Immunoglobulins in the Eastern Carolines

Serum samples from Micronesian populations on the Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape and Kusaie islands were tested for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) allotypes, Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 21), and for Inv (1). All four populations have the Gm phenogroups, Gm^1,21, Gm^1,2,21, Gm^1,3,5,13,14, and Gm^1,5,6. The Ponapeans have Gm^1,5,13,14 also. Pedigree analysis shows that the Gm^1,5,6 phenogroup in the Pingelap and Mokil populations is derived from the single offspring of a member of a crew of a whaling ship and that the Gm^1,2,21 phenogroup was introduced by three non-native individuals. The Gm allotypes indicate that the Ponapean and Kusiean populations also have phenogroups from other races, and historical data show that there has been adequate opportunity for this to have occurred. Only the phenogroups Gm^1,21 and Gm^1,5,13,14 appear to be endemic to eastern Micronesia.     

Gm and Km(Inv) frequencies in two Roumanian populations

Summary Serum samples from 170 unrelated individuals from the Suceava District of Roumania and from 199 unrelated individuals from Bucharest, Roumania were tested for Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 21) and Km(1)[Inv(1)]. Selected samples were also tested for Gm(15) and Gm(16).The frequencies of the three common Caucasoid haplotypes, Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14}, Gm ^{1, 17, 21}, and Gm ^{1, 2, 17, 21} in these two populations were found to be similar to those in neighboring Slavic states and Hungary. Racial admixture was evidenced by the presence of the Gm ^{1, 13, 15, 16, 17} and Gm ^{1, 3, 5, 13, 14} haplotypes, which are primarily Mongoloid, and the Gm ^{1, 5, 13, 14, 17} haplotype which is primarily Negroid.Comparisons of these data with those from earlier studies of populations from Central Europe indicate that the frequency of the Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14} haplotype within this region is high and essentially uniform. Published data for several blood group systems also indicate essentially uniform distributions of frequencies in this region. It is suggested that this region may be the center of a clin that radiates from it.Post-Doctoral Fellow supported by NIH Training Grant Gm07004.     

Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese populations: a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation

Summary This paper reports the distribution of immunoglobulin Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese geographical populations. These populations are derived from 24 nationalities comprising 96.6% of the total population of China. A total of 9,560 individuals were phenotyped for Gm(1,2,3,5,21) factors, and 9,611 were phenotyped for Km(1). Phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of Gm haplotype frequencies and genetic distances. The results of cluster analysis show the heterogeneity of the Chinese nation, and confirm the hypothesis that the modern Chinese nation originated from two distinct populations, one population originating in the Yellow River valley and the other originating in the Yangtze River valley during early neolithic times (3,000–7,000 years ago). Frequencies of the Gm haplotype of 74 Chinese populations were compared with those of 33 populations from major racial groups. The results suggest that during human evolution, the Negroid group and Caucasoid-Mongoloid group diverged first, followed by a divergence between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid. Interrace divergence is high in comparison with intrarace divergence. There appear to be two distinct subgroups of Mongoloid, northern and southern Mongoloid. The northern and southern Mongoloid have Gm^1;21 and Gm^1,3;5 haplotypes as race-associate markers, respectively. Furthermore, the Caucasian-associated haplotype Gm^3;5 was found in several of the minorities living in the northwest part of China. The presence of the Gm^3;5 haplotype is attributed to the Caucasians living in Central Asia throughout the Silk Road. The amount of Caucasian admixture has been estimated. In contrast to the Gm haplotype distribution, Km¹ gene frequencies showed a random distribution in the populations studied.     

