Carbon and Nutrient Allocation in Elymus farctus Seedlings after Burial with Sand

We report physiological aspects of the response of seedlingsof the strandline grass Elymus farctus to short-term burialwith sand. Seedlings were buried at the two-leaf stage for oneweek and compared with non-buried controls - before, duringand after burial. Photosynthetic CO₂ uptake was measured byinfrared gas analysis and carbon translocation from the youngestexpanded leaf was monitored after exposure to ¹⁴CO₂. The concentrationsof water-soluble carbohydrate, and total nitrogen, phosphorusand potassium in component organs were determined. Net photosynthetic capacity was almost completely inhibitedby 5 d of burial. However, plants uncovered after 7 d of burialrecovered full photosynthetic competence within 24 h. Therewas a sharp, sustained depression in the water-soluble carbohydrateconcentration of the roots and stems after burial, whereas leaves1–3 had much higher concentrations than non-buried plantsfor up to 20 d after uncovering. Burial virtually suppressedthe translocation of ¹⁴C to stem, roots and expanding leaves,and this effect persisted even after full recovery of net photosynthesis.The proportional allocation of total N, P and K to leaves wasincreased after burial, mainly at the expense of the roots.Changes both in nutrient concentration and in the relative massesof organs contributed to this effect. The apparent reversal of the normal source-sink relationshipsfor carbohydrate between photosynthetic and non-photosyntheticorgans, and the differential allocation of inorganic nutrients,may contribute to the maintenance of photosynthetic capacityduring burial. The rapid recovery of net photosynthesis afterre-exposure suggests that these responses may be advantageousfor survival of E. farctus seedlings in the early stages ofgrowth in a physically unstable and unpredictable environment. Sand burial, photosynthesis, translocation, nutrient allocation, Elymus farctus, sand couch grass     

An Experimental Investigation into the Response of Some New Zealand Sand Dune Species to Salt Spray

The tolerance to salt spray of 29 species, mainly from New Zealandsand dunes, was investigated. Plants were grown in water culturein a glasshouse and subjected to overhead salt spraying at intervals.Growth rates in many species were reduced by salt spray buta significant decrease occurred only in six native herbs. However,many species showed sensitivity in leaf necrosis. Tolerant speciesincluded Scirpoides nodosa, Elymus farctus and Desmoschoenusspiralis. Ammophila arenaria, tolerant of spray as an adult,was less so when younger. There was little correlation between tolerance to salt sprayand tolerance to root salinity. Some species were tolerant toboth, e.g. S. nodosa and E. farctus, and some intolerant toboth, e.g. Wahlenbergia congesta. One species, Lupinus arboreus,was glycophytic in respect to root salt but tolerant of aerialsalt. Other species, such as Senecio elegans L. and Austrofestucalittoralis, were intolerant of salt spray but tolerant of mediumroot salinities. For some species salt spray tolerance correlated well with fielddistribution, e.g. D. spiralis and Bromus diandrus. However,some species present in semi-fixed dunes close to the sea havemuch lower tolerance than would be expected from their fieldsituation, e.g. W. congesta. This apparent inconsistency couldbe explained by the ameliorating high rainfall on the West Coast,or protection by ridges. One environmental variable alone, suchas salt spray, could not explain the field distribution formany species. Salt spray, growth rate, live leaf area, New Zealand, dune species, root salinity     

Measuring the RGR of Individual Grass Plants

Vegetative growth of grasses was analysed by dry mass increaseof growing leaves.Holcus lanatuswas grown in a controlled environmentand leaf extension rates of leaf numbers 5–10 of the maintiller were monitored daily. Leaf appearance and leaf extensionrates (LER) of leaves 5–7 enabled the prediction of thefinal length and dry mass of leaf 8 during its growth. A linearincrease of leaf mass per unit leaf length (LML) of leaf 8 wasobserved during growth. After harvest the daily increase indry mass of growing leaves was calculated from the LER and correspondingincrease in LML. The relative growth rate (RGR) of the maintiller showed day-to-day fluctuations and was gradually reducedby 50% over a 16-d period. The RGR of the shoot was maintainedby tillering. The RGR of a single (grass) plant can be calculatedfrom four parameters only: LER, LML, leaf appearance and tillering.Variation of RGR over a period can be reconstructed after harvestand the impact of these four parameters on RGR can be established.Copyright1998 Annals of Botany Company. Relative growth rate, grass, leaf growth,Holcus lanatus.     

