芬芥素类脂肽生物表面活性剂的结构性能与合成强化

脂肽类生物表面活性剂由亲水的寡肽和疏水的长链脂肪酸两部分组成,根据其结构特征,可将其分为环状脂肽和线性脂肽两大类。芽孢杆菌合成的环状脂肽主要包含芬芥素、表面活性素和伊枯草菌素三大家族,其中芬芥素表现出显著的抑菌活性,在植物病虫害防治方面具有良好的应用前景。综述了芬芥素的基本结构、合成机理、抑菌性能以及生物合成强化的研究进展,旨在为芬芥素的合成与应用研究提供参考。     

脂肽的分离纯化与结构研究

采用酸沉淀分离、有机溶剂提取、分级沉淀、脱色吸附及制备薄板的方法,从枯草芽孢杆菌HSO121的培养液中分离得到一种脂肽类化合物。茚三酮试验、红外光谱分析表明该脂肽具有环状结构,电喷雾离子化质谱结果显示,该脂肽是分子量为1,022D和1,036D的两个同系物,氨基酸分析及串联质谱分析表明,脂肽的肽链结构为Leu-Leu-Asp-Val-Leu-Leu-Glu,说明它是Surfactin的结构类似物。     

假单胞菌合成环脂肽转录调控的研究进展

假单胞菌所合成的环脂肽是一类由环状的寡肽连接一个脂肪酸链组成的两亲性分子,利用巯基化模块由非核糖体肽合成酶合成。环脂肽的生物合成受到严格、复杂的调控,GacS/GacA双组分系统和群体感应系统是其中两类重要的调控系统。本文总结假单胞菌合成环脂肽的调控机制及相关调控因子;对基于PCR的高通量分子筛选方法获取特定环脂肽进行分析,同时对基于调控机制的遗传改造提高假单胞菌产环脂肽的能力和获取更多新型环脂肽等方面的应用进行 展望。     

脂肽的分离纯化与结构研究*

采用酸沉淀分离、有机溶剂提取、分级沉淀、脱色吸附及制备薄板的方法,从枯草芽孢杆菌HSO121的培养液中分离得到一种脂肽类化合物。茚三酮试验、红外光谱分析表明该脂肽具有环状结构,电喷雾离子化质谱结果显示,该脂肽是分子量为1022D和1036D的两个同系物,氨基酸分析及串联质谱分析表明,脂肽的肽链结构为Leu-Leu-AspValLeu-Leu-Glu,说明它是Surfactin的结构类似物。     

环脂肽类生物表面活性剂结构、功能及生物合成

环脂肽是由微生物产生的一类生物表面活性剂,由亲水的肽环和亲油的脂肪烃链两部分组成,具有独特的化学结构和生理功能。除具表面活性外,环脂肽还具有抗真菌、抗细菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等生物活性,具有广阔的应用前景,但我国对这一领域的研究却刚刚起步。本文介绍了目前已知环脂肽的结构类型、结构与功能的关系、相关功能特点等,着重介绍了环脂肽生物合成的非核糖体多酶体系及合成酶基因操纵子,并对环脂肽的应用前景进行了展望。     

枯草芽孢杆菌JA脂肽类及挥发性物质抑菌效应的研究

枯草芽孢杆菌JA产生的脂肽类抗生素对植物病原真菌有广谱抗性。将发酵液经过酸沉淀、甲醇抽提以及反相高效液相色谱等步骤, 分离得到脂肽类抗生素的纯品。经IC50实验和抗菌谱测定, 考察了脂肽类抗生素对多种植物病原菌的作用, 确定了脂肽类抗生素的抗菌谱。深入研究表明, 枯草芽孢杆菌JA还产生未知成分的挥发性抑菌物质, 能够抑制灰霉病菌孢子的萌发和菌丝的生长。脂肽类抗生素和挥发性抑菌物质的协同作用, 有助于提高枯草芽孢杆菌的生物防治效果。     

微生物源脂肽的生物合成和分子调控

微生物源脂肽具有抑制真菌和细菌的生长、抗病毒和抗肿瘤等多种生物活性,在农业生物防治、临床医疗、环境治理等多种领域具有巨大的应用潜力。然而,低产量一直是影响其推广应用的瓶颈。深入了解脂肽合成的关键因素和调控策略对于提高其产量和纯度至关重要。本文概括了3大家族脂肽surfactin、fengycin和iturin的结构、功能及应用前景,介绍了NRPS和NRPS-PKS两种合成系统的结构域和功能,阐释了脂肽生物合成过程中侧链脂肪酸的合成、脂肪酸的活化及与氨基酸的连接、肽链的延伸和环化三个阶段的模块组装和酶催化活动,以及三大家族脂肽合成操纵子开放阅读框的组成;总结了导入或缺失关键基因、定点突变、模块替换、强启动子替换、修饰前体路径等多种遗传操作对脂肽产量的影响,以及群体感应肽信息素、sigma因子等全局调控因子对脂肽合成基因表达的调节。指出利用多组学联用深入探讨脂肽合成的全局分子调控机制和加强结构域蛋白互作和分子动力学研究是提高脂肽产量和纯度以及创造新脂肽的理论基础,提出了利用基因组装和编辑等合成生物学方法及代谢工程技术提高脂肽产量和挖掘新型脂肽靶向性的可能途径,为推进脂肽的生产和应用进程提供科学参考。     

