浑善达克沙地榆树疏林和小叶杨人工林碳密度特征及其与林龄的关系

榆树(Ulmus pumila)疏林是浑善达克沙地的地带性隐域植被, 小叶杨(Populus simonii)是该区域主要的防风固沙造林树种。该文通过测定两种森林生态系统乔木层(叶、枝、干、根)、草本层(地上植被和地下根系)和土壤层(0-100 cm)的碳含量, 比较了两种森林生态系统的碳密度及其分配特征, 并运用空间代替时间的方法, 阐明了乔木层、土壤层和总碳密度随林龄增加的变化特征, 估算了两种森林生态系统的固碳速率。结果表明, 榆树疏林乔木层和土壤层平均碳含量都低于小叶杨人工林, 榆树疏林生态系统总碳密度是小叶杨人工林的1/2。两种森林生态系统的总碳密度中, 乔木层碳密度和土壤层碳密度总占比98%以上; 土壤层与植被层碳密度的比值随林龄的增加而降低, 过熟林时该比值分别为1.66 (榆树疏林)和1.87 (小叶杨人工林); 榆树疏林和小叶杨人工林的乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的总碳密度随林龄的增加而增加, 其中乔木层碳密度及榆树疏林总碳密度与林龄均呈现出显著的线性正相关关系。小叶杨人工林乔木层的固碳速率约为榆树疏林的5倍, 榆树疏林生态系统和小叶杨人工林生态系统的总固碳速率分别为0.81 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1和5.35 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1。这一研究结果有利于估算沙地森林生态系统的碳储量, 为区域生态环境恢复和增加碳汇的政策制定提供依据。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨生物生态学特性调查

对胡杨、灰叶胡杨6个不同居群的分布、生境概况、生物学、生态学特性进行了调查,研究结果表明生境条件不同,居群的开花物候期、生长发育状况、花果产量、种子繁殖和营养繁殖以及群落的结构、繁茂程度等有所不同。地下水位在3～7m的居群,生长发育不良,种子繁殖和营养繁殖率很低,群落年龄结构老化,居群呈衰退趋势,影响因素是地下水位、土壤水分和土壤盐分的变化;地下水位在1．5～2．5m的居群,生长正常,花果产量高。胡杨、灰叶胡杨在所处各群落中均为建群种,群落垂直结构一般分为3层,群落水平结构的不郁闭性和林窗现象普遍。     

Proteome profiling of Populus euphratica Oliv. upon heat stress

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Populus euphratica is a light-demanding species ecologically characterized as a pioneer. It grows in shelter belts along riversides, being part of the natural desert forest ecosystems in China and Middle Eastern countries. It is able to survive extreme temperatures, drought and salt stress, marking itself out as an important plant species to study the mechanisms responsible for survival of woody plants under heat stress. METHODS: Heat effects were evaluated through electrolyte leakage on leaf discs, and LT(50) was determined to occur above 50 degrees C. Protein accumulation profiles of leaves from young plants submitted to 42/37 degrees C for 3 d in a phytotron were determined through 2D-PAGE, and a total of 45 % of up- and downregulated proteins were detected. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF analysis, combined with searches in different databases, enabled the identification of 82 % of the selected spots. KEY RESULTS: Short-term upregulated proteins are related to membrane destabilization and cytoskeleton restructuring, sulfur assimilation, thiamine and hydrophobic amino acid biosynthesis, and protein stability. Long-term upregulated proteins are involved in redox homeostasis and photosynthesis. Late downregulated proteins are involved mainly in carbon metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate heat response involves proteins related to lipid biogenesis, cytoskeleton structure, sulfate assimilation, thiamine and hydrophobic amino acid biosynthesis, and nuclear transport. Photostasis is achieved through carbon metabolism adjustment, a decrease of photosystem II (PSII) abundance and an increase of PSI contribution to photosynthetic linear electron flow. Thioredoxin h may have a special role in this process in P. euphratica upon moderate heat exposure.     

