水生生物粒径谱/生物量谱研究进展

介绍了水生生物粒径谱概念,粒径谱理论的提出背景及其发展历程。综述了浮游生物、底栖生物、微型生物和鱼类粒径谱的研究现状;并以粒径谱理论在鱼类潜在产量估算方面的应用为重点,介绍了粒径谱理论的应用。回顾了国内生物粒径谱研究现状;结合新陈代谢理论、宏生态学与粒径谱理论的联系,新的粒径测量手段的应用,传统分类方法与粒径方法的关系,以及粒径谱模型研究的特点,展望未来粒径谱研究的前景。认为粒径谱研究已经历了半个多世纪的发展和多个领域的应用,给人们以区别于传统物种分类的崭新视角,成为生态学研究,尤其是水生生态学研究的热点。目前水生生物包括浮游生物、底栖生物、微型生物和鱼类粒径谱/生物量谱的分析方法、模型和理论研究已取得了一些进展,但由于各类生物个体形态、结构呈现多样化,数据获取的难度以及其他各种因素影响,使得研究工作发展缓慢,海洋生物粒径谱研究尤其困难。随着海洋生物资源评估、利用与渔业生态系统管理的需要,应重视加强粒径谱/生物量谱的研究,包括不同类型生物的粒径分布曲线、捕食与被捕食之间的关系、新陈代谢特征、时空尺度变异、粒径谱模型的假设条件和新模型的建立,以及先进测量技术应用等,这将是今后粒径谱/生物量谱研究需要引起关注的重点内容。     

植物甾酮类化合物的谱学规律

通过实验工作并结合大量的文献研究,归纳和总结了植物甾酮的谱学规律。     

姜黄属植物过氧化物酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析姜黄属14种(28个样品)植物的过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明属内种间有明显的酶谱差异,各种都有特征酶谱。根据酶谱特征及酶谱距离,结合根茎颜色,可把14个种分成三群:第一群,根茎黄色至深红色,有姜黄、毛姜黄、郁金、印尼莪术、C.petiolata和C.sP.(2);第二群,根茎灰白色,有广西莪术、大莪术和温郁金;第三群,根茎浅黄而间淡蓝色或深蓝色,有莪术、顶花莪术、细莪术、C.aeruginosa及C.zedoaria。研究结果还表明:1.国产莪术的酶谱与从美国引入的C.zedoaria和C.aeruginosa均不相同,而与引自新加坡的C.Phaeocaulis一致;2.不同形态的广西莪术具有完全一致的酶谱;3.温郁金与郁金的酶谱有差异。     

磁共振谱在肿瘤细胞生物学及抗肿瘤药物研究中的应用

磁共振谱对生物体无损伤性,无破坏性,对化学反应无干扰性,在医学生物学领域得到了广泛应用。本文介绍磁共振谱中的１Ｈ、１３Ｃ、１９Ｆ、３１Ｐ谱在细胞生物学研究中的应用和方法学。另外还介绍了目前３１Ｐ谱在肿瘤细胞生物学和抗肿瘤药物研究中的应用。     

DNA损伤谱的模拟和分析

电离辐射可以导致DNA的简单损伤或复杂损伤。复杂损伤可能引起细胞的死亡和基因突变,损伤的复杂程度对DNA的修复有很大的影响。研究DNA损伤谱对于细胞的修复、凋亡以及放射治疗等有重要意义。利用国际上现有的少量DNA损伤谱的计算结果,用一个简单模拟电离辐射致DNA损伤谱的算法模拟计算并分析了DNA损伤谱,分别给出了电子、质子和a粒子的参数,再现了径迹结构计算的结果。     

系统发育谱（Phylogenetic Profile）生成软件

系统发育谱生成软件（Phylogenetie Profile Generator，PPG）采用Microsoft Visual Basic和Perl两种语言编写，将枸建系统发育谱所涉及的全部过程进行集成，用户只需提供原始的蛋白或核酸序列，软件即可生成所需的系统发育谱，并提供文本和XML两种形式的输出结果。软件具有Windows和Limix两个版本，可提供免费下载。软件下载地址：http：/／life．cnu．edu．cn／kexueyjshow．php？id=56     

系统发育谱构建方法研究

随着后基因组时代的到来,系统发育谱方法作为一种非同源性的功能注释方法,已经被成功的应用到基因组功能预测、蛋白质相互作用预测等一些重要领域的研究中去。本文阐述了系统发育谱法的基本原理,详细地介绍了现有的几种系统发育谱的构建方法,并提出了利用ortholog来构建基因的系统发育谱的思想。     

