), but not by decapitation on day 13. Implantation of one larval protocerebrum restored inhibition of implanted corpora allata, demonstrating that the brain releases an inhibitory factor. Corpora allata implanted into larvae decapitated on day 11 were inhibited by injections of 20-hydroxyecdysone. Since treatment of corpora allata with 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro did not inhibit juvenile hormone synthesis, ecdysteroids probably act indirectly on the corpora allata. Juvenile hormone synthesis and haemolymph ecdysteroid concentration were measured following implantation of corpora allata along with two larval brains into larval hosts. Brain implantation did not affect ecdysteroid concentration, but did inhibit juvenile hormone synthesis, even in animals with low haemolymph ecdysteroid concentration. Incubation with farnesoic acid stimulated juvenile hormone synthesis by corpora allata from males early in the final larval stadium, but not after day 8, showing that one of the final two reactions of juvenile hormone synthesis is rate-limiting in larval corpora allata at this stage. Adult female corpora allata which had been humorally inhibited by implantation into larvae were stimulated by farnesoic acid.     

The control of sexual receptivity in female cockroaches

Female receptivity and sex pheromone production are controlled by different mechanisms. In B. fumigata females the corpora allata control pheromone production. The female's pheromone releases courtship behaviour in the male; he raises his wings exposing his tergum and apparently releases a pheromone. The receptive female is attracted to the male and mounts and ‘feeds’ on his tergum. The mounting and feeding behaviour, which is indicative of female receptivity, is not directly controlled by the corpora allata.

Receptivity in N. cinerea and L. maderae is determined by some event, presumably in the brain, which occurs at about the same time as the onset of activity of the corpora allata. It is suggested that the neurosecretory system is involved in acceptance of the male by the female.     

Change in reductase activity is responsible for senescent decline in sex pheromone titre in the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)

Sex pheromone titre in the tortricid moth Epiphyas postvittana follows a pattern commonly observed in other species of moths: an increase to a peak some time after eclosion (2-3days), and then a slow decline as the female ages. Previous work has shown that this decline is not regulated by the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide PBAN. Using in vivo and in vitro enzyme assays, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analyses of pheromone precursors in the gland, we have investigated this senescent decline in pheromone titre. The enzyme assays have shown that in older females the fatty acid reductase and fatty acid synthesis enzyme systems decrease in activity (relative to younger females), whereas other enzyme systems involved in pheromone biosynthesis, including limited beta-oxidation (2-carbon chain-shortening), (E)-11-desaturation, and acetylation (by an acetyl transferase) remain unchanged in their activity. Of the two enzymatic processes involved, the more important one contributing to the decline appears to be the fatty acid reductase. This is consistent with FAME analyses of pheromone glands in old and young females, which show little difference in levels of saturated FAME, but a significant increase in the level of the putative precursor, (E)-11-tetradecenoate, of the sex pheromone component (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate. Thus, this decline in fatty acid reductase activity results in a buildup of the precursor as the female ages. The near ubiquity of fatty acid reductases in moth sex pheromone systems suggests that this may be a common mechanism for the senescent decline of sex pheromone titre in moths.     

蛾类昆虫性信息素受体及其作用机理

蛾类昆虫性信息素受体首先从烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和家蚕Bombyx mori中鉴定出来, 到目前为止已经克隆得到了19种蛾类昆虫的几十种性信息素受体基因, 并且这些基因在系统发育树中聚成一个亚群。性信息素受体从蛾类蛹期开始表达, 主要表达在雄性触角的毛形感器中, 少部分受体在雌性触角、 雄性触角其他感器以及身体其他部位中也有表达。大部分蛾类性信息素受体的配体并不是单一的, 而是能够对多种性信息素组分有反应, 部分性信息素受体还能够识别性信息素以外的其他物质, 还有一部分性信息素受体的识别配体目前尚不清楚。另外发现在雌性蛾类触角中也存在一些嗅觉受体能够识别雄性分泌的性信息素。在蛾类性信息素受体与性信息素识别的过程中, 性信息素结合蛋白不仅能够特异性地运送配体到嗅觉神经元树状突上, 还能够提高性信息素与性信息素受体之间的结合效率。另外, OrCo类受体与性信息素受体共表达在嗅觉神经元中, 在蛾类性信息素受体与配体的识别过程中扮演了重要角色。但是蛾类信息素对神经元刺激的终止并非由性信息素受体控制, 而是由细胞中的气味降解酶等其他因子调控。蛾类性信息素受体研究中还有很多疑问需要解答, 其过程可能比我们想象的更为复杂。     

The release of a pheromonotropic neuropeptide, PBAN, in the turnip moth Agrotis segetum, exhibits a circadian rhythm

In the female turnip moth, Agrotis segetum, a pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) stimulates sex pheromone biosynthesis which exhibits a daily rhythm. Here we show data supporting a circadian rhythm in PBAN release from the corpora cardiaca, which we propose regulates the endogenous rhythm in sex pheromone biosynthesis. This conclusion is drawn as the observed daily rhythm in PBAN-like immunoreactivity in the hemolymph is persistent in constant darkness and is phase-shifted by an advanced light:dark cycle. PBAN-like immunoreactivity was found in the brain, the optic lobe, the suboesophageal ganglion and in the retrocerebral complex. In each hemisphere ca. 10 immunopositive neurons were observed in the pars intercerebralis and a pair of stained somata in the dorso-lateral protocerebrum. A cluster of cells containing PBAN-like immunoreactive material was found in the tritocerebrum and three clusters of such cells were found in the SOG. Their processes reach the corpora cardiaca via nervi corporis cardiaci and the dorsal surface of the corpora allata via the nervi corporis allati.