Seedling growth variation in response to sand burial in four <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia</Emphasis> species from different habitats in the semi-arid dune field

We compared seedling growth of four Artemisia species dominated at different habitats to determine whether interspecific seedling growth variation of a same genus in tolerance to burial can be used to explain plant distribution in the sand dune field. Interdune lowland species, Artemisia gmelinii, stabilized dune species, A. frigida, semi-stabilized dune species, A. halodendron, and active dune species, A. wudanica were selected. Seedlings grown for 3 weeks were treated at five burial depths for three burial times in pot experiments. Species from the habitats with little burial had smaller survival rate, dry weight and stem elongation speed than those from the habitats with intensive burial when buried. Furthermore, when buried, the former tended to adjust biomass allocation between shoot and root and produce adventitious buds, while the latter tended to maintain a constant root:shoot ratio and produce adventitious roots. We conclude that (1) seedlings of species with a long evolutionary history of exposure to sand burial (from the active sand dune), show quicker stem growth when buried than do seedlings of species from the habitats with little or no sand burial; (2) seedlings of species which do not change root:shoot ratio might be more tolerant of sand burial than those do; (3) seedlings of species from the habitats with intensive sand burial is prone to produce adventitious roots and seedlings of species from the habitats with little or no sand burial tend to produce adventitious buds when buried.     

The Effects of Infection by Rust (Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke) on the Growth of Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) Cultivated under a Range of Nutrient Concentrations

Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), healthy or infected with therust fungus Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke, was grown at a rangeof nutrient concentrations in sand culture. There were statisticallysignificant interactions between the effects of infection andnutrient supply upon the dry weights of stems, leaves, rootsand reproductive tissues, leaf area and cumulative capitulumproduction. This interaction occurred since infection causedsignificant inhibitions of growth only at moderate or high nutrientconcentrations. At low concentrations rusted plants were similarto or slightly larger than controls. Both in controls and rustedplants root: shoot ratios increased as nutrient supply declined.The ratio of root: shoot dry weight was consistently reducedby infection whilst root length: leaf area ratio was relativelyunchanged. More detailed investigations confirmed that infection had littleeffect on plant growth under nutrient deficient conditions despitesuppression of the host's ability to increase root: shoot ratiosin response to nutrient stress. This reflected the inhibitionof relative growth rates in rusted plants at high but not lownutrient concentrations, which in turn reflected reduced netassimilation rates (NAR). Increases in leaf-area ratio (LAR)often ameliorated the decline in NAR in rusted plants. Senecio vulgaris L., Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke, nutrient deficiency, growth, root: shoot ratio     

Sand Accretion and Salinity as Constraints on the Establishment of Leymus arenarius for Land Reclamation in Iceland