The effect of flutter on the temperature of poplar leaves and its implications for carbon gain

The leaf temperatures of two poplar species (Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. fremontii Wats.) were characterized by attaching thermocouples to leaves that were either constrained to a fixed position or allowed to flutter naturally. There were no observed temperature differences between fluttering and constrained leaves in the lower canopy, but fluttering leaves at the top of the canopy were as much as 2–4°C cooler than constrained leaves. An increase in heat transfer, a decrease in light interception or both could account for these observed differences in the temperature of fluttering versus constrained leaves. Fluttering can increase the boundary-layer conductance to convective heat exchange by as much as 50 and 20% for laminar and turbulent flow, respectively. The benefit that these leaf temperature differences may provide to the carbon economy of a poplar canopy was dependent on the ambient temperature. Populus fremontii, which is frequently exposed to daytime temperatures exceeding 35°C during summer months in the central valley of California, USA, could show an increase in carbon gain as a result of lower upper canopy leaf temperatures. For aspen, the benefit would be much smaller and often negative because of much lower air temperatures. Lower leaf temperatures may also increase the water use efficiency of poplars. However, the maintenance of lower leaf temperatures may not be the primary adaptive significance of leaf flutter.     

Soil carbon and belowground carbon balance of a short‐rotation coppice: assessments from three different approaches

Uncertainty in soil carbon (C) fluxes across different land‐use transitions is an issue that needs to be addressed for the further deployment of perennial bioenergy crops. A large‐scale short‐rotation coppice (SRC) site with poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix) was established to examine the land‐use transitions of arable and pasture to bioenergy. Soil C pools, output fluxes of soil CO₂, CH₄, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and volatile organic compounds, as well as input fluxes from litter fall and from roots, were measured over a 4‐year period, along with environmental parameters. Three approaches were used to estimate changes in the soil C. The largest C pool in the soil was the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and increased after four years of SRC from 10.9 to 13.9 kg C m^?2. The belowground woody biomass (coarse roots) represented the second largest C pool, followed by the fine roots (Fr). The annual leaf fall represented the largest C input to the soil, followed by weeds and Fr. After the first harvest, we observed a very large C input into the soil from high Fr mortality. The weed inputs decreased as trees grew older and bigger. Soil respiration averaged 568.9 g C m^?2 yr^?1. Leaching of DOC increased over the three years from 7.9 to 14.5 g C m^?2. The pool‐based approach indicated an increase of 3360 g C m^?2 in the SOC pool over the 4‐year period, which was high when compared with the ?27 g C m^?2 estimated by the flux‐based approach and the ?956 g C m^?2 of the combined eddy‐covariance + biometric approach. High uncertainties were associated to the pool‐based approach. Our results suggest using the C flux approach for the assessment of the short‐/medium‐term SOC balance at our site, while SOC pool changes can only be used for long‐term C balance assessments.     

Repeated unidirectional introgression towards Populus balsamifera in contact zones of exotic and native poplars

As the evolutionary significance of hybridization is largely dictated by its extent beyond the first generation, we broadly surveyed patterns of introgression across a sympatric zone of two native poplars ( Populus balsamifera , Populus deltoides ) in Quebec, Canada within which European exotic Populus nigra and its hybrids have been extensively planted since the 1800s. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that appeared fixed within each species were characterized by DNA-sequencing pools of pure individuals. Thirty-five of these diagnostic SNPs were employed in a high-throughput assay that genotyped 635 trees of different age classes, sampled from 15 sites with various degrees of anthropogenic disturbance. The degree of admixture within sampled trees was then assessed through Bayesian clustering of genotypes. Hybrids were present in seven of the populations, with 2.4% of all sampled trees showing spontaneous admixture. Sites with hybrids were significantly more disturbed than pure stands, while hybrids comprised both immature juveniles and trees of reproductive age. All three possible F1s were detected. Advanced-generation hybrids were consistently biased towards P. balsamifera regardless of whether hybridization had occurred with P. deltoides or P. nigra. Gene exchange between P. deltoides and P. nigra was not detected beyond the F1 generation; however, detection of a trihybrid demonstrates that even this apparent reproductive isolation does not necessarily result in an evolutionary dead end. Collectively, results demonstrate the natural fertility of hybrid poplars and suggest that introduced genes could potentially affect the genetic integrity of native trees, similar to that arising from introgression between natives.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨开花生物学特性研究

从居群水平研究了胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同居群的开花物候特征.结果表明:胡杨、灰叶胡杨各居群均表现为雄株开花物候早于雌株,一般可授期开始较散粉期晚1～4 d,结束较散粉期晚2～5 d,并且居群散粉期和可授期的重叠期较长.在同一居群内,胡杨、灰叶胡杨同性单株间开花期的不一致性较高.两个种相比较,胡杨居群的开花进程比灰叶胡杨居群早2～5 d,并且从每日开花株数累积分布来看,胡杨散粉期、可授期为双峰型,灰叶胡杨为单峰型.     

