转基因抗虫作物对非靶标昆虫的影响

转基因抗虫作物自 1996年被批准商业化种植以来 ,它的抗虫性和经济效益已得到了普遍肯定 ,同时 ,转基因抗虫作物对非靶标生物的影响 ,如转基因抗虫作物的长期种植 ,是否会导致次要害虫上升为主要害虫 ,是否会影响有益昆虫 ,包括重要经济昆虫、捕食性和寄生性天敌以及重要蝶类的种类及种群数量 ,已成为转基因抗虫作物生态风险评估的重要内容。一些研究结果表明 ,转基因抗虫作物在对靶标害虫有效控制的同时 ,一些对杀虫蛋白不敏感的非靶标害虫有加重危害的趋势 ,由于种植转基因抗虫作物 ,减少了化学农药的使用 ,客观上也使非靶标害虫种群数量上升 ,这对转基因抗虫作物害虫综合治理提出了新的要求。靶标害虫数量的减少直接影响了害虫天敌种群数量 ,靶标害虫取食转基因抗虫作物后发育迟缓 ,也间接影响了天敌昆虫的生长发育 ,转基因抗虫作物的花粉或花蜜是一些重要经济昆虫如蜜蜂、熊蜂和一些寄生蜂 ,甚至捕食性天敌的食物来源 ,或花粉飘落到一些鳞翅目昆虫如家蚕或重要蝶类昆虫的寄主植物上 ,直接或间接对这些昆虫造成一定影响。目前大多数研究表明转基因抗虫作物对非靶标昆虫 ,特别是对有益昆虫没有明显的不利影响 ,也有研究报道认为对某些有益昆虫有一定的不良影响。这为深入开展转基因抗虫作物的生态安全     

青霉素对几种作物种子发芽率和幼苗生长的影响（简报）

青霉素可提高玉米、水稻、黄瓜的种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗长度及干重,可溶性糖含量、淀粉酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性。     

作物生长模拟模型及其应用

论述了作物生长模型在国内外的研究及其发展过程,作物模型的机理及在农业生产中的作用,对作物生长模型在生产应用中存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了讨论     

外源乙酸和EDTA对铜尾矿矿砂中芦苇幼苗生长及部分金属元素积累的影响

采用容器栽培方法研究了添加外源乙酸和EDTA对铜尾矿矿砂中芦苇[Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.ex Steud.]幼苗地上部分及地下部分生长及部分金属元素积累的影响.结果表明:添加0.5 mmol· L-1乙酸,幼苗各部分的干质量以及耐性指数与对照差异较小;Cu、Cd、Pb、K和Na含量或显著低于对照,或与对照差异不显著.添加2.0 mmol·L-1乙酸,地下部分和地上部分的干质量最大,分别较对照提高33.7％和58.5％,耐性指数也最大,达到1.07;幼苗各部分的Cu、Cd和K含量均显著低于对照,Pb含量高于或显著高于对照,Na含量与对照差异不显著.添加0.5 mmol·L-1EDTA,幼苗各部分的干质量显著高于对照,耐性指数较对照减小19％;各部分的Cd、K和Na含量及地下部分的Cu含量低于或显著低于对照,地上部分的Cu含量以及各部分的Pb含量高于或显著高于对照.添加2.0 mmol·L-1EDTA,幼苗各部分的干质量与对照无显著差异,耐性指数较对照减小21％;各部分的Pb、K、Na 含量和地上部分Cu含量以及地下部分Cd含量显著高于对照,地上部分Cd含量显著低于对照,而地下部分Ca含量与对照差异不显著.研究结果表明:添加高浓度乙酸能促进铜尾矿矿砂中芦苇生长和Pb积累;添加高浓度EDTA能显著抑制芦苇根系生长,对金属元素的积累有明显的促进作用,尤其是能够促进Cu向地上部分的运输以及地下部分对Cd和Pb的积累.     