Seed harvested from wild populations ofLeymus arenarius is sownextensively in Iceland to stabilize sandy barrens, on the coastand inland. Sand accretion can reach 50 cm over 3 months insummer near the outwash of glacial rivers on the south coastof Iceland and thus may be an important factor influencing survivaland growth ofL. arenarius . Newly germinated seedlings had great potential for elongationin darkness (etiolation). The length of the longest etiolatedleaf increased significantly with seed mass. The etiolationresponse proved to be a good predictor of their ability to emergefrom burial with sand. The mean length of etiolated shoots wasapprox. 16 cm and 40% of seedlings emerged when germinatingseeds were buried with 15 cm of sand, whereas none emerged fromburial under 20 cm of sand. A moderately high and sustainedrate of sand deposition (2–4 cm week^-1), applied to 10-weekold seedlings in a glasshouse experiment, significantly increasedleaf length and the allocation of biomass to shoots, such thatoverall biomass was slightly but not significantly increased. The growth responses of seedlings of one coastal populationand two inland populations ofLeymus arenarius were comparedwhen challenged with salinities ranging from 0 to 600 mM NaClin sand culture. The numbers of tillers produced by the coastalpopulation was stimulated by salinity in the range 200–400mM NaCl, unlike their inland counterparts. The total dry massof the coastal population was less adversely affected by highsalinity than that of the two inland populations, mainly becauseroot biomass was reduced less; total leaf area was also slightlyless reduced in the coastal population. The reclamation of sandbarrens in Iceland with high accretion rates would benefit fromsowing seeds from larger-seeded populations, at a depth of 5–10cm; at coastal reclamation sites, it would be preferable touse seed from the more salt-tolerant coastal populations. Leymus arenarius ; lyme grass; sand accretion; etiolation; seedling emergence; seed mass; salt tolerance; revegetation     

The Growth Rate of Wheat Leaves in Relation to the Extension Zone Sugar Concentration Manipulated by Shading

The main objective of this study was to determine the relationshipbetween the relative rate of growth of emerging wheat leavesand the hexose sugar concentration of the extension zone. Shortperiods of intense shading (to 20 or 5% of full sun for up to14 d) were used to decrease hexose concentrations. Shading decreased hexose concentrations to a fraction of thatof controls and also resulted in thin and narrow leaves thatwere less in dry weight than control leaves of the same length.Shading did however increase the length of the zone of extendingtissue at the leaf base by 30%. The effect of hexose concentrations on the relative rate ofleaf growth was evaluated by determining the ratio between growthrates of shaded and control leaves. This ratio declined as hexoseconcentrations declined and the relationship was described bya rectangular hyperbola (r > 0.95, P < 0.01). Combineddata from many leaves on the main shoot and its tillers fromtwo irrigated wheat crops all conformed to the same relationship.The hexose concentrations where the ratio of growth rates washalf the maximum rate were 0.42 mg g^–1 fr. wt. for extensiongrowth and 1.74 mg g^–1 fr. wt. for dry weight growth.These values were significantly (P < 0.01) different. These results were compared with data from emerging leaves offield crops and it was concluded that hexose concentrationshad not limited leaf growth rates, the lowest values recordedbeing 2.5–3.0 mg g^–1 fr. wt. It was further suggestedas unlikely that leaf growth rates of wheat crops in the fieldwould be limited by hexose concentrations.     

海滨沙地单叶蔓荆匍匐茎对沙埋适应的生长对策

单叶蔓荆(Vitex trifolia var.simplicifoli)是一种耐盐、耐旱固沙地被植物。依据海滨沙地自然沙埋特点对单叶蔓荆匍匐茎进行了不同厚度(半埋和全埋)和不同长度交叉沙埋处理,研究探讨了单叶蔓荆沙埋适应生长对策,为其开发利用、科学管理和海滨环境修复提供指导。结果表明,正常情况下,单叶蔓荆匍匐茎基部和中部生长缓慢,顶部生长快。轻度(沙埋匍匐茎基部)和中度(沙埋匍匐茎基部和中部)半埋和全埋使匍匐茎顶部生长加速,茎长增长量较对照高出1.5到3.1倍;但重度(沙埋整个匍匐茎)半埋和全埋使匍匐茎顶部净增长量减少12%和13%。在20d沙埋中,对照整个匍匐茎各段均无不定根长出,但不同程度半埋和全埋沙埋处理下沙下匍匐茎上均长出不定根,重度半埋使不定根生长受抑;同时匍匐茎上各段茎生物量上升,枝叶生物量下降,且随着沙埋程度的增加而增减幅度提高,在重度半埋和全埋达到最大。在轻度和中度半埋和全埋下,匍匐茎上未沙埋部位枝条生长加速。研究表明,在自然环境中,单叶蔓荆匍匐茎顶端是一个对环境变化反应敏感的部位,并与沙埋后单叶蔓荆茎延伸生长和植株能否生存密切相关。当匍匐茎顶部没被沙埋时,沙埋促进沙埋部位匍匐茎和枝叶中物质转移,加速匍匐茎顶部快速生长和物质积累以弥补沙埋带来的损伤维持物质和能量的代谢平衡。沙埋后,单叶蔓荆以茎顶端快速生长、形成不定根、枝条生长维持茎水分平衡和能量和物质代谢平衡,以快速生长摆脱沙埋影响的生长方式为其对沙埋环境的重要适应对策。因此,在海岸沙地单叶蔓荆种群管理和维护中,在强风移沙引起的重度沙埋后,及时剥离匍匐茎顶部沙子对维护单叶蔓荆种群的延续生存和扩散均有重要作用。     