Canopy gradients in leaf intercellular CO2 mole fractions revisited: interactions between leaf irradiance and water stress need consideration

Intercellular CO₂ mole fractions (C_i) are lower in the upper canopy relative to the lower canopy leaves. This canopy gradient in C_i has been associated with enhanced rates of carbon assimilation at high light, and concomitant greater draw‐downs in C_i. However, increases in irradiance in the canopy are generally also associated with decreases in leaf water availability. Thus, stress effects on photosynthesis rates (A) and stomatal conductance (G), may provide a further explanation for the observed C_i gradients. To test the hypotheses of the sources of canopy variation in C_i, and quantitatively assess the influence of within‐canopy differences in stomatal regulation on A, the seasonal and diurnal variation in G was studied in relation to seasonal average daily integrated quantum flux density (Q_int) in tall shade‐intolerant Populus tremula L. trees. Daily time‐courses of A were simulated using the photosynthesis model of Farquhar et al. (Planta 149, 78–90, 1980). Stable carbon isotope composition of a leaf carbon fraction with rapid turnover rate was used to estimate canopy gradient in C_i during the simulations. Daily maximum G (G_max) consistently increased with increasing Q_int. However, canopy differences in G_max decreased as soil water availability became limiting during the season. In water‐stressed leaves, there were strong mid‐day decreases in G that were poorly associated with vapour pressure deficits between the leaf and atmosphere, and the magnitude of the mid‐day decreases in G occasionally interacted with long‐term leaf light environment. Simulations indicated that the percentage of carbon lost due to mid‐day stomatal closure was of the order of 5–10%, and seasonal water stress increased this percentage up to 20%. The percentage of carbon lost due to stomatal closure increased with increasing Q_int. Canopy differences in light environment resulted in a gradient of daily average C_i of approximately 20 µmol mol^?1. The canopy variation in seasonal and diurnal reductions in G led to a C_i gradient of approximately 100 µmol mol^?1, and the actual canopy C_i gradient was of the same magnitude according to leaf carbon isotope composition. This study demonstrates that stress effects influence C_i more strongly than within‐canopy light gradients, and also that leaves acclimated to different irradiance and water stress conditions may regulate water use largely independent of foliar photosynthetic potentials.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分的研究

对不同居群的胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分进行分析,结果表明,胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～12g·kg-1、38～44g·kg-1、21～62g·kg-1、1.9～2.3g·kg-1;灰叶胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～10g·kg-1、38～48g·kg-1、14～41g·kg-1、2.3～2.5g·kg-1.胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同居群种子中大量元素含量均以N最高,分别为6.0～6.9g·kg-1、6.3～7.6g·kg-1;微量元素含量排序一致,依次为Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Ni>Cd.统计分析表明,不同居群种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量均呈现极显著差异;而淀粉与微量元素含量除一些差异不显著外,其余均达显著或极显著水平.     

转几丁质酶基因黑杨的获得

以G1黑杨幼叶为外植体建立了组织培养高频再生体系 ,对传统的农杆菌介导法进行了改进 ,用来自于菜豆的几丁质酶基因 (CH5B)进行转化 ,经PCR和PCR Southern杂交鉴定 ,证实CH5B基因已整合入G1黑杨核基因组中。     

氮肥对2个杨树品种碳氮代谢的影响

研究以‘丹红’杨(美洲黑杨)和‘通辽1号’杨(小叶杨)为材料,在田间进行施氮肥和不施氮肥处理,分析2个杨树品种的生长性状、碳氮相关代谢物和发育木质部转录组的变化特征,探讨不同杨树品种氮肥利用的生理机制,为杨树的氮高效利用遗传育种奠定基础。结果表明:(1)‘丹红’杨和‘通辽1号’杨的总生物量在施氮处理后分别比不施氮处理提高了1.69倍和1.10倍;‘丹红’杨的总生物量在施氮肥和不施氮肥条件下分别是‘通辽1号’杨的13倍和10倍。(2)施氮处理显著抑制‘丹红’杨和‘通辽1号’杨树皮和木质部中总氮和多种水解氨基酸的含量,但是没有明显影响木质部的总碳、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量。(3)施氮处理显著影响了2个杨树品种发育木质部碳固定、糖代谢、氨基酸合成等碳氮代谢途径的基因的高表达,从而促进了植株生物量的积累。研究发现,施氮处理可以显著促进杨树发育木质部碳氮代谢途径相关基因的高表达,从而促进了杨树生物量的积累和生长;‘丹红’杨的木材产量在不同的氮素环境下都远远高于‘通辽1号’杨,更加适合人工林的大面积推广和种植。     