糖化酶一个主要组分的纯化和有关光谱的测定

采用糖化酶粗酶制剂,经抽提、硫铵分级和ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素层析等程序纯化了糖化酶一个主要组分,并经电泳鉴定被纯化至均一状态,分子量为８９０００。于不同条件下,测定了该组分的圆二色性谱和荧光发射谱,取得了关于该组分构象的一些重要结果。     

蛇毒的核磁共振氢谱研究

本文对不同产地的蝮蛇毒和眼镜蛇毒、五步蛇毒等十六个冻干样品,进行了核磁共振氢谱测试.列出了具有代表性的的氢谱图。从谱图中可看出:每种种属蛇毒均有其特征的核磁共振氢谱,此法在准分子水平上是鉴定蛇毒的一种有效而可靠的方法.     

规模化蛋白质组表达谱的研究进展及其挑战

介绍了规模化蛋白质组表达谱研究的基本技术和方法,简要概述了部分已完成基因组测序的生物体的蛋白质组表达谱研究进展．分析了上述研究所面临的问题和挑战。     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Labellar micromorphology of Bifrenariinae Dressler (Orchidaceae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The two closely related subtribes Bifrenariinae Dressler and Maxillariinae Benth. are easily distinguished on morphological grounds. Recently, however, molecular techniques have supported the inclusion of Bifrenariinae within a more broadly defined Maxillariinae. The present paper describes the diverse labellar micromorphology found amongst representatives of Bifrenariinae (Bifrenaria Lindl., Rudolfiella Hoehne, Teuscheria Garay and Xylobium Lindl.) and compares it with that found in Maxillaria Pabst & Dungs and Mormolyca Fenzl (Maxillariinae). METHODS: The labella of 35 specimens representing 22 species of Bifrenariinae were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and their micromorphology compared with that of Maxillaria sensu stricto and Mormolyca spp. The labellar epidermis of representatives of Bifrenaria, Xylobium and Mormolyca was tested for protein, starch and lipids in order to ascertain whether this tissue is involved in the rewarding of pollinators. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The labella of Bifrenaria spp. and Mormolyca spp. are densely pubescent but those of Xylobium, Teuscheria and Rudolfiella are generally papillose. However, whereas the trichomes of Bifrenaria and Mormolyca are unicellular, those found in the other three genera are multicellular. Hitherto, no unicellular trichomes have been described for Maxillaria, although the labella of a number of species secrete a viscid substance or bear moniliform, pseudopollen-producing hairs. Moniliform hairs and secretory material also occur in certain species of Xylobium and Teuscheria and these genera, together with Maxillaria, are thought to be pollinated by stingless bees (Meliponini). Differences in the labellar micromorphology of Bifrenaria and Mormolyca are perhaps related to Euglossine- and/ or bumble bee-mediated pollination and pseudocopulation, respectively. Although Xylobium and Teuscheria share a number of labellar features with Maxillaria sensu stricto, this does not necessarily reflect taxonomic relationships but may be indicative of convergence in response to similar pollinator pressures.     

How Romanowsky stains work and why they remain valuable — including a proposed universal Romanowsky staining mechanism and a rational troubleshooting scheme

Abstract

An introduction to the nomenclature and concept of “Romanowsky stains” is followed by a brief account of the dyes involved and especially the crucial role of azure B and of the impurity of most commercial dye lots. Technical features of standardized and traditional Romanowsky stains are outlined, e.g., number and ratio of the acidic and basic dyes used, solvent effects, staining times, and fixation effects. The peculiar advantages of Romanowsky staining are noted, namely, the polychromasia achieved in a technically simple manner with the potential for stain intensification of “the color purple.” Accounts are provided of a variety of physicochemically relevant topics, namely, acidic and basic dyeing, peculiarities of acidic and basic dye mixtures, consequences of differential staining rates of different cell and tissue components and of different dyes, the chemical significance of “the color purple,” the substrate selectivity for purple color formation and its intensification in situ due to a template effect, effects of resin embedding and prior fixation. Based on these physicochemical phenomena, mechanisms for the various Romanowsky staining applications are outlined including for blood, marrow and cytological smears; G-bands of chromosomes; microorganisms and other single-cell entities; and paraffin and resin tissue sections. The common factors involved in these specific mechanisms are pulled together to generate a “universal” generic mechanism for these stains. Certain generic problems of Romanowsky stains are discussed including the instability of solutions of acidic dye–basic dye mixtures, the inherent heterogeneity of polychrome methylene blue, and the resulting problems of standardization. Finally, a rational trouble-shooting scheme is appended.     