小叶锦鸡儿抗沙埋生长与抗氧化酶及同工酶变化的关系

小叶锦鸡儿(Caraganas tenophylla L.)是广泛应用于流动沙丘治理的优良固沙植物。然而关于其抗沙埋生理机理目前尚不清楚。选择生长在科尔沁沙地的小叶锦儿为试验材料,依据株高对其进行不同程度沙埋(轻度、中度、重度沙埋), 并通过测定沙埋过程中植株高度、不同部位叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活力、抗氧化酶同工酶谱变化, 以揭示其抗沙埋生理适应机理和基因调控机理。结果表明:沙埋6d,植株各部位生长加快,尤其是顶部和基部生长更快。叶片MDA含量降低、整株植物叶片平均过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力增加,但重度沙埋使抗氧化酶活力下降。沙埋12d,植株各部位生长继续加大, 沙下叶片凋落。与对照相比,沙上叶片MDA含量成倍增加,并与叶片POD、SOD和CAT活力的大幅度提高呈正相关,并与对照差异显著(P < 0.01)。同时,不同厚度沙埋6d,叶片CAT同工酶出现两新带CAT III和CATII;POD同工酶谱带(6条酶带)随沙埋厚度增加,叶片PODII区带加宽、色加深,POD I 和POD III酶带消失。但是,不同厚度沙埋下,沙上和沙下叶片CAT、SOD和POD酶谱带数和活力均相同。这表明在沙埋应激适应反应期(6d),叶片抗氧化酶活力的增强与抗氧化酶基因表达增强和基因启动有关。受到沙埋重力胁迫的成熟叶可能将胁迫信号传递给沙上没有沙埋的叶子及生长点,导致整株叶片产生整体适应性反应,激活抗氧化酶系统,以致加速生长。因此,小叶锦鸡儿萌蘖生物学特性和抗氧化酶对沙埋胁迫快速响应在维护氧自由基代谢平衡和植株快速恢复生长中起重要保护作用。     

Salt Tolerance in the Triticeae: Leymus sabulosus

Elymus dahuhcus, Leymus giganteus, L. angustus, L. sabulosusand, to a lesser extent, L. triticoides, were found to tolerate200 mol m^–3 NaCl in solution culture. Elymus dahuricusdiffered from the Leymus species in its ion-uptake characteristics,showing a greater uptake of Cl and Na and a greater loss ofK from the shoots. In a more detailed experiment on Leymus sabulosusit was found that transpiration rates altered rapidly in responseto changes in external salinity whereas the accumulation ofNa and Cl in the leaves exhibited a lag of several days. Insalt stressed L. sabulosus Cl partially replaced the high levelsof nitrate found in the leaves of control plants. Glycinebetainelevels increased in the leaves from 8.0 mol m^–3 plantsap in the controls to 28 mol m^–3 plant sap at 250 molm^–3 NaCl. Key words: Salt stress, Transpiration, Solute accumulation, Leymus     

