植物暗呼吸作用对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

植物暗呼吸作用对ＣＯ２浓度升高的响应目前存在两种截然相反的观点：一种认为暗呼吸作用将随着ＣＯ２浓度的升高而下降,可能的原因有胞间ＣＯ２浓度升高、呼吸酶活性改变及暗固定ＣＯ２作用的加强等直接原因;另一种认为暗呼吸作用将随ＣＯ２浓度的升高而提高,影响因素可归结为碳水化合物含量增加、高ＣＯ２浓度刺激其他呼吸途径和生长加快等间接原因。由于目前国际上在实验手段、材料及呼吸作用表达方式等方面的不一致性,这些观点尚难定论,需要更多的实验数据来进一步验证。     

氮过量吸收对地肤暗呼吸速率及相对生长速率的影响

为研究N过量吸收对植物生长的作用,以耐盐植物地肤(Kochia scoparia)作为研究对象,设置3个不同的施N处理,测量了不同生长时期的N含量、暗呼吸速率、生物量和相对生长速率(RGR)。结果表明:在N过量吸收的情况下,多余的N对暗呼吸速率并没有显著的影响,导致了暗呼吸中N的利用效率变低;单位质量暗呼吸速率与相对生长速率(RGR)有很好的线性相关,并且直线的斜率和截距并不受氮素过量吸收的影响,表明单位质量暗呼吸速率与RGR的关系不受施氮水平的影响;暗呼吸速率与总N的异速关系中,幂指数的大小与施N量相关,施N量越大对应的幂指数越小。     

川西亚高山森林土壤呼吸和微生物生物量碳氮对施氮的响应

随着全球大气氮沉降的明显增加,将有可能显著影响我国西部地区受氮限制的亚高山森林生态系统。土壤微生物是生态系统的重要组成部分,是土壤物质循环和能量流动的重要参与者。由于生态系统类型、土壤养分、氮沉降背景值等的差异,土壤呼吸和土壤生物量碳氮对施氮的响应存在许多不确定性。而施氮会不会促进亚高山森林生态系统中土壤呼吸和微生物对土壤碳氮的固定?基于此假设,选择了川西60年生的四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)亚高山针叶林为研究对象,通过4个水平的土壤施氮控制试验(CK:0 g m~(-2) a~(-1)、N1:2 g m~(-2)a~(-1)、N2:5 g m~(-2) a~(-1)、N3:10 g m~(-2)a~(-1)),监测了土壤呼吸及土壤微生物生物量碳氮在一个生长季的动态情况。结果表明:施氮对土壤呼吸各指标和土壤微生物碳氮都有极显著的影响,施氮能促进土壤全呼吸、自养呼吸、异养呼吸通量和土壤微生物生物量碳氮的增长,施氮使土壤呼吸通量提高了11%—15%,土壤微生物量碳提高了5%—9%,土壤微生物量氮提高了23%—34%。在中氮水平下(5 g m~(-2) a~(-1))对土壤呼吸的促进最显著。相关分析发现,土壤呼吸与微生物生物量碳氮和微生物代谢商极呈显著正相关,微生物量碳氮与土壤温度呈极显著的正相关,与土壤湿度呈极显著负相关。通过一般线性回归拟合土壤呼吸速率与土壤10 cm温湿度的关系,发现土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈极显著的正相关,与土壤湿度极显著负相关(P0.001),中氮水平下土壤温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值(7.10)明显高于对照(4.26)。     

Modelling respiration of vegetation: evidence for a general temperature‐dependent Q10

Temperature responses of rates of respiratory CO₂ efflux from plants, soils, and ecosystems are frequently modelled using exponential functions with a constant Q₁₀ near 2.0 (fractional change in rate with a 10 °C increase in temperature). However, we present evidence that Q₁₀ declines with short‐term increases in temperature in a predictable manner across diverse plant taxa. Thus, models using a constant Q₁₀ are biased, and use of a temperature‐corrected Q₁₀ may improve the accuracy of modelled respiratory CO₂ efflux in plants and ecosystems in response to temperature and predicted global climate changes.     

川西亚高山林区三种土地利用方式下土壤呼吸动态及组分区分

采用动态密闭气室法(IRGA)对川西亚高山林区云杉(Picea likiangensisvar.balfouriana)人工林、农地和冷杉(Abiesfaxoniana)原始林的土壤呼吸日变化及季节变化进行了测定,计算了土壤呼吸3个组分的值。结果表明,(1)云杉人工林中根系呼吸占林地总呼吸的22%,冷杉原始林为29%;(2)土壤呼吸速率的日变化和季节变化均与10cm地温的变化相一致;(3)由于本地区土壤水分不是限制因子,因此温度成为影响土壤释放CO2的最关键因素,云杉人工林矿质土壤呼吸随温度变化的Q10值为2.44,农地为1.82,冷杉原始林为2.73;(4)云杉人工林年呼吸CO2总量为43.93t.hm-2.a-1,其中72%来自于矿质土壤排放,6%来自于枯落物分解;农地年呼吸CO2总量为26.07t.hm-2.a-1,主要来自矿质土壤;冷杉原始林年呼吸CO2总量为33.95t.hm-2.a-1,其中61%来自于矿质土壤排放,10%来自于枯落物分解。     

