Parasites of fishes from Laurel Creek, Ontario

Two-hundred and nine fish of 13 species from Laurel Creek, Ontario, were examined for parasites between May and October 1973. Eighty-four species of parasites (22 of Protozoa, 24 of Monogenea, 17 of Digenea, 11 of Cestoda, 4 of Nematoda, 1 of Hirudinea, 1 of glochidia, and 4 of Crustacea) were collected and are listed and discussed.     

A Checklist of Metazoan Parasites from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

An extensive literature survey on metazoan parasites from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss has been conducted. The taxa Monogenea, Cestoda, Digenea, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Crustacea and Hirudinea are covered. A total of 169 taxonomic entities are recorded in rainbow trout worldwide although few of these may prove synonyms in future analyses of the parasite specimens. These records include Monogenea (15), Cestoda (27), Digenea (37), Nematoda (39), Acanthocephala (23), Crustacea (17), Mollusca (6) and Hirudinea (5). The large number of parasites in this salmonid reflects its cosmopolitan distribution.     

Biological tags for stock separation in Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi in California.

A survey of the parasites of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) off northern California identified 1 species of Acanthocephala, 1 species of Cestoda, 2 species of Copepoda, 1 species and 1 family of Digenea, 3 species of Nematoda, and 3 species of Protozoa. From this survey, Lacistorhynchus dollfusi (Cestoda), Parahemiurus merus (Digenea), and Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda) were selected as potential tags. Herring were collected in Tomales, San Francisco, and Monterey bays for the following 9 yr and examined for these select parasites. The results suggest that these parasites can be used to distinguish the spawning stocks of San Francisco and Tomales bays. The distribution of the definitive hosts of the respective parasites suggests that the Tomales Bay fish are offshore during the nonbreeding season and the San Francisco Bay fish onshore. The similarity in parasitism between San Francisco Bay and the nonspawning population in Monterey Bay suggests that these 2 populations represent a single stock.     

Metazoan arasites of fish from the Smallwood Reservoir, Labrador, Canada

Three-hundred and thirty-two fish of eight species (5 Salmo salar , 68 Salvelinus fontinalis , 32 S. namaycush , 102 Coregonus clupeaformis , 1 Prosopium cylindraceum , 107 Esox lucius , 14 Catostomus catostomus , 3 Couesius plumbeus ) from the Smallwood Reservoir, Labrador, Canada, were examined for metazoan parasites, using conventional parasitological techniques.
Fifteen genera of parasites were recovered (two of Monogenea, two of Digenea, four of Cestoda, three of Nematoda, two of Acanthocephala and two of Copepoda), these including seven new host records.
Significant differences were noted in the prevalence of the various parasites which were common to the different species of fish examined. No differences were recorded in the parasite burden of male and female fish. There was no correlation between the number of parasite species per infected fish and host age except in the case of Salvelinus namaycush . Food items of the fish examined were also noted.     

Metazoan parasites of the jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi (Teleostei, Carangidae) in a latitudinal gradient from South America (Chile and Peru).

The metazoa parasite fauna of the jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi Nichols 1920, obtained from seven ports from a latitudinal gradient of more than 30 degrees (From Paita Peru: 05 degrees 10' S to Talcahuano, Chile 36 degrees 40' S) was quantitatively described. 21 species of metazoan parasites were recorded (Monogenea 4, Digenea 3, Cestoda 5, Acanthocephala 2, Nematoda 4, Copepoda 2, Isopoda 1). Only four parasites (Lernanthropus trachuri, Ceratothoa gaudichaudii, Corynosoma australis, Anisakis simplex) were common to the seven ports. Only twelve species reach prevalence over 5% in at least one port. Main characteristic of the parasite fauna is the sparse of adult helminthes, specifically digenean and the dominance of larval forms, at both qualitative and quantitative levels. There are not evidence of changes in the parasite community along a latitudinal gradient, but at least Anisakis simplex (larvae) shows a trend in both, prevalence and mean intensity, increasing from north to south.     