Mature Tissue and Crop Canopy Respiratory Characteristics of Rye, Triticale and Wheat

Crop dry matter and its chemical composition, together withcanopy and mature tissue respiration rates were measure at equivalentgrowth stages and temperatures for spring and winter rye, triticaleand wheat crops grown under irrigated field conditions. Canopyrespiration was partitioned into growth and maintenance respirationusing information from the chemical composition analysis ofthe crop biomass. Rates of dry matter accumulation early inthe growing season were significantly greater for rye cropsin comparison to triticale and wheat. However, when dry matterwas measured at similar ontogenetic stages, the productivityadvantage of the rye crop was no longer evident. Nevertheless,canopy respiration rates per unit ground area were significantlylower for rye than wheat over all temperatures and growth stages.Intergeneric differences in the respiration rates of matureleaf and stem tissues were consistent with those measured atcanopy scales. Differences in the chemical composition of thebiomass among genera were minimal, and insufficient to accountfor differences in canopy respiration due to synthesis respirationrequirement. Estimates of biomass maintenance requirements appearto be significantly lower for rye than wheat when calculatedat similar temperatures and ontogenetic stages. The maintenancecoefficient (m) depended on stage of development, suggestingthat m will decline earlier chronologically for rye than wheat,which implies that greater carbon retention is another aspectcontributing to the higher early-season crop growth rates ofspring and winter rye. Considering the lower respiration ratesof mature stems relative to leaves, the dependence of m on stem:leafratio was suggested as a useful approach to modelling ontogeneticeffects on maintenance respiration.Copyright 1993, 1999 AcademicPress Rye, triticale, wheat, dry matter, growth and maintenance respiration     

沙埋对中间锦鸡儿幼苗生长发育的影响

在沙地环境中,沙埋是影响植物幼苗存活的一个重要因素。中间锦鸡儿(C arag ana interm ed ia)是浑善达克沙地和毛乌素沙地固定和半固定沙丘上常见的一种沙生灌木。为了研究沙埋对其幼苗存活以及生长的影响,对出土后生长了1个月的中间锦鸡儿实生苗进行沙埋实验,实验处理:TC为对照,T1为沙埋幼苗地上部的1/3,T2为沙埋幼苗地上部的1/2,T3为沙埋到幼苗的近顶端。实验持续4周,每周收获1次。结果表明:TC、T1和T2没有幼苗死亡,T3有20%的幼苗死亡;沙埋对中间锦鸡儿幼苗的生物量、根冠比、根生物量比和茎生物量比有显著影响,叶片生物量比各处理没有显著差异,沙埋对幼苗的叶面积没有显著影响,在第1周T2和T3的小叶片面积显著大于TC,在其余3周,TC与T1、T2的小叶片面积没有显著差异,与全埋则有显著差异;沙埋对幼苗的相对生长速率(RGR)和净同化速率(N AR)产生显著影响,实验结束时,T3处理幼苗的RGR和N AR显著地小于其它3个处理。上述结果表明,部分沙埋(T1、T2)对沙生灌木中间锦鸡儿幼苗的生长发育没有显著的影响,而全部沙埋(T3)对其幼苗的生长发育产生显著的抑制,中间锦鸡儿是一个比较耐沙埋的物种。     

The Effect of Defoliation on the Nitrogen Economy of White Clover: Regrowth and the Remobilization of Plant Organic Nitrogen