稻麦作物呼吸作用与植株氮含量、生物量和温度的定量关系

陆地生态系统碳循环是全球变化研究的重要议题之一,准确估算植被的呼吸作用对于客观评价植被在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用具有重要意义。为探讨作物生长、植株氮含量和环境温度对呼吸作用的综合影响,研究以盆栽为主并与大田试验相结合,基于逐步收割法和静态暗箱-气相色谱技术,于2 0 0 2年和2 0 0 3年冬小麦和水稻生长季原位测定了作物地上部分CO2 排放速率,并同时测定了作物生物量、氮含量和环境温度。试验处理分为常规管理、不同氮肥水平、不同播种期和不同种植密度。研究结果表明:稻麦作物暗呼吸系数(Rd)不是常数,而是正比于植株氮(N )含量,两者的关系可用方程Rd=4 .74 N - 1.4 5 (R2 =0 .85 ,n=12 2 ,p<0 .0 0 1)来定量表述。用方程RD=(4.74 N - 1.4 5 )×Q( T- 2 5) /1 01 0 ×W模拟的作物暗呼吸量(RD)与大田测定结果一致。用国际上著名的作物模拟模型估算的稻麦作物维持性呼吸与用此方程模拟的结果具有可比性,而采用陆地生态系统模型(TEN)估算的结果则远高于本项研究,TEM用于估算农业植被的呼吸作用可能是不适合的。     

Respiratory responses of higher plants to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Although the respiratory response of native and agricultural plants to atmospheric CO₂ enrichment has been reported over the past 75 years, only recently have these effects emerged as prominent measures of plant and ecosystem response to the earth's changing climate. In this review we discuss this rapidly expanding field of study and propose that both increasing and decreasing rates of leaf and whole-plant respiration are likely to occur in response to rising CO₂ concentrations. While the stimulatory effects of CO₂ on respiration are consistent with our knowledge of leaf carbohydrate status and plant metabolism, we wish to emphasize the rather surprising short-term inhibition of leaf respiration by elevated CO₂ and the reported effects of long-term CO₂ exposure on growth and maintenance respiration. As is being found in many studies, it is easier to document the respiratory response of higher plants to elevated CO₂ than it is to assign a mechanistic basis for the observed effects. Despite this gap in our understanding of how respiration is affected by CO₂ enrichment, data are sufficient to suggest that changes in leaf and whole-plant respiration may be important considerations in the carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems as global CO₂ continues to rise. Suggestions for future research that would enable these and other effects of CO₂ on respiration to be unravelled are presented.     

武夷山亚高山草甸土壤呼吸组分特征及影响因素

武夷山亚高山草甸是亚热带中国东南部地区分布海拔最高的草甸, 分析亚热带亚高山草甸土壤碳通量组分的变化特征, 探究其与环境因子的关系及温度敏感性(Q₁₀), 对准确估计区域土壤碳收支和完善对亚高山草甸碳通量的认识具有重要意义。于2020年5月至2021年4月采用LI-8100 CO₂通量测定仪对武夷山山顶草甸土壤呼吸速率(RS)进行监测, 并利用根去除法区分自养呼吸速率(RA)和异养呼吸速率(RH)。结果显示: (1)亚热带武夷山亚高山草甸土壤呼吸速率及组分动态均呈双峰曲线, 5-10月, RS、RA、RH均高于其他月份。全年RA的变异幅度大于RH, RA在RS中占比约45%。(2)多模型比较分析表明武夷山亚高山草甸土壤温度(T)与土壤呼吸速率及组分呈指数增长关系, 土壤呼吸速率及各组分的Q₁₀排序为RA (Q₁₀ = 1.96) > RS (Q₁₀ = 1.94) > RH (Q₁₀ = 1.67)。土壤湿度(W)对RS有一定影响, 但与RA、RH关系不显著。T、W双因素模型对RS的拟合优于单因素模型, 二者可共同解释48%的RS变异。综上, 武夷山亚高山草甸土壤呼吸以异养呼吸为主, 自养呼吸比异养呼吸对温度更敏感, 土壤温度和湿度是影响武夷山亚高山草甸土壤呼吸的重要环境因子, 低温和湿度大对土壤呼吸有抑制作用。该研究有助于增强对亚高山草甸土壤呼吸及组分季节动态和影响因素的认识, 为区域土壤碳通量和碳循环研究提供数据支持。     

Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.

We investigated the thermal acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration in black spruce seedlings [ Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] grown at 22/14 °C [low temperature (LT)] or 30/22 °C [high temperature (HT)] day/night temperatures. Net CO₂ assimilation rates ( A _net) were greater in LT than in HT seedlings below 30 °C, but were greater in HT seedlings above 30 °C. Dark and day respiration rates were similar between treatments at the respective growth temperatures. When respiration was factored out of the photosynthesis response to temperature, the resulting gross CO₂ assimilation rates ( A _gross) was lower in HT than in LT seedlings below 30 °C, but was similar above 30 °C. The reduced A _gross of HT seedlings was associated with lower needle nitrogen content, lower ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) maximum carboxylation rates ( V _cmax) and lower maximum electron transport rates ( J _max). Growth treatment did not affect V _cmax :  J _max. Modelling of the CO₂ response of photosynthesis indicated that LT seedlings at 40 °C might have been limited by heat lability of Rubisco activase, but that in HT seedlings, Rubisco capacity was limiting. In sum, thermal acclimation of A _net was largely caused by reduced respiration and lower nitrogen investments in needles from HT seedlings. At 40 °C, photosynthesis in LT seedlings might be limited by Rubisco activase capacity, while in HT seedlings, acclimation removed this limitation.