Alterations in carbohydrate levels in leaves of Populus due to ambient air pollution

Cuttings of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen and Populus maximowiczii Henri × Populus nigra L. cv. Rochester were exposed for 6 weeks in open-top chambers to investigate effects of realistic mixtures of ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides on carbohydrate levels. Whereas the total main nonstructural carbohydrates in the leaves were reduced, those in the roots were nearly not affected. The reduction in leaf carbohydrates was associated with a significant decrease in starch. In contrast, sucrose and especially glucose were increased, causing a shift in the starch to sucrose and the starch to glucose ratios. The effects were strongest in the older leaves of both cultivars, with cv. Loenen, especially, responding to ozonic mixtures. In the petioles, sucrose and glucose were unchanged or, in some cases, decreased. The alterations in carbohydrate levels were coupled to a reduction in both total fresh weight of leaves and total dry matter of roots, and were attributed to an air pollution-dependent demand for energy and carbon in leaves.     

Karyotype Comparison of Populus SectTacamahaca

The paper identified and compared the karyotypes of 10 species(varieties) of Populus sectTacamhaca.The results were as follows:Ppseudo simonii Kitag.2n=38=27m+6sm(1SAT)+4st(2SAT)+1t(1SAT);Ptrichocarpa Torr.2n=38=2M+18m(1SAT)+8sm+10st(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Beijing 2n=38=1M+24m+6sm+7st(2SAT);Pבpopularis’ 2n=38=3M+27m+2sm(1SAT)+4st(2SAT)+2t(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Wutai 2n=38=5M+22m+4sm+5st+2t(2SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Gansulinxiaman 2n=38=2M+28m+1sm+7st(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Qinghai 2n=38=1M+27m+3sm+6st(3SAT)+1t(1SAT);Pcathayana×Zhongqing 10 2n=38=1M+26m+4sm+5st(2SAT)+2t(2SAT);Pcathayana×Zhongqing 48 2n=38=16m+10sm(1SAT)+10st(2SAT)+2t(1SAT).The results showed definite karyotype differences among the species of Tacamhaca.The karyotypes of most species(varieties) are made of m and sm and a few with st and t chromosomes.The karyotypes of Tacamhaca were all of 2B type of Stebbins.This study provided important basic data for taxon of Populus.     

基于树轮稳定碳同位素的张北杨树防护林退化原因解析

三北防护林是京津冀地区重要的生态屏障,但近十年来张北县4/5的杨树防护林出现退化现象,接近1/3的杨树濒临死亡或枯死,导致杨树防护林生态功能下降.本研究用稳定碳同位素方法追溯研究了退化与未退化杨树年轮中δ¹³C值和内在水分利用效率(WUE_i)的差异,分析导致杨树退化和死亡的原因及其来源.结果表明:相同年龄杨树的直径随着退化程度增加而下降,退化杨树树轮的δ¹³C值变化范围为-25.26‰～-22.97‰,未退化杨树为-26.15‰～-23.50‰,从1997年开始,退化杨树δ¹³C值高于未退化杨树.退化与未退化杨树WUE_i值从1997年开始出现差异但不显著,2002年后其差异达到显著水平,退化与未退化WUE_i的差值ΔWUE_i连续正值可能是退化与未退化杨树产生分化的重要原因之一.退化和未退化杨树WUE_i与降雨量、相对湿度和潜在蒸散量(ET₀)的相关关系均不显著,但与气温和地下水埋深呈极显著的线性关系.1997年极端干旱事件是杨树林退化的起点,随后土地利用方式的改变导致地下水的过度使用,加剧了干旱持续时间和强度,进而加速杨树防护林的退化和死亡.     