基于WOFOST作物生长模型的冬小麦干旱影响评估技术

为了反映作物与干旱的相互关系,人为再现干旱灾害对作物产量的影响程度,选择华北地区冬小麦干旱灾害为研究对象,对作物生长模型WOFOST在区域上进行适应性进行分析、检验的基础上,然后利用区域作物模型实现干旱灾害对作物影响定量分析和动态评估。以减产率和气象条件作为灾害严重程度划分的标准,利用数值模拟试验,确定导致减产的主要气象因子及其量值,对研究区干旱灾害进行影响评估,包括典型灾害年份影响评估和年代际灾害影响评估,并给出了评估结果。     

Cu、As对作物种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的研究

通过水培实验研究了Cu、As污染对作物种子萌发、幼苗生长及部分酶活性的影响。结果表明,Cu,As污染明显抑制黄豆种子萌发、幼苗生长,对作物种子萌发时的呼吸强度、酶活性有显著的抑制作用,且随着Cu、As浓度的增加,抑制作用增强,呈负相关;而POD活性则随污染物浓度的增加而增加,呈正相关。     

铝对玉米生长和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

测定了生长在Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ氮素营养液中的两个玉米品种（ＳＣ７０４和ＶＡ３５的根系和叶片）的ＮＡＤＨ－硝酸还原酶（ＥＣ１．６．６．１）和ＮＡＤ（Ｐ）Ｈ－硝酸还原酶（ＥＣ１．６．６．２）活性。     

开放式增温对东北稻田生态系统作物生长与产量的影响

全球变暖在高纬度和气候凉爽地区更为明显,并且具有一定的不确定性.为了明确未来气候背景下作物的适应趋势,在中国东北哈尔滨地区设立红外增温模拟试验站,利用开放式增温系统(FATI)对东北水稻进行2个温度梯度的模拟增温试验.结果表明:增温情况下,东北水稻生长和发育加快、始穗期提前,但收获期延后;分蘖数增加,单分蘖产量下降;植株高度增加,乳熟期后植株出现倾到;叶面积增加,单叶叶长扩展;与对照比较,2种增温梯度下产量差异不同,W1(每组1根红外灯管)增温产量增加,W2(每组2根红外灯管)增温模式下产量略有下降(未到达显著);地上有机物分配及穗粒结构较对照存在差异,节宽减小,壁厚减小,千粒重减少,籽粒含水量增加;叶绿素增加、单叶净光合速率增大.     

作物生长模拟模型研究和应用

作物生长模拟模型研究和应用宇振荣（北京农业大学农业生态环境系,１０００９４）ＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎＣｒｏｐＧｒｏｗｔｈＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇａｎｄＩｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．￥ＹｕＺｈｅｎｒｏｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｇｒｏ－Ｅ－ｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥ...     

作物生长温度效应的非线性模型及其比较研究

通过严密的数学证明,发现了前人关于作物生长温度效应非线性模型之间的内在联系,修正了有关学者对模型参数定义的局限性,提出了一个通用的作物生长温度效应非线性模型,本研究还将该模型与笔者最近提出的基于高斯方程的非线性模型进行了比较研究,介绍了应用SAS软件求取两个模型相关参数的方法,并以马铃薯生育期模拟为例进行了实证研究,表明这两个模型均有良好的适用性。     

不同浓度Al3+胁迫对水稻根生长的影响

铝毒害是酸性土壤限制农作物产量的主要因素之一。本文以水稻为材料,探讨了不同浓度的AlCl3(0、50、100、150 mmol.L-1)胁迫处理对水稻幼苗根生长的影响。结果表明,随着Al3+浓度和胁迫时间的增加,水稻幼苗根的生长受到抑制,长度和鲜重都减小,根尖细胞死亡的程度增大,根中H2O2含量上升;与对照(未经DMTU预处理)相比,经dimethylthiourea(内源过氧化氢抑制剂)预处理的水稻幼苗在Al3+胁迫下根细胞死亡程度减小,H2O2含量降低,根的生长抑制得到缓解,表明内源H2O2的积累是造成Al3+对水稻幼苗根生长抑制的原因之一。     