Gm and Inv (Km) studies of melanesian people on the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua New Guinea: Polymorphism for a Gm1,5,10,11,13,14,17,21,26 haplotype

Blood samples from 448 people living in six villages in the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua, New Guinea, were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and Inv(1) [Km(1)]. All the people are non-Austronesian (NAN) speakers. As expected, there was a low frequency of the Gm^{1,3,5,10,11,13,14,26} haplotype, but in contradiction to expectations there was a complete absence of the Gm^1,2,17,21,26 haplotype. In addition, samples from people in one village (Yupna) and probably those for two other villages (Irumu 13 and 14) have the rare haplotype Gm^{1,5,10,11,13,14,21,26} at polymorphic frequencies. Two samples from people living in Yupna had the rare phenotype Gm(1,3,17,21,26), indicating the presence of any one of several rare haplotypes that had been observed in other populations. These are discussed.     

Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various Southern African populations

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv groups in approximately 3500 individuals belonging to a number of diverse Southern African populations. The indigenous peoples show the presence of the Gm alleles known to occur in Negroes (Gm^{1, 5, 13, 14}, Gm^{1, 5, 6, 14} and Gm^{1, 5, 6}) but the Bushmen possess some of them in very low frequencies and have, in addition and in appreciable frequencies the Gm¹ and Gm^{1, 13} alleles which have not been reported as occurring in West African populations. The distribution of the Gm^{1, 13} allele in various Bantu-speaking tribes of the sub-continent reveals a marked cline, increasing from north to south along the eastern seaboard. The correlation between the frequency of Gm^{1, 13} and the Khoisan morphological, features present in a number of the tribes, and with the linguistic evidence which has been used to group them is high. The Bushmen possess a Gm^{1, 5} allele and may also have a Gm^{1, 5, 13, 14, 17, 21} allele. A Gm^{1, 2, 5, 13, 14, 17} allele seems to be present in the Bantu. Its presence in Eastern New Guinea would also appear to be indicated by the population data presented here.     

Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes in Reindeer Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos

Summary Blood samples from 403 Reindeer Chukchi of inland Chukotka, and 100 samples from Chaplin Eskimos of the Chukot Peninsula were tested for G1m (z,a,x,f), G2m (n), G3m (g,b0,b1,b3,b5,s,t), and Km (1) allotypic determinants. An apparent affinity between the Chukchi and the Eskimos could be inferred from similar frequencies of the two common haplotypes, Gm^za;g and Gm^za;bst, and from very similar frequencies of the Km¹ allele. However, none of the Eskimos had Gm^zax;g, though it occurred at a low or moderate frequency in the five Chukchi populations studied. It is assumed that Chukchi can be distinguished from adjoining Eskimos by the same G1m (x) outlier, that has been considered as a taxonomic marker useful in differentiating between Eskimos and American Indians. Comparison of North Asian and North American populations with respect to the array and frequencies of Gm haplotypes and the Km¹ allele, supports the hypothesis of a nonrandom distribution of the Gm^za;bst and Km¹ on both sides of the Bering Strait.     

Gammaglobulin allotypes of Melanesians from Malaita and Bougainville, Solomon Islands

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv allotypes of human IgG in samples from Melanesian populations, three from Malaita and three from Bougainville of the Solomon Islands. The Lau from Malaita are polymorphic for the phenogroup, Gm^{1, 2, 5, 13, 14}. This phenogroup is not known to be polymorphic in any other population of the world. The Inv¹ frequencies of the populations from Malaita are lower than the lowest observed in samples from Bougainville, and this may indicate an extension of the north-south cline for Inv¹ previously reported for Bougainville. Samples from Aita in the north of Bougainville and from the Nagovisi in the south confirm the existence of the north-south cline for Inv¹ in Bougainville and suggest the presence of a Gm cline.     