环脂肽类生物表面活性剂结构、功能及生物合成*

环脂肽是由微生物产生的一类生物表面活性剂,由亲水的肽环和亲油的脂肪烃链两部分组成,具有独特的化学结构和生理功能。除具表面活性外,环脂肽还具有抗真菌、抗细菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等生物活性,具有广阔的应用前景,但我国对这一领域的研究却刚刚起步。本文介绍了目前已知环脂肽的结构类型、结构与功能的关系、相关功能特点等,着重介绍了环脂肽生物合成的非核糖体多酶体系及合成酶基因操纵子,并对环脂肽的应用前景进行了展望。     

Bacillus natto TK-1产脂肽的纯化、抑菌活性及其表面活性剂特性

利用酸沉、醇提和薄层层析等方法从Bacillus natto TK-1 发酵液中分离得到脂肽。TLC结果表明,在迁移值Rf 0.58-0.65处出现单一紫红色条带其为脂肽粗提物。脂肽的临界胶束浓度约115mg/L。在浓度为512mg/L时,脂肽能将水的表面张力显著地降低到30.1mN/m。同时,通过体外抗粘连实验表明,脂肽能显著抑制沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对96孔板固体表面的粘附,其中,对沙门氏菌的抗粘连效果较为明显。通过平板扩散法考察脂肽抑菌活性,结果表明脂肽具有较广泛的抑菌谱,对灰霉和镰胞霉的抑菌能力较强。     

猪骨胶原蛋白肽缓解高脂饮食诱导小鼠肝脏氧化应激的基因芯片分析

本研究探讨猪骨胶原蛋白肽降血脂作用和抑制高脂饮食诱导肝脏抗氧化应激的作用机理。40只小鼠分为5组,分别饲喂6 w正常日粮、高脂日粮、添加1.6%钙的高脂日粮、添加1%胶原蛋白肽的高脂日粮和添加1.6%钙+1%胶原蛋白肽的高脂日粮。研究发现:与正常组相比,高脂日粮小鼠血脂和体重明显升高。1.6%钙处理可抑制体重过度升高,1%胶原蛋白肽和高钙可协同抑制调节血脂,防止体重升高。高脂主要通过影响肝脏生理节律和过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体信号通路引起脂代谢异常,高钙和骨胶原蛋白肽可显著抑制肝脏氧化应激,抑制生理节律紊乱。     

Antimicrobial lipopolypeptides composed of palmitoyl Di- and tricationic peptides: in vitro and in vivo activities, self-assembly to nanostructures, and a plausible mode of action

Antimicrobial lipopeptides are produced nonribosomally in bacteria and fungi during cultivation. They are composed of a cationic or an anionic peptide covalently bound to a specifically modified aliphatic chain. Most of the peptidic moieties have complex cyclic structures. Here we report that conjugation of a palmitic acid to the N-terminus of very short cationic di- and tripeptides composed of all l- and d, l-amino acids endowed them with potent antimicrobial activities. Interestingly, cell specificity was determined by the sequence of the short peptidic chain. Palmitoyllysine served as a control and was inactive toward all microorganisms tested. Replacing an l-amino acid with its d-enantiomer did not affect the activity of the corresponding lipopeptides. Importantly, selected lipopeptides were also potent in vivo in a mouse model of Candida albicans infection. Bacterial leakage experiments and negative staining electron microscopy suggest that their mode of action involves permeation and disintegration of the microorganism's membrane, similar to many long antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides. Interestingly, each lipopeptide assembled in solution into a nanostructure with a unique morphology which could partially explain differences in their biological activity. Besides adding important information on the parameters necessary for antimicrobial lipopeptides to kill microorganisms, the simple composition of these minilipopeptides and their diverse cell specificities make them attractive candidates for various applications.     

