A NEW GENUS OF CERATOMORPHS (MAMMALIA) FROM MIDDLE EOCENE OF CHINA

<正> Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758Order Perissodactyla Owen, 1848Suborder Ceratomorpha Wood, 1937Family ?Hyracodontidae Cope, 1879Genus Yimengia gen. nov.     

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF NOCTUIDAE FROM CHINA(LEPIDOPTERA)

In this paper, a new genus and species of Noetuidae are reported. Type specimenis kept in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Jingia, gen. nov. Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely porrect to just beyond frons, the 3rdjoint very short; frons with rounded prominence, with corneous plate below it; eyeslarge, rounded, naked; head and thorax elothed with hairs and few scales; fore tibiae     

WHICH NATURALISM FOR BIOETHICS? A DEFENSE OF MODERATE (PRAGMATIC) NATURALISM

There is a growing interest in various forms of naturalism in bioethics, but there is a clear need for further clarification. In an effort to address this situation, I present three epistemological stances: anti-naturalism, strong naturalism, and moderate pragmatic naturalism. I argue that the dominant paradigm within philosophical ethics has been a form of anti-naturalism mainly supported by a strong 'is' and 'ought' distinction. This fundamental epistemological commitment has contributed to the estrangement of academic philosophical ethics from major social problems and explains partially why, in the early 1980s, 'medicine saved the life of ethics'. Rejection of anti-naturalism, however, is often associated with strong forms of naturalism that commit the naturalistic fallacy and threaten to reduce the normative dimensions of ethics to biological imperatives. This move is rightly dismissed as a pitfall since ethics is, in part, a struggle against the course of nature. Rejection of naturalism has drawbacks, however, such as deterring bioethicists from acknowledging the implicit naturalistic epistemological commitments of bioethics. I argue that a moderate pragmatic form of naturalism represents an epistemological position that best embraces the tension of anti-naturalism and strong naturalism: bioethics is neither disconnected from empirical knowledge nor subjugated to it. The discussion is based upon historical writings in philosophy and bioethics.     

A REVIEW OF THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE LORDIPHOSA DENTICEPS GROUP WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)

Okada, T. (1967) built the Drosophila denticeps group of the subgenusHirtodrosopila Duda, including D. denticeps and D. tripartita. Recently, He (1990) as-signed this group as a synonym of the group nigricolor Lastovka et Maca of the subgenusLordiphoca Basden of Drosophila Fallen. Grimaldi (1990) revised the phylogenetic rela-tionship between the genera of Drosophilidae using cladistic analysis, removed the     

ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG ISOLATES OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI ANASTOMOSIS GROUP 1-Ⅰ A(AG1-Ⅰ A)

利用系统聚类分析方法,通过对丝核菌菌丝融合一群Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａｓｏｌａｎｉ（ＡＧ１）的２３个菌株在七个同功酶电泳所显示的５０个表现型进行了遗传分析。结果显示,２３个丝核菌菌株可聚类为三大类,他们分别代表了丝核菌菌丝融合一群中的三个亚群ＡＧⅠＡ,ＡＧⅠＢ,ＡＧⅠＣ;其中第一聚类又可进一步分为四个亚类。同功酶的分析证实了丝核菌菌丝融合１群中的三个亚群的分类概念是具有遗传背景的,并可作为丝核菌菌丝融合群之间及群内分类的重要手段。     

A NEW SPECIES OF LITHODIDAE (CRUSTACEA, ANOMURA) FROM EAST CHINA SEA

In this paper, a new species of Lithodidae is reported. The type specimens are deposited in the Department of Biology, Hangzhou University and the Donghai Fisheries Research Institute. Diagnosis of the new species is given as below.     

TWO NEW SPECIES OF MACROPHΥA DAHLBOM FROM SHAANXI AND GANSU OF CHINA (HYMENOPTERA, TENTHREDINIDAE)

记述采自中国陕甘南部的钩瓣叶蜂属2新种,杨氏钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya yangi Wei et Zhu,sp.nov.和晕翅钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya infuscipennis Wei et Li,sp. nov..新种模式标本保存于中南林业科技大学昆虫模式标本室.     

A REPORT OF BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN YUNNAN

A zoological expedition was made from March to June, 1975, in Northeastern Yunnan at Southeast of Yangtze River (27°30′—28°40′ N., 103°15′—104°25′E.). 450 specimens of birds were collected. Orders and families treated in this paper are listed below:     

SONGS OF BLUE TITS PARUS CAERULEUS PALMENSIS FROM LA PALMA (CANARY ISLANDS)—A TEST OF HYPOTHESES

ABSTRACT

Parus major and Parus caeruleus palmensis have some song types in common. They consist of whistled element-types in different frequency ranges. Both species show territorial reactions to playback of the song-types belonging to the other species. P.c. palmensis does not share any songtypes with Central European Parus caeruleus. This is confirmed by playback experiments with the different song types, which do not elicit any territorial behaviour. The songs of P.c. palmensis also differ from those of blue tits from any other Canary Island. They may be derived from contact calls of the Lanzarote population. They have been developed by young birds that had not yet learnt their songs when they colonized La Palma from Lanzarote without reaching any of the other Canary Islands. It is suggested that the uniform song repertoire was developed by adapting the already learned contact calls to each other. The similarities to song types of P. major are due to convergence rather than character displacement. All other Canary Island tit populations share the main features of their songs, which are characterized by quick frequency changes. It seems most likely that these islands have been colonized by birds which had already learnt their songs. Differences in song repertoires are mainly caused by drift events which happen to occur because of population bottlenecks during the colonization process.     