Single plants of white clover (Trifolium repens) were establishedfrom stolon cuttings rooted in acid-washed silver sand. Allplants were inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii, and receivednutrient solution containing 0·5 mg ¹⁵N as either ammoniumor nitrate weekly for 12 weeks (i.e. 6 mg ¹⁵N in total). Plantswere then leniently defoliated or left intact, and the labelledN supply was replaced with unlabelled N. Lenient defoliationremoved fully expanded leaves only, leaving immature leaveswhich accounted for 50–55% of the total; growing pointnumbers were not reduced. Nodules, leaves and growing pointswere counted over the following 21 d period, and d. wts, N contents,and ¹⁵N enrichments of individual plant organs were determined. Defoliated plants had fewer nodules, but numbers of growingpoints were unaffected by defoliation. The rates of both leafemergence and expansion were accelerated in defoliated plants;in consequence the number of young leaves remained less thanin intact plants until day 21. Total dry matter (DM) and N accumulationwere less in defoliated plants, and a greater proportion oftotal plant DM was invested in roots. About 97 % of plant totalN was derived from fixed atmospheric N, but there was incompletemixing of fixed and mineral N within the plant. Relatively moremineral N was incorporated into roots, whereas there was relativelymore fixed N in nodules. There was isotopic evidence that Nwas remobilized from root and stolon tissue for leaf regrowthafter defoliation; approximately 2 % of plant N turned overdaily in the 7-d period after defoliation, and this contributedabout 50% of the N increment in leaf tissue. White clover, Trifolium repens L. cv. SI84, lenient defoliation, N economy, regrowth, N remobilization     

The influence of the parasitic angiosperm Striga gesnerioides on the growth and photosynthesis of its host, Vigna unguiculata

Cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata) infected with the root hemiparasiticangiosperm Striga gesnerioides accumulated less biomass thanuninfected plants over a growth period of 60 d. The allometricrelationship between shoot and root dry weight was similar inparasitized plants relative to control plants, as was the proportionof dry matter partitioned into leaf, stem and root tissue. However,infected plants failed to make any significant investment ofdry matter in pods. The rate of photosynthesis of the youngestfully expanded leaf of parasitized plants was significantlylower than for control plants. The lower rates of photosynthesiswere not attributable to stomatal limitation, a loss of chlorophyllor to an accumulation of carbohydrate. The depression of photosynthesisin the young leaves was transient. As control leaves aged, photosynthesisdeclined. This also occurred in Striga infected plants, butto a lesser extent resulting in higher rates of photosynthesisin mature leaves when compared to those of uninfected plants.The foliar nitrogen content of parasitized plants was higherthan control plants consistent with the slower rate of photosyntheticdecline of older leaves. The data are discussed with respectto the influence of parasitic weeds on host growth and photosynthesis. Key words: Cowpea, hemiparasite, allometry, nitrogen     

Effects of burial in sand on the growth and reproduction of Cakile edentula

Studies were conducted to examine the effects of sand burial on the growth and reproduction of Cakile edentula under controlled greenhouse conditions Sand burial enhanced both the vegetative growth and reproduction of plants Within one week after burial, plants showed a significant increase in the length of the internode just below the current sand surface This response was not mediated by the dark conditions imposed by sand burial About two weeks after burial, adventitious roots grew upwards into the deposited sand Plants buried in washed sand did not differ in their dry weight whereas those buried in unwashed sand were significantly taller, produced greater biomass and larger number of seeds per plant than control However, the mean mass per fruit and per seed were not altered The frequency distribution of fruit and seed was only slightly modified by the burial treatments     

Growth Analysis of Atrazine-Resistant and Atrazine-Sensitive Biotypes of Chenopodium album