Metazoan parasites of salmonids and coregonids from coastal Labrador*

Three hundred and twenty-three fish of six species (salmonids and coregonids) from four locations on the eastern coast of Labrador were examined for metazoan parasites, using conventional parasitological techniques. Twenty-four genera of parasites were recovered (3 of Monogenea, 8 of Digenea, 5 of Cestoda, 5 of Nematoda, 1 of Acanthocephala, 2 of parasitic Copepoda). Fifty-one new host records were noted. Fourteen genera of parasites were noted in Salmo salar L., while Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) contained 21 genera; S. namaycush (Walbaum,) 12 genera; S. alpinus (L.), 16 genera: Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), 11 genera; Prosopium cylindraceum (Pallas), 11 genera. It was found that the parasite burden of the various fish species examined was not homogeneous when sample areas and sex of the fish was considered. An increase in the number of parasite species per infected host with age was seen in the case of Salmo salar, Salvelinus fontinalis, S. namaycush, S. alpinus. In Coregonus clupeaformis and Prosopium cylindraceum no such correlation was seen, this difference being related to the ecology of the fish. The parasitofauna of the various salmonid species examined was not homogeneous, significant differences being noted in the number of certain species infected with specific parasites. Significant differences were also noted in the parasite burden of the Salmonidae when compared with the Coregonidae. Food items recovered from the fish autopsied were noted.     

Parasite fauna of the burbot Lota lota L. in body of water of the Kol'skiĭ peninsula

The results of a parasitological study of the burbot Lota Iota L. inhabiting the Kola region are presented. 51 species of parasite were found on burbot in 16 waterbodies belonging to the White Sea and Barents Sea basins (Muxosporea - 7, Suctoria - 1, Peritricha - 6, Monogenea - 1, Cestoda - 6, Trematoda - 13, Nematoda - 6, Acanthocephala - 5, Hirudinea - 3, Bivalvia - 1 and Crustacea - 2 species). Data on the infestation of burbot by different parasite species and their prevalence in investigated waterbodies were obtained.     

The parasite fauna of the fish of the Shropshire Union Canal, Cheshire

A survey was made of the parasites of 603 roach Rutilus rutilus (L.), 15 bream Abramis brama (L.), 201 perch Perca fluviatilis L., 30 pike Esox lucius L. and four eels Anguilla anguilla (L.) caught in the Shropshire Union Canal at Backford, Cheshire from December 1964 to August 1966. Twenty-seven species of parasites were found, 17 in roach, seven in bream, ten in perch, ten in pike and two in the eel. Two species of Protozoa, seven species of Monogenea, five species of Digenea, six species of Cestoda, two species of Nematoda, one species of Acanthocephala, two species of Hirudinea, one species of Crustacea and mollusc glochidia were recorded. The following parasites are believed to be new records for the British Isles: Henneguya oviperda (Cohn, 1895), Dactylogyrus suecicus Nybelin, 1936, D. wunderi Bykhovskii, 1931, Asymphylodora kubanicum (Isaichikov, 1923), and Philometra rischta Skryabin, 1917.
One table shows the species of parasites found, together with data on the site of occurrence in the host, and the percentage and intensity of infection of the fish. A second table compares the occurrence of the parasites in four other localities in the British Isles, Loch Lomond Scotland, Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake), Merionethshire, Rostherne Mere, Cheshire and the River Lugg, Herefordshire. A further column gives the normal hosts in the U.S.S.R.
A limited comparison is made of the numerical occurrence of six species of parasites in the canal, Llyn Tegid and Druzno Lake, Poland. It is concluded that unless relatively large samples of fish of all length groups are collected on a regular basis throughout the year such comparisons will have little meaning.
The concept of the characterization of parasite faunas is briefly noted. It is suggested that the high degree of host specificity shown by many of the species of parasites is evidence in support of the concept.     