A STUDY OF INFLATION OF THE LUNGS OF THE NEWBORN—A Preliminary Report

There seems to be no reasonable doubt that the lungs in a newborn expand progressively during the first few days of life. Some degree of atelectasis seems to be perfectly normal. This is indicated by a number of roentgenographic studies (including those here reported); by the reported findings of pathologists; by the fact that in experimental animals the lungs inflated very unevenly; and by the fact that aeration of only a portion of the lung is needed for complete oxygenation of the blood. The relation of atelectasis to neonatal death is not entirely clear and is probably not always the same. The infant may die from other causes before the lungs are fully expanded. Atelectasis may develop secondarily to other debilitating conditions. The frequent coincidence of prematurity and extensive atelectasis is impressive. It may be that the lungs are so incompletely formed that they cannot expand. On the other hand, atelectasis and massive collapse in the adult is a serious condition and there seems to be no good reason to suppose that this cannot also occur in infants and be serious per se.The air pressures found necessary to expand the lungs in rabbit fetuses were found to be about ten times what adult humans use in quiet respiration and were of about the same magnitude as the pressures found necessary to expand the lungs of stillborn humans. An attempt to produce atelectasis in newborn rabbits by chilling was most inconclusive. Atelectasis did develop in three of 15 animals used in the experiment, but the relation to chilling was not at all clear.     

THE EFFECT OF A HORN SNAIL ON ULVA EXPANSA (CHLOROPHYTA): CONSUMER OR FACILITATOR OF GROWTH?1

To determine whether California horn snails are more likely to be consumers or facilitators of Ulva expansa (Setch) S. & G. growth in estuaries, we conducted manipulative experiments that evaluated algal growth and the movement of N between the water column, algal tissue, and, in the second experiment, sediments. Algae grew poorly in the absence of sediments, drawing on their own sequestered N supplies (3.5% of dry weight reduced to <2%) and N released by snails and by depleting inorganic N in the water column. There was no evidence of consumption when snail densities ranged from 0 to 900.m^?2 (0, 3, 6, and 9 per aquarium), as algal growth was similar for all snail densities, and snail lengths did not increase during the 21–d experiment. when sediment was provided, N was depleted in the sediment and enhanced in the algal tissue. As in the first experiment, the water column was depleted of inorganic N and enriched with organic N, mostly in the dissolved form. Because both snails and macroalgae often dominate the shallow waters of southern California's lagoons and estuaries, our evidence that the snails are primarily facilitators of algal growth (via transfer of N from sediments to the water column) suggests that snails may play an important role in both food web and N dynamics.     

A SKULL OF HIPPARION (PROBOSCIDIPPARION) SINENSE ( PERISSODACTYLA, EQUIDAE) FROM LONGDAN,DONGXIANG OF NORTHWESTERN CHINA——Addition to the Early Pleistocene Longdan Mammalian Fauna (3)

报道了在甘肃省东乡县龙担地点发现的中国长鼻三趾马Hipparion(Proboscidipparion)sinense头骨化石.此前在早更新世龙担动物群中记述过的长鼻三趾马材料仅有一枚第三掌骨,头骨化石的发现不仅使该动物群的三趾马种级分类得到证实,同时扩大了对这个种头骨和牙齿特征的认识.由于最初建种的正型标本为老年个体,此后也未发现过中国长鼻三趾马的完好头骨化石,因此龙担的新材料将为该种的特征补充更多重要的信息,尤其是鼻切迹的构成.其鼻骨下部呈一细窄条状向前强烈延伸,组成鼻颌切迹下缘的后部,其前端尖,到达P2/P3界线水平,与前颌骨鼻突的末梢间有30 mm的距离.这些特征的识别对判断长鼻三趾马的系统关系有重要意义.     

(A)GGG(A), (A)CCC(A) and other potential 3′ splice signals in primate nuclear pre-mRNA sequences

Several 3′ splice signals in nuclear precursor mRNAs have already been known for some time: the AG doublet on the left-hand side of the splice and a run of pyrimidines just upstream of it. More recently it has been noted that the YNYTRAY sequence (where Y is a pyrimidine, R a purine and N any base) is a branching-sequence participating in formation of a lariat structure. Keller and Noon have shown the existence of several putative consensus sequences at this site. In this work, extensive computations of the distributions of 256 quartets in all primate nuclear pre-mRNA intron sequences present in GenBank have been carried out. Several putative signals upstream and downstream of the 3′ splice have been detected. These have been compared with the results obtained in analogous computations carried out on all nuclear pre-mRNA introns present in a combined eukaryotic file containing mammal, non-mammalian vertebrate, invertebrate and plant sequences. The distributions of the more interesting oligomers are shown here. Of particular interest are the putative (A)GGG(A) signal 60 nucleotides upstream of the 3′ splice site and (A)CCC(A) 3–40 nucleotides downstream of it. A possible splicing model explaining these data and involving formation of alterantive hairpin loop structures is proposed.