High carbon dioxide and sun/shade effects on isoprene emission from oak and aspen tree leaves

Abstract. Isoprene (2-methyl 1, 3-butadiene) is emitted from many plants, especially trees. We tested the effect of growth at high CO₂ partial pressure and sun versus shade conditions on the capacity of Quercus rubra L. (red oak) and Populus tremuloides Michx. (quaking aspen) leaves to make isoprene. Oak leaves grown at high CO₂ partial pressure (65 Pa) had twice the rate of isoprene emission as leaves grown at 40Pa CO₂. However, aspen leaves behaved oppositely, with high CO₂-grown leaves having just 60-70% the rate of isoprene emission as leaves grown in 40 Pa CO₂. Similar responses were observed from 25 to 35 °C leaf temperature during assay. The stimulation of isoprene emission by growth at high CO₂ and the stimulation in high temperature resulted in isoprene emission consuming over 15% of the carbon fixed during photosynthesis in high-CO₂ grown oak leaves assayed at 35 °C. Leaves from the south (sunny) sides of trees growing in natural conditions had rates of isoprene emission double those of leaves growing in shaded locations on the same trees. This effect was similar in both aspen and oak. The leaves used for these experiments had significantly different chlorophyll a/b ratios indicating they were functionally sun (from the sunny locations) or shade leaves (from the protected locations). Because the metabolic pathway of isoprene synthesis is unknown, we are unable to speculate about how or why these effects occur. However, these effects are more consistent with metabolic control of isoprene release rather than a metabolic leak of isoprene from metabolism. The results are also important for large scale modelling of isoprene emission and for predicting the effect of future increases in atmospheric CO₂ level on isoprene emission from vegetation.     

胡杨披针形叶与宽卵形叶的超微结构与光合特性的差异

以胡杨的披针形叶和宽卵形叶作为实验材料,对其细胞超微结构、光合酶活性、稳定碳同位素组成进行了比较研究。结果表明,两种叶片都是等面叶,角质层厚,具皮下层和孔下室,含较多的粘液细胞,表现出明显的旱生结构特点;两种叶片均具有不整齐的维管束鞘细胞,Rubisco／PEPC值与小麦的接近,δ^13C值分别为-27．9‰和-26．7‰,位于C3植物的δ^13C值的范围内,表明两种叶片的碳同化途径均为C3途径;然而宽卵形叶较披针形叶的旱生结构更发达,叶肉细胞的线粒体数目及液泡中的泡状物质较多,Rubisco／PEPC值较低而δ^13C值较高,表明宽卵形叶比披针形叶具有更强的抵抗逆境的能力。此外,还对两种叶片对胡杨适应其盐碱化生境的能力的贡献作了初步探讨。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨花粉成分及生活力的比较研究

比较研究了胡杨,灰叶胡杨花粉的化学成分及2种花粉在不同贮藏条件下的生活力变化。结果表明;在室温,4℃冰箱内保存,灰叶胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间均比胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间长,同一个种的花粉贮藏相同时间,在4℃冰箱内贮藏的生活力比室温下贮藏的生活力强,耐贮藏的灰叶胡杨花粉水分,淀粉含量较胡杨花粉高,蛋白质,还原糖,17种游离氨基酸含量较胡杨花粉含量低。     

Jasmonic acid induces rapid changes in carbon transport and partitioning in Populus

Here, we tested whether rapid changes in carbohydrate transport and partitioning to storage organs would be induced by jasmonic acid (JA), a plant-produced signal of herbivore attack known to induce resistance. Carbon-11, introduced as (11)CO(2), was used to track real-time carbohydrate transport and partitioning nondestructively in Populus species before and 12 h after application of JA to a single leaf. Jasmonic acid resulted in more rapid [(11)C]-photosynthate export from both local and systemic leaves, as well as greater partitioning of [(11)C]-photosynthate to the stem and roots. In Populus tremuloides, following JA treatment, leaf starch decreased, but there was no change in photosynthetic rates or leaf soluble sugar concentration, indicating that recent photosynthate was diverted from starch accumulation in the leaf to other plant organs. Increasing the supply of photosynthate to roots and stems may shield resources from folivorous predators, and may also facilitate both storage and nutrient uptake, and ultimately lead to greater tolerance, either by enhancing regrowth capacity or by replacing nutrients consumed by herbivores.