REGULAR PAPERS Unusual stable isotope fractionation patterns observed for fish host—parasite trophic relationships

Trophic relationships between four taxa of fish parasite (Cestoda, Nematoda, Isopoda, Copepoda) and their hosts ( Gasterosteus aculeatus, Merlangius merlangus, Boops boops, Platichthys flesus ) were investigated using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. δ¹⁵N differences between parasite and host were unlike those conventionally observed among consumers and their diets. In no case were parasites enriched in 15N with respect to the host organism; endoparasites were significantly and consistently depleted. In no case were parasites enriched in 15N with respect to the host organism; endoparasites were significantly and consistently depleted.     

The parasite fauna of the chub mackerel (Scombridae: Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) in the central-eastern Atlantic (Atlantic coast of the Northern Africa and the Azores Archipelago banks)

The parasite fauna of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus Houtuym, 1782 was studied from the neritic areas of Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania and from the banks of the Azores Archipelago (the Great Meteor Bank, the Hyeres Bank and the Irving Bank) in 1994-2001. Twenty eight species of parasites of following group have been were found: Coccidia (1 species), Microsporidia (1), Myxosporea (4), Monogenea (4), Cestoda (5), Trematoda (5), Acanthocephala (1) and Nematoda (6). The differences between mackerel parasite fauna in the neritic areas and from of the Azores Archipelago banks were established. Peculiarities of the mackerel parasite fauna in two areas (Morocco--Western Sahara and Mauritania) corroborate the hypothesis that two populations of chub mackerel are available: "Sahara-Moroccan" and "Senegal-Mauritanian". Ontogenetic variability of parasite fauna was related to food demands of mackerel and its feeding habits in the areas Morocco and Mauritania. Kudoa histolytica has negative influence on the commercial value of S. japonicus. These parasites were localized in the muscles of mackerel from Mauritania (40%, TL = 20-25 cm). Parasites being dangerous for human health were presented by larvae of Bolbosoma sp. (occurred on the banks of the Azores Archipelago), Anisakis simplex and Contracaecum sp. (occurred in all areas investigated).     

Metazoan parasites of Macruronus magellanicus from southern Chile as biological tags

Examination of 450 specimens of Macruronus magellanicus from two fishing grounds in southern Chile (Talcahuano: 36°40'S, Punta Arenas: 54° S) revealed 24 205 metazoan parasites, belonging to 15 taxa with low specificity: Chondracanthus australis and Neobrachiella sp. (Copepoda); Elytrophalloides oatesi, Gonocerca phycidis, Derogenes varicus and Brachyphallus parvus , (Digenea); Hepatoxylon trichiuri, Scolex pleuronectis, Clestobothrium crassiceps, Grillotia dollfusi , Pseudophyllidea gen. sp. (Cestoda); Anisakidae, Cucullanus sp. (Nematoda), Corynosoma australe and Acanthocephala gen. sp. (Acanthocephala). The list includes parasites that are common to other merluccids from the zone. The parasitological evidence does not suggest the existence of two discrete stocks, but the existence of a migratory process from south to north.     

Parasite fauna in sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) from bodies of water of the Kola region

The results of a parasitological study of the two species of sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius and Gasterosteus aculeatus) inhabiting the Kola region are presented. The 42 and 14 species of parasite were found in the nine-spined and three-spined stickleback, respectively. The paucity of the parasite fauna in the three-spined stickleback is observed. Distribution of parasites in Kola waterbodies and ecological peculiarities in system "parasite-host" are presented.     

Ecological-faunistical review of fish parasites in the Umbozero Lake (the Kola Peninsula)

Data on fish infestation by parasites in the Umbozero Lake are given. 90 species of parasites were identified including 16 species of Myxosporea, 2 Suctoria, 18 Peritricha, 12 Monogenea, 13 Cestoda, 18 Trematoda, 5 Nematoda, 2 Acanthocephala, 2 Hirudinea, and 2 species of Crustacea. Character of parasites' distribution in fishes of this lake and ecological peculiarities in the host-parasite system are demonstrated.     

Metazoan parasite fauna of the bigeye flounder, Hippoglossina macrops, from Northern Chile. Influence of host age and sex.