Seed from atrazine-sensitive and atrazine-resistant biotypesof lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) was sown in pots containingquartz sand. Plants were grown under a controlled environmentin a growth room. On the 15th day after planting, four randomly-selectedplants of each biotype were harvested, and both fresh and dryweights of leaves, stems, roots and whole plants, together withleaf area, were determined for each plant. This was repeatedat 5-day intervals until the 60th day after sowing. Data from the resulting replicated 2 x 10 factorial configurationwere analysed using BMDP multiple regression programmes andorthogonal polynomials to produce best fit polynomial expressionsof time-to-harvest and biotype for the natural logarithm ofeach response. From these empirical models of plant growth,predictor functions for relative growth rates, leaf area andweight ratios, specific leaf area and unit leaf rate were generated. Examination of computer-generated plots of the various growthindices suggested that time-of-harvest was the most importantfactor in determining the magnitude of the responses. However,the two biotypes exhibited different growth patterns as indicatedby the presence of a significant biotype effect or biotype xtime interaction in all cases. The faster-maturing atrazine-sensitiveplants tended to have fairly dense leaves with relatively smallarea whereas the atrazine-resistant plants initially producedsmall root systems and relatively low density leaves. Moreover,the resistant biotype, despite being lighter at 2 weeks, weighedthe same as the sensitive plants by the 60th day due to a consistentlyhigher relative growth rate. The advantages of using balancedor orthogonal configurations together with multiple regressionprocedures to derive data-based empirical models of plant growthare discussed. Limitations to the routine use of empirical modelsare also considered. Chenopodium album L., lambsquarters, atrazine resistance, growth analysis, orthogonal polynomials, multiple regression analysis     

The Effect of Age and Location of Leaf on Quantity and Quality of Japanese Mint Oil Production

Leaves of debranched Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L., subsp.haplocalyx Briquet var. piperascens Holmes) were marked to allowsubsequent identification for age. Leaves of different age groupswere distilled for determination of quantity and quality ofoil. Most of the oil and its principal component, menthol, weresynthesized during the first 2 weeks of growth, while menthoneand the a-pinene percentage composition of the oil declinedwith age after 2 weeks. A significant decrease in percentageoil content occurred in older leaves indicating that leaf lossthrough senescence caused less loss of oil than of dry matter.Proportion of young to old leaves had a significant effect onoil composition. This is believed to be the first report onoil composition of leaves from single plants of Japanese mint.     

海滨沙地砂引草对沙埋的生长和生理适应对策

在2009和2010年春夏季通过对烟台海滨沙地自然生长的耐沙埋植物砂引草(Messerschmidia sibirica Linn)进行不同厚度(1/3株高-轻度沙埋、2/3株高-中度沙埋、3/3株高-重度沙埋)沙埋试验,并测定沙埋过程中土壤温度、土壤含水量、叶片鲜重(FW)、干重(DW)、植株相对高度(%)、叶片细胞膜透性、相对含水量、(丙二醛)MDA、抗氧化酶活力(过氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT))、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量的变化以探讨砂引草抗沙埋的生长和生理调节策略,为未来砂引草的科学管理和应用提供理论指导。结果表明,在沙埋第5天、第10天,随着沙埋厚度的增加土壤温度下降,土壤含水量增加,植株相对高度和整株砂引草叶片FW和DW呈上升趋势,同一植株沙上叶片FW、DW不断增加,沙下叶片FW、DW则不断减少。在沙埋第5天,不同厚度沙埋处理的植株叶片细胞膜透性和MDA含量均较对照低,而整株植物叶片SOD、CAT活力和脯氨酸含量均较对照高。同一植株沙下叶片细胞膜透性、MDA、脯氨酸含量及SOD和CAT活力均低于沙上叶片。研究表明,轻度和中度沙埋使沙上叶片受到地面热辐射、干旱、高温胁迫影响,导致叶片内含水量下降,膜脂过氧化加强,膜受损。但同时叶片中快速激活的保护酶和积累的脯氨酸抑制膜脂过氧化可能是保护沙埋后沙上叶片能快速生长的重要生理调控机理。在重度全埋枝叶处于沙下时,沙下缺氧和黑暗抑制了叶片呼吸作用和光合作用,同时缺氧也抑制了叶片对营养物质的消耗使叶片成为茎尖生长的物质和能量供体,促使暗中茎顶端不断的延伸生长冲出沙土再生。砂引草耐全埋的再生能力进一步表明,砂引草在海岸沙丘固沙、保滩、护岸和植被恢复上将具有重要开发和应用前景。     