Instances of Soil and Crop Heavy Metal Contamination in China

Both general and specific investigations of soil and crop heavy metal contamination were carried out across China. The former was focused mainly on Cd, Hg, As, Pb, and Cr in soils and vegetables in suburbs of four large cities; the latter investigated Cd levels in both soils and rice or wheat in contaminated areas throughout 15 provinces of the country. The results indicated that levels of Cd, Hg, and Pb in soils and some in crops were greater than the Governmental Standards (Chinese government limits for soil and crop heavy metal contents). Soil Cd ranged from 0.46 to 1.04?mg kg^?1, on average, in the four cities and was as high as 145?mg kg^?1 in soil and 7?mg kg^?1 in rice in the wide area of the country. Among different species, tuberous vegetables seemed to accumulate a larger portion of heavy metals than leafy and fruit vegetables, except celery. For both rice and wheat, two staple food crops, the latter seemed to have much higher concentrations of Cd and Pb than the former grown in the same area. Furthermore, the endosperm of both wheat and rice crops had the highest portion of Cd and Cr. Rice endosperm and wheat chaff accumulated the highest Pb, although the concentrations of all three metals were variable in different parts of the grains. For example, 8.3, 6.9, 1.4, and 0.6?mg kg^?1 of Pb were found in chaff, cortex, embryo, and endosperm of wheat compared with 0.11, 0.65, 0.71, and 0.19?mg kg^?1 in the same parts of rice, respectively. Untreated sewage water irrigation was the major cause of increasing soil and crop metals. Short periods of the sewage water irrigation increased individual metals in soils by 2 to 80% and increased metals in crops by 14 to 209%. Atmospheric deposition, industrial or municipal wastes, sewage sludge improperly used as fertilizers, and metal-containing phosphate fertilizers played an important role as well in some specific areas.     

常见元素及其浓度对榆干离褶伞菌丝生长的影响

为研究常见元素对榆木离褶伞菌丝生长的影响,通过其在含有不同离子浓度的PDA培养基中生长速度的观察,探讨不同元素及其浓度对榆木离褶伞菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:1 mg/mL的Mg(Ac)2、KH2PO4和CaO促进菌丝生长;5,10 mg/mL的Mg(Ac)2、CaO,10mg/mL的Na2SO4、NaCl抑制菌丝生长;其他种类及浓度的离子对菌丝生长的影响不显著。     

作物群体结构的生态环境效应及其优化探讨

作物群体结构具有重要的生态学意义。在农田生态系统中 ,不同的群体结构可形成不同的辐射场、风场以及农田的小气候环境特征。文章对主要的作物群结构参数 (如株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、叶倾角、叶方位角等 )所产生的生态环境效应进行了探讨 ,并总结了理想作物群体结构构建的标准与途径。     

土壤-作物-动物生态体系中微量元素含量

随着工农业生产的日益发展 ,人类正面临着重新调整生态平衡的问题 ,其中食物链中的微量元素在生态系统中的迁移、转化和循环规律及其与生物相互作用机制就显得十分重要。大量研究表明 ,微量元素可与生物体相互作用 ,通过结构和调节机制而产生营养性、毒性和刺激性 ,从而对机体的生长发育、繁殖、农 (畜 )产品的数量和质量以及人类营养和健康产生很大的影响[1]。目前 ,许多国家就微量元素与食物链的关系开展了大量的研究工作 ,并取得了重大进展 ,一门新兴的边缘科学微量元素与食物链学正在蓬勃地发展[2 ]。我国也相继开展了土壤、植物或动物…     