Determination of the structure of the fatty acid chain in a cyclic lipopeptide using GC-MS

A GC-EIMS method to determine the structure of the fatty acid chains in cyclic lipopeptides is described. The structure of the fatty acid chains can be determined by the characteristic peaks of the MS spectrogram according to the fact that the alpha cleavage predominates the MS of a fatty acid with amino and hydroxy groups, while the McLafferty rearrangement predominates the MS of one without amino or hydroxy group. The characteristics of the strongest peaks of 103 and 102 in MS spectrograms due to alpha cleavage represent the beta-hydroxy-fatty acid and the beta-amino fatty acid, respectively; the strongest peak of 117 due to alpha cleavage and the relatively weak peak of 88 due to McLafferty rearrangement indicate the beta-hydroxy-fatty acid with a branched methyl group at its alpha position. The strongest peak of 74 due to McLafferty suggests the fatty acid without hydroxy or amino group. The ratio of relative intensity (I(43)/I(57)) characterizes the branches of alkyl chains. The greater I(43)/I(57) corresponds to an iso alkyl, and the smaller I(43)/I(57) corresponds to an anteiso alkyl. This method can be used to determine the full structure of the fatty acid chains in lipopeptides.     

Determination of the amino acid sequence in a cyclic lipopeptide using MS with DHT mechanism

A TOF MS/MS method to directly determine the amino acid sequence in a cyclic lipopeptide without its hydrolysis is described. The fragments of the peptide and the hydrocarbon chains were identified through comparing the MS of two analogues of the lipopeptide; the connecting relationship of amino acid residues in the lipopeptide was determined based on the difference of mass to charge ratio between peaks in the MS spectra and the amino acid analysis; and finally, according to the mechanism of double hydrogen transfer(DHT) the C-terminal of peptide and hydroxy aliphatic acid in the lipopeptide was directly determined without the hydrolysis. The determined sequence of amino acid residues in the cyclic lipopeptide is also supported by the rest peaks in the MS spectra grounded on simple fragmenting mechanism. This method can be used to determine the amino acid sequence in any aliphatic acid loop-inlaying cyclic lipopeptides.     

Structural characterization of eight cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis HSO121

Lipopeptides are amphiphilic compounds which contain both hydrophobic fatty acid moieties and amphiphilic peptide moieties. From the cell-free broth of Bacillus subtilis HSO121, eight cyclic lipopeptides were isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The peptide part of each lipopeptide was elucidated according to electrospray ionization quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI Q-TOF MS) and the fatty acid part was analyzed by electroionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (EI GC/MS). It showed that fractions 1-8 had molecular masses of 1007, 1021, 1021, 1035, 1035, 1035, 1063, and 1049, respectively. Analysis of hydrolyzed lipopeptides revealed that they had invariant amino acid compositions. The differences in molecular weights represent changes in the number of methylene groups and different types of branched chains in fatty acids. Peptide sequences of two of the eight lipopeptides appeared to be N-Asp-Leu-Leu-Val-Glu-Leu-Leu-C, which was different from previously reported lipopeptides. The remaining six had an identical peptide sequence of N-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Asp-Leu-Leu-C. The fatty acid parts were found to be mixtures of iso C(12), iso C(13), anteiso C(13), iso C(14), n C(14), iso C(15), anteiso C(15), n C(15), anteiso C(16) and anteiso C(17) beta-hydroxy fatty acids. The structure of each lipopeptide was determined to be the beta-hydroxy fatty acid bonded to the peptide chain.     

合成生物学指导下芽孢杆菌合成环脂肽的研究进展*

近年来,合成生物学借助工程化在人工生命系统的设计与构建方面取得了长足进展,特别是“细胞工厂”的开发和应用为天然产物的合成带来了深刻变革。环脂肽是一类新型的天然表面活性剂,因其特殊的结构和功能亦可作为抗生素使用。目前,合成环脂肽最理想的微生物底盘是芽孢杆菌。因此,许多研究者致力于通过合成生物学技术来提升芽孢杆菌作为环脂肽细胞工厂的性能。首先,对芽孢杆菌中环脂肽的非核糖体肽合成途径进行概述;其次,重点介绍与环脂肽合成相关的调控因子;再次,从底盘细胞的选择、基因编辑工具的开发、合成路径的优化及发酵过程的优化等四个方面对合成生物学指导下环脂肽的相关研究进展进行总结;最后,讨论环脂肽合成中可能存在的挑战,并就未来研究趋势进行展望,以期为高效环脂肽细胞工厂的开发提供参考。     

Synthesis of thiol-reactive lipopeptide adjuvants. Incorporation into liposomes and study of their mitogenic effect on mouse splenocytes