The metazoan parasite fauna of Hippoglossina macrops (n = 123) from northern Chile (30 degrees S) is quantitatively described for the first time, and the role of host age and sex was evaluated. Twelve parasite species were recovered, including 5 ectoparasites (2 Monogenea, 2 Copepoda and 1 Piscicolidae) and 7 endoparasites (1 Digenea, 3 Cestoda, 2 Acanthocephala, and 1 Nematoda). The copepod Holobomolochus chilensis, the monogenean Neoheterobothrium sp., the adult acanthocephalan Floridosentis sp. and the hirudinean, Gliptonobdella sp. are new geographical and host records. The most prevalent ectoparasitic species were the monogenean, Neoheterobothrium sp. and the copepod, H. chilensis. Among endoparasites, the acanthocephalans Floridosentis sp. and Corynosoma australe were most prevalent and abundant. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection for most parasitic species were not affected by host sex, however the prevalence of Floridosentis sp. was significantly greater in males. Intensity of infection was positively correlated with host age for Neoheterobothrium sp., and negatively correlated for Floridosentis sp. and H. chilensis. The helminth species richness of the host H. macrops was lower compared to related flatfishes from the Northern Hemisphere. The relationship of the helminth fauna of H. macrops, its feeding habits and ecological habitats are discussed.     

Eumetazoan parasites of two marine fish species from Baja California,Mexico: Sebastes miniatus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) and Caulolatilus princeps (Jenyns, 1840)

It is hypothesized that two fish species sharing a same demersal habitat might show a similar community of parasites. The aim of this study was to compare the parasite community component of of two marine fishes on the northwest coast of México of economical interest, the vermilion rockfish Sebastes miniatus and the ocean whitefish Caulolatilus princeps. From February to December 2005, 210 specimens of S. miniatus (85–550 mm total length TL) and 91 C. princeps (85–550 mm TL) were obtained from the San Quintín sportfishing catch, at Pacific Baja California. Skin, eyes, fins and gill cavity were examined in situ, and their internal organs removed for later analysis, including a portion of flesh. In S. miniatus, 12 parasite taxa were identified as belonging to Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala and Copepoda; the stomach, pyloric caeca, and intestine (digestive tract) were the most parasitized organs with seven of the 12 species. In S. miniatus, the most abundant parasite was Parabothriocephalus sagitticeps (80.8 individuals/host ± 33.4 SE: standard error), highest prevalence was Microcotyle sebastis (92.6%), and the highest average intensity of infection was the cestode P. sagitticeps (190.4 ± 48.1 SE). The C. princeps showed six species belonging to Monogenea, Digenea, Nematoda and Copepoda; the digestive tract presented the greatest infestation, with four of the six species recorded. The most abundant nematode was Hysterothylacium aduncum (16.5 ± 3.5 individuals/host), the main prevalent species was Anisakis sp., and the highest value of infection intensity was by Hatschekia sp. The nematodes Anisakis sp. and H. aduncum were shared between the two host fishes, and are a zoonotic risk to humans if the fishes are not cooked properly.     

Species richness and similarity of metazoan parasite communities in three species of leatherjacket (Oligoplites: Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico

Species richness and similarity in metazoan parasite communities of fishes can be influenced by several biotic (age, body size, vagility, feeding and social behavior, among others), and local abiotic (temperature, salinity, etc.) factors. The parasite communities of three species of Oligoplites, marine fishes from the Pacific coast of Mexico, were quantified and analyzed. Four hundred sixty‐eight leatherjackets (O. altus, n=94; O. saurus, n=260; and O. refulgens, n=114) were collected from February 2016 to June 2017 from five locations. Twenty‐eight species of metazoan parasites were recovered and identified: four species of Monogenea (adults), nine of Digenea (seven adults and two metacercariae); two of Cestoda (larvae); four of Nematoda (two adults and two larvae); four of Acanthocephala (two adults, one juvenile, and one cystacanth); four of Copepoda; and one Pentastomida (larvae). At the component community level, species richness ranged from 9 in O. saurus to 19 in O. altus. Different species of helminth dominated the component communities of each species of host. Community composition and species richness of parasites differed among the three species of host, locations, and sampling years. Host feeding behavior, body size, and vagility had the most influence on these differences.     