Studies on serum groups in the Kumaon region,India

Summary A total of 469 individuals belonging to 4 endogamous groups (Brahamins, Rajputs, Doms and Tharus) from the Kumaon region (North India) were tested for Hp, Gc, Gm and Inv systems.The frequency of the Hp¹ allele is low (0.130–0.220) in all 4 groups as in the case of other Indian populations. The absence of the Gm⁵ allele and high frequency of Inv(1) (49.34%) confirm the Mongoloid affiliations of the Tharus. Brahamins, Rajputs and Doms possess 4 alleles (Gm¹, Gm^1,2, Gm^1,5 and Gm⁵) at the Gm locus and the frequency of Gm^1,2 allele is very low (0.067–0.106) for these groups. The frequency of Inv(1) for Brahamins (19.61%) and Doms (22.78%) lies within the range of variation of European populations. Rajputs, however, show a higher Inv(1) frequency (38.76%).Genetic distances calculated with the help of Hp, Gc and Gm systems demonstrate similarity between Brahamins, Rajputs and Doms and a deviant position for the Tharus.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

The ethnological significance of the gamma-globulin (Gm) factors in melanesia

A study was made of the distribution of the immunoglobulin markers Gm(a), (x), (z), (f), (g), (b⁰), (b¹), (b³), (s), (t), (c³), (c⁵) and Inv (1) and Inv (a) in 906 individuals sampled from several population groups living in various parts of New Guinea and New Britain. A study of 123 families confirmed the presence of the following gene complexes: Gm^za;g, Gm^zax;g, Gm^za;b and Gm^fa;b. Gm(s), (t), (c³) and (c⁵) were absent and either all or none of Gm(b⁰), (b¹) and (b³) present. Striking differences occurred in the geographical and ethnic distribution of the Gm gene complexes. Gm^fa;g was either absent or in very low frequency, and Gm^za;b, Gm^zax;g and Gm^za;g were present in varying frequencies in both the highland and western coastal populations in the mainland of New Guinea. All of these populations spoke non-Austronesian languages. On the other hand Gm^fa;b was present in the Melanesian-speaking Motu of the Central District of the mainland, in the Melanesian-speaking Tolai and the non-Austronesian-speaking Sulka and Baining of the island of New Britain. It is suggested that Gm^fa;b and Gm^za;b are respectively Malayo-Polynesian and pre-Austronesian markers, although a clear cut distinction between modern populations derived from these stocks is often blurred by the effects of gene flow and drift. Considerable ethnic and geographical variation was also found in the distribution of Inv(1) and Inv(a). In two Highland NAN-speaking populations the Inv(1⁺a⁺) phenotype percentages were 1.0 and 5.4, whilst percentages ranging from 0.0 to 56.4% were found for coastal MN-speaking populations. The percentages of Inv(1⁺a⁺) in the total MN- and NAN-speaking populations were 31.6 and 10.0 respectively.     

Serumprotein polymorphisms in Iran

Summary The results of a population genetic investigation on Iranians are given and compared to the results obtained on other populations from Southwestern and Southern Asia. Our total material from Iran comprises n=1020 nonrelated male and female individuals of different age. The following serum groups have been typed: Hp, Gc, Gm, and Inv. In general there exist no remarkable age or sex differences in the distribution of phenotypes and alleles (the only exception: sex differences in the distribution of the Gm (7)-phenotype). The regional distribution of phenotypes and alleles yield no marked differences, too, apart from the Invphenotypes, however. For the total material of Iran the following alleles frequencies could be calculated: Hp¹=0.3045, Hp²=0.6595, Gc²=0.3405; Gm¹=0.1780, Gm^1,2=0.0537, Gm^1,5=0.0632, Gm⁵=0.7051. The Gm (7)-phenotype turned out to be 36.6%; the Inv (1)-phenotype amounts to 25.6%. Comparing with other populations, especially Pakistani and Indian samples, some heterogeneity in the distribution of phenotypes and alleles within Southwestern and Southern Asia was to be demonstrated. Some distributional trends of alleles frequencies shall be mentioned here: the increase of Hp², Gc¹, and Gm¹ alleles from West towards East, and in the opposite direction the decrease of Hp¹, Gc², and Gm⁵ alleles. Selective acting forces