辽宁省高等植物多样性编目

为给辽宁植物多样性保护提供本底数据, 更准确地评价植物濒危及保护等级, 以及更好地给农学、林学、生态学、系统学等研究提供可靠的基础性数据, 本文首次将几代人在辽宁境内发现的高等植物进行汇总、编目, 包括苔藓植物和维管束植物。苔藓植物根据正式发表的文献和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所东北生物标本馆(IFP)馆藏采自辽宁省全域的苔藓植物标本编制。维管束植物主要根据5个方面的信息整理: 作者多年野外调查的一手资料、文献、同行交流、公众提供信息、标本等。编目内容包括辽宁省高等植物总名录、辽宁省栽培植物名录、辽宁省外来植物名录、辽宁省仅有栽培植物的科属目录、辽宁省仅有外来植物的科属目录; 编目中涉及的物种均有科属地位、中文名、拉丁名、生境、产地(县级), 总名录中附有每个物种的信息凭证, 包括标本信息、文献信息或照片依据。本编目共计收录植物254科1,176属3,241种73亚种447变种119变型。其中, 苔藓植物为辽宁地区首次披露名录信息, 计83科205属491种4亚种7变种(含藓类52科156属373种1亚种5变种, 苔类29科46属114种3亚种2变种, 角苔类2科3属4种)。维管束植物虽非首次披露名录信息, 但与以往发布的维管束植物名录相比, 本次收录的种类数最多, 计171科971属2,750种69亚种440变种119变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科19属47种1亚种13变种2变型, 被子植物147科910属2,607种66亚种420变种117变型)。经统计, 辽宁省所有苔藓植物均为本土野生植物。维管束植物中, 野生植物计149科741属2,077种62亚种378变种93变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物4科8属12种6变种1变型, 被子植物145科133属1,969种60亚种365变种92变型), 栽培植物计104科390属673种7亚种62变种26变型(含裸子植物5科17属35种1亚种7变种1变型, 被子植物99科373属638种6亚种55变种25变型); 本土植物计158科796属2,235种65亚种421变种116变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科14属29种12变种2变型, 被子植物134科740属2,110种63亚种402变种114变型), 外来植物计88科316属515种4亚种19变种3变型(含裸子植物3科10属18种1亚种1变种, 被子植物85科306属497种3亚种18变种3变型)。本编目仅是辽宁省高等植物的阶段性汇总, 尚需要根据野外工作的拓展和研究工作的深入不断完善。     

Cryogenic changes in proteases and antiprotease activities of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos taurus) semen

The postthaw motility and fertility of buffalo and cattle semen is reduced when they are cryopreserved for artificial insemination. In the present study, an attempt was made to characterize the cryogenic changes in proteases and antiprotease activities (APA) of buffalo and cattle semen because these proteolysis regulators have been reported to be associated with sperm motility and fertility. Buffalo sperm demonstrated at least two major proteases of 45 and 42 kDa and three minor proteases of 95, 52, and 33 kDa. Similarly, cattle sperm demonstrated three major proteases of 62, 45, and 42 kDa and two minor proteases of 85 and 78 kDa. Buffalo seminal plasma demonstrated at least three major proteases of 78, 68, and 62 kDa and one minor protease of 98 kDa and cattle seminal plasma demonstrated one major protease of 68 kDa and two minor proteases of 78 and 75 kDa. Except for the 45 kDa protease, most of the previously mentioned proteases were found to be metalloproteinases. Compared with fresh sperm, cryopreserved buffalo and cattle sperm demonstrated a major protease band of 52/49 kDa and the activity of this protease reduced progressively with the duration of cryopreservation. On the contrary, compared with the fresh seminal plasma, cryopreserved buffalo and cattle semen extenders displayed the presence of a new protease band of 45 kDa and demonstrated that this protease activity was leaked from buffalo and cattle cryopreserved spermatozoa. Buffalo and cattle seminal plasmas displayed at least two major APA of 86 and 26 kDa. Compared with buffalo, cattle seminal plasma demonstrated significantly greater APA. Thus, the present study demonstrated the presence of an array of proteases and APA in buffalo and cattle semen and the activities of which changed during cryopreservation. The leakage of the specific protease activity and changes in the proteases and APA might be attributed to reduced motility and fertility of cryopreserved semen in these species.     