Evaluation of a Dynamic Simulation Model for Tomato Crop Growth and Development

A dynamic simulation model for tomato crop growth and development,TOMSIM, is evaluated. Potential crop growth and daily crop grossassimilation rate (P_gc,d) is computed by integration of leafassimilation rates over total crop leaf area throughout theday. Crop growth results fromP_gc,dminus maintenance respirationrate (R_m), multiplied by the conversion efficiency. Dry matterdistribution is simulated, based on the sink strength of theplant organs, which is quantified by their potential growthrate. Within the plant, individual fruit trusses and vegetativeunits (three leaves and stem internodes between two trusses)are distinguished. Sink strength of a truss or a vegetativeunit is described as a function of its developmental stage.In this paper, emphasis is on the interactions between the twosubmodels of, respectively, dry matter production and dry matterdistribution. Sensitivity analysis showed that global radiation,CO₂concentration, specific leaf area (SLA) and the developmentalstage of a vegetative unit at leaf pruning had a large influenceon crop growth rate, whereas temperature, number of fruits pertruss, sink strength of a vegetative unit and plant densitywere less important. Leaf area index (LAI) was very sensitiveto SLA and the developmental stage of a vegetative unit at leafpruning. Temperature did not influence the simulated R_m, asincreased respiration rate per unit of biomass at higher temperatureswas compensated by a decrease in biomass. The model was validatedfor four glasshouse experiments with plant density and fruitpruning treatments, and on data from two commercially growncrops. In general, measured and simulated crop growth ratesfrom 1 month after planting onwards agreed reasonably well,average overestimation being 12%. However, crop growth ratesin the first month after planting were overestimated by 52%on average. Final crop dry mass was overestimated by 0–31%,due to inaccurate simulation of LAI, resulting partly from inaccurateSLA prediction, which is especially important at low plant densityand in a young crop.Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Crop growth, dry matter production, glasshouse, leaf area,Lycopersicon esculentum, partitioning, simulation model, tomato, TOMSIM.     

Germination of Leymus arenarius and its Significance for Land Reclamation in Iceland

Leymus arenarius is used to stabilize the extensive areas oferoded volcanic sand in Iceland, both inland and on the coast.It has been reported previously to produce seeds of generallylow viability. We investigated the potential for seed dormancyand the responses of germination to temperature, light and salinity,as part of a re-assessment aimed at improving reclamation procedures. Contrary to previous reports, high rates of germination couldbe obtained under certain conditions. All caryopses were soakedin water (24 h) and stratified for 2 weeks (5 °C) beforethe subsequent germination tests. Constant temperatures or exposureto light resulted in very poor germination. Close to 100% germinationcould be obtained within 2 weeks in continuous darkness, underalternating temperatures with an amplitude of 10-20 °C ona 12 h cycle; high day temperatures appear to be important.Diurnal fluctuations in temperature of this order occurred underaverage weather conditions in the black, volcanic sands in Icelandduring the growing season (May-Sep.). The dark requirement isinterpreted as a selective response to the adverse conditionsfor establishment at the surface of the sand; the alternatingtemperature requirement may be a response to ensure dormancyunder deep burial with accreting sand, although it could havea role in gap-sensing under established canopies. Scarification,surface sterilization and treatment with n -butanol or KNO₃were all generally ineffective in promoting germination. Nearlyall caryopses that did not germinate, in all treatments, remainedviable. Caryopses of coastal populations of Leymus arenarius showedsignificantly higher total germination and more rapid germinationin 100 mmol l^-1 and 300 mmol l^-1 NaCl solutions than inlandpopulations. The inhibition of germination by salinity was anosmotically enforced dormancy effect rather than a lethal, toxicone; caryopses that had not germinated in saline solution generallywere able to germinate subsequently, when transferred to non-salineconditions.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press Germination, Leymus arenarius (lymegrass), Triticeae, survival analysis, fluctuating temperature, sand stabilization, salinity tolerance, Iceland