Effects of Crop Diversity on Agroecosystem Function: Crop Yield Response

Understanding the role of diversity in the functioning of ecosystems has important implications for agriculture. Previous agricultural research has shown that crop rotation and the use of cover crops can lead to increases in yield relative to monoculture; however, few studies have been performed within the broader context of diversity–ecosystem function theory and in the absence of chemical inputs. We performed a field experiment in SW Michigan, USA, in which we manipulated the number of crop species grown in rotation and as winter cover crops over a 3-year period to test if varying the number of species in a rotation affected grain yield, a critical metric of ecosystem function in row-crops. The experimental design was unique in that no fertilizer or pesticides were used, and the only management variable manipulated was number of species in the rotation, thus providing a strong comparison to grassland diversity–ecosystem function experiments. Treatments included continuous monocultures of three row-crops, corn Zea mays L., soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., and winter wheat Triticum aestivum L., and 2- and 3-year annual rotations with and without cover crops (zero, one, or two legume/small grain species), encompassing a range of crop diversity from one to six species. Crop yields and weed biomass were measured annually for 3 years and plant available soil nitrogen was measured over the course of the growing season in the final year of the study. In all 3 years, corn grain yield increased linearly in response to the number of crops in the rotation. Corn yields in the highest diversity treatment (three crops, plus three cover crops) were over 100% higher than in continuous monoculture and were not significantly different from the county average for each of the 3 years despite the absence of chemical inputs. Corn yields in the diversity treatments were strongly correlated with the availability of inorganic soil nitrogen, which was likely influenced by the number of different legume species (crops and cover crops) present in the rotation. In soybean and winter wheat, yield differences among crop diversity treatments were also significant, but of lower magnitude (32 and 53%, respectively), and showed little direct relationship to the number of crop species grown in a rotation. Results demonstrate that agricultural research motivated by ecological theory can provide important insights into the functioning of agroecosystems and enhance our understating of the linkages between diversity and ecosystem function. Importantly, these results suggest that reduced chemical inputs do not necessarily result in yield penalties and provide support for incorporation of crop or species diversity when determining how ecosystem services can be included in food, fiber, and biofuel production.     

空气重金属元素在悬铃木叶中的亚细胞分布及其区隔化效应

以南京市常见行道树二球悬铃木为试材,研究了交通繁忙区和相对清洁区道路两边悬铃木叶内6种重金属元素的亚细胞分布及其区隔化效应.结果显示:交通污染区悬铃木叶内各亚细胞组分中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn 5种重金属元素的含量均明显高于对照区,交通空气污染是影响其含量增加的主要原因之一.相对清洁区和交通污染区5种重金属元素在悬铃木叶片、叶柄的细胞壁组分中含量最高,胞外隔离系数和污染指数均大于0.900,细胞壁是大气重金属元素重要的吸滞器官,并对重金属有明显的阻隔效应;胞内细胞器对Pb和Cu的隔离系数和污染指数最大,细胞器双层膜能在一定程度上抵御重金属元素进入细胞内.悬铃木叶片和叶柄亚细胞组分的污染指数表现为胞质组分＞细胞壁组分＞细胞器组分,即包括液泡液在内的胞质组分是囤积重金属元素的场所.研究表明,悬铃木叶片、叶柄各亚细胞组分对重金属均有不同程度的累积能力,叶内胞质组分的囤积作用以及细胞壁、质膜与细胞器双层膜的区隔化作用可能是悬铃木叶解除重金属元素毒害的重要原因.     

Effects of Environmental Factors and Metal Ions on Growth of the Red Alga Gracilaria Chorda Holmes (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

Gracilaria is a potentially valuable source of marine biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides. In order to select suitable culture conditions, growth and tolerance of Gracilaria chorda Holmes from Shikoku Island in southwest Japan were investigated under variations of temperature (5–30 ^∘C), photon irradiance (20–120 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), and photoperiod (12:12 h, 14:10 h light:dark regime) in a unialgal culture. Gracilaria chorda showed wide tolerances for all factors investigated, which is characteristic of eurythermal species. Maximum growth was observed at 18–24 ^∘C. The optimum photon irradiance for the algal growth was 60–120 μmol photons m⁻²s⁻¹. Instead of using ordinary sea salt (NaCl) to prepare artificial seawater, ultra pure salt was adopted. Gracilaria chorda grew faster in artificial seawater made with ultra-pure salt than that made with ordinary sea salt, probably because the former medium was clear, while the latter was milky. Effects of some metal ions on the growth were tested with artificial seawater. Iron ions affected algal growth, but cobalt ions did not. This study enables us to determine suitable culture conditions for G. chorda. A scaled-up 30 l culture of G. chorda under such conditions was successful.