Fifty years of hydrobiological research in India

The paper provides an overview of the developments in hydrobiological studies in India during the past fifty years, and links them with a historical perspective of the pre-independence studies. Hydrobiological studies which were well developed in the beginning of this century, gained momentum soon after independence as all kinds of aquatic habitats were investigated for the assessment, conservation and optimum utilization of inland fishery resources of the country. However, the environmental issues which dominated since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, and growing realization of the problem of water pollution, resulted in a rapid proliferation of hydrobiological studies which tend to focus on correlation between the distribution of various organisms and degree of water pollution or the effects of various organic and inorganic pollutants. A sampling of published literature reveals that long-term, analytical and experimental studies of the whole ecosystems (natural or experimental), and studies of population interactions, biomanipulation, food chain dynamics, and energy flows are wholly lacking. The paper calls for the strengthening of field and laboratory facilities, and establishment of regional and national institutes of aquatic ecology which will be necessary for the management of both the water quality and aquatic biological resources for sustainable development.     

Sugars in crop plants

We review current knowledge of the most abundant sugars, sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose, in the world's major crop plants. The sucrose‐accumulating crops, sugar beet and sugar cane, are included, but the main focus of the review is potato and the major cereal crops. The production of sucrose in photosynthesis and the inter‐relationships of sucrose, glucose, fructose and other metabolites in primary carbon metabolism are described, as well as the synthesis of starch, fructan and cell wall polysaccharides and the breakdown of starch to produce maltose. The importance of sugars as hormone‐like signalling molecules is discussed, including the role of another sugar, trehalose, and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway. The Maillard reaction, which occurs between reducing sugars and amino acids during thermal processing, is described because of its importance for colour and flavour in cooked foods. This reaction also leads to the formation of potentially harmful compounds, such as acrylamide, and is attracting increasing attention as food producers and regulators seek to reduce the levels of acrylamide in cooked food. Genetic and environmental factors affecting sugar concentrations are described.     

Lipid composition of pine needle chloroplasts and apple bark tissue as affected by growth temperature and daylength changes. 1. Phospholipids

Phospholipid (PL) and fatty acid composition of chloroplasts of pine needles ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and apple bark tissue ( Malus sylvestris Mill. cv. Golden Delicious) was determined in a series of experiments in which growth temperature and daylength were changed. Trees were exposed to 0 and 20°C and to daylength conditions of 9 and 14 h. All 16 possible combinations were investigated by transfer of the trees from the original condition to each of the other conditions. There was no direct relation between cold hardiness and PL composition in apple bark and pine chloroplasts, when temperature and/or daylength were changed. PL composition seemed to be strongly determined by the sequence of the imposed sets of daylength and temperature. The effect of these environmental factors on PL composition strongly differed from that for cold hardiness. The correlation between the levels of PL (and phosphatidylcholine) and cold hardiness, as reported in the literature, was also evident in this experiment, when treatments, presenting the normal seasonal order, were compared. It seems that the yearly cycle of temperature and daylength is important in determining the PL composition of apple bark and pine chloroplasts.     

Recent advances and prospects in Prunus virology

The stone fruit genus Prunus, within the family Rosaceae, comprises more than 230 species, some of which have great importance or value as ornamental or fruit crops. Prunus are affected by numerous viruses and viroids linked to the vegetative propagation practices in many of the cultivated species. To date, 44 viruses and three viroids have been described in the 9 main cultivated Prunus species. Seven of these viruses and one viroid have been identified in Prunus hosts within the last 5 years. This work addresses recent advances and prospects in the study of viruses and viroids affecting Prunus species, mostly concerning the detection and characterisation of the agents involved, pathogenesis analysis and the search for new control tools. New sequencing technologies are quickly reshaping the way we can identify and characterise new plant viruses and isolates. Specific efforts aimed at virus identification or data mining of high‐throughput sequencing data generated for plant genomics‐oriented purposes can efficiently reveal the presence of known or novel viruses. These technologies have also been used to gain a deeper knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanisms at the gene and miRNA expression level that underlie the interactions between Prunus spp. and their main viruses and viroids. New biotechnological control tools include the transfer of resistance by grafting, the use of new sources of resistance and the development of gene silencing strategies using genetic transformation. In addition, the application of next generation sequencing and genome editing techniques will contribute to improving our knowledge of virus–host interactions and the mechanisms of resistance. This should be of great interest in the search to obtain new Prunus cultivars capable of dealing both with known viruses and viroids and with those that are yet to be discovered in the uncertain scenario of climate change.