Metazoan parasite diversity of the endemic South African intertidal klipfish,Clinus superciliosus: Factors influencing parasite community composition

The current trend in marine parasitology research, particularly in South Africa, is to focus on a specific parasite taxon and not on the total parasite community of a specific fish host. However, these records do not always reveal the ecological role of parasites in ecosystems. Thus, the present study aimed to determine which factors influence the parasite community composition of the endemic southern African intertidal klipfish, Clinus superciliosus (n = 75). Metazoan parasites were sampled from four localities (two commercial harbours - west coast; and two relatively pristine localities - southeast coast) along the South African coast. A total of 75 klipfish were examined for parasites, where 30 distinct taxa, representing seven taxonomic groups were found: Acanthocephala (4 taxa), Cestoda (2 taxa), Crustacea (5 taxa), Digenea (11 taxa), Hirudinea (2 taxa), Monogenea (1 taxon) and Nematoda (5 taxa). Results indicated that the main driver of diversity was locality, with the highest diversity on the southeast coast, most likely due to higher water temperatures and upwelling compared to the west coast. The parasite community composition of the klipfish was significantly influenced by water temperature and parasite life cycle. These results emphasise the importance of parasitological surveys including all parasite taxa in hosts from multiple localities and seasons, to better comprehend their ecological role.     

Parasites of stone loach Barbatula barbatula (L., 1758) (Balitoridae) in small rivers of the upper and Middle Volga Basin

Infection by parasites has been studied in 189 specimens of Barbatula barbatula (Linnaeus, 1758) from eight rivers in Yaroslavl province over 4 years. A total of 41 parasite species are identified in stone loach. The following parasite taxa have been found: parasitic Protozoa (Kinetoplastidea (2), Myxozoa (6), and Ciliophora (7)) and parasitic Metazoa (Monogenea (5), Cestoda (4), Trematoda (9), Nematoda (4), Acanthocephala (3), and Bivalvia (1)). Stone loach is recorded for the first time as a new host for seven parasite species: Chloromyxum truttae Lèger, 1906, Gyrodactylus cobitis Bychowsky, 1933, Paracaryophylaeus gotoi (Motomura, 1927), Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1955), Paracoenogonimus ovatus Katsurada, 1914, Camallanus truncates (Rudolphi, 1814), and Neoechinorhynchus crassus Van Cleave, 1919. The most abundant parasites are Raphidascaris acus (Bloch, 1779) (28.6–100%, 1–64), Crepidostomum oschmarini Zhokhov et Pugacheva, 1998 (18.2–71.4%, 1–40), Paracoenogonimus ovatus (3.13–71.4% 1–34), and Gyrodactylus nemachili Bychowsky, 1936 (3.85–100%, 1–65).     

Metazoan parasites of Sebastes capensis from two localities in northern Chile as tools for stock identification

Examination of 290 red rockfish Sebastes capensis from two fishing grounds in northern Chile (Coquimbo 71°30' W; 30°0' S and Antofagasta 70°40' W; 23°30' S) revealed 8770 metazoan parasites, belonging to 18 taxa: Udonella caligorum (Udonellidae); Interniloculus chilensis , Paramicrocotyle sp. and Neobenedenia melleni (Monogenea); larval Gnathia sp., Cirolana sp. and Rocinela sp. (Isopoda); Helicometrina nimia , Diphtherostomum sp., Lecithochirium sp. and Pseudopecoelus sp. (Digenea); Ascarophis sebastodis , Anisakis sp. and larval Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda); Caligus cheilodactylus , Lepeophtheirus chilensis and Trifur tortuosus (Copepoda); larval Corynosoma australe (Acanthocephala). Ten species were found only in Coquimbo and three were found only in Antofagasta, species common to both localities were Pseudopecoelus sp., C. australe , Anisakis sp. and A. sebastodis . Evidence, based on qualitative differences between the parasite faunas of the red rockfish, suggests the existence of two discrete stocks.