Synthetic analogues of triacylated and diacylated lipopeptides derived from the N-terminal domain of respectively bacterial and mycoplasmal lipoproteins are highly potent immunoadjuvants when administered either in combination with protein antigens or covalently linked to small peptide epitopes. Because of their amphipathic properties, lipopeptides, such as S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-cysteinyl-alanyl-glycine (Pam(3)CAG), can be conveniently incorporated into liposomes and serve as anchors for antigens that are linked to them. To design vaccination constructs based on synthetic peptides and liposomes as vectors. we have accordingly synthesized a series of lipopeptides that differ by the number (Pam(3)C vs Pam(2)C) and nature of the acyl chains (palmitoyl vs oleoyl) and by the presence at their C-terminus of thiol-reactive functions, such as maleimide or bromoacetyl. When incorporated into liposomes, these latter functionalized lipopeptides allow, in aqueous media, a well controlled chemoselective conjugation of HS-peptides to the surface of the vesicles. Using a BALB/c mice splenocyte proliferation assay ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation), we have measured the lymphocyte activation potency of the different lipopeptides. We found that, compared to their free (emulsified) forms, the liposomal lipopeptides were endowed with enhanced mitogenic activities; i.e., up to 2 orders of magnitude for Pam(3)CAG which was more potent than Pam(2)CAG. The impact of functionalization on the cellular activity of Pam(3)CAG was dependent on the thiol-reactive group introduced: whereas the bromoacetyl derivative retained its full activity, the presence of a maleimide group virtually abolished the lymphocyte activation of the lipopeptide. Finally, the substitution of saturated palmitoyl chains by unsaturated oleoyl chains was inhibitory. Thus, thiol-reactive Ol(3)CAG derivatives were the least active mitogens in our assay. Taken together, our findings are of importance for the further optimization of antigen-specific liposomal-based synthetic vaccines; the bromoacetyl derivative of Pam(3)CAG should be a promising lipopeptide derivative serving as an anchor for peptide epitopes while retaining its lymphocyte activation activity.     

Biological activity of lipopeptides from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis>

The lipopeptides of Bacillus are small metabolites that contain a cyclic structure formed by 7–10 amino acids (including 2–4 d-amino acids) and a beta-hydroxy fatty acid with 13–19 C atoms. These lipopeptides exhibit a variety of biological activities, including interactions with biofilms, and anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, and anti-platelet properties. The multiple activities of lipopeptides have stimulated significant interest in the exploitation of these lipopeptides for use as antibiotics, feed additives, anti-tumor agents, urgent thrombolytic therapeutic agents, and drug delivery systems. Understanding the natural function of these structurally diverse lipopeptides in Bacillus provides insight into microbial regulatory programs and is required for efficient development of more effective products. Currently, there is still insufficient knowledge of the direct target of these lipopeptides, and continued efforts are needed to enhance their biosynthesis efficiency for industrial applications.     

芽孢杆菌几种重要抗菌脂肽研究进展

多种芽孢杆菌为益生菌,能分泌多种天然抗菌活性物质,其中脂肽是重要的一类。目前已鉴定的脂肽约有90多种,多数为环脂肽。脂肽中表面活性素(surfactin)、伊枯草菌素(iturin)、芬原素(fengycin)、杆菌霉素(bacillomycin)、多粘菌素(polymyxins)等是研究最广泛的脂肽。其中surfactin、iturin、fengycin由于其具有表面活性剂特性及抗真菌、抗细菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗炎症等功能,应用潜力巨大。本文对surfactin、iturin及fengycin的结构、功能、合成调控及其分离纯化和生产等方面的研究进展进行了评述。合成生物学是提高脂肽产量的重要手段,未来脂肽可用于种植业、养殖业、食品、医药、石油工业和环保等领域,因此需要在新型脂肽的发现、高产活性脂肽的生产、脂肽低廉生产技术的研发及安全性的评估等方面加强研究。     

More than anticipated - production of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42

The genome of environmental Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 harbors numerous gene clusters involved in synthesis of antifungal and antibacterial acting secondary metabolites. Five gene clusters, srf, bmy, fen, nrs, dhb, covering altogether 137 kb, direct non-ribosomal synthesis of the cyclic lipopeptides surfactin, bacillomycin, fengycin, an unknown peptide, and the iron siderophore bacillibactin. Bacillomycin and fengycin were shown to act against phytopathogenic fungi in a synergistic manner. Three gene clusters, mln, bae, and dif, with a total length of 199 kb were shown to direct synthesis of the antibacterial acting polyketides macrolactin, bacillaene, and difficidin. Both, non-ribosomal synthesis of cyclic lipopeptides and synthesis of polyketides are dependent on the presence of a functional sfp gene product, 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase, as evidenced by knockout mutation of the sfp gene resulting in complete absence of all those eight compounds. In addition, here we present evidence that a gene cluster encoding enzymes involved in synthesis and export of the antibacterial acting dipeptide bacilysin is also functional in FZB42. In summary, environmental FZB42 devoted about 340 kb, corresponding to 8.5% of its total genetic capacity, to synthesis of secondary metabolites useful to cope with other competing microorganisms present in the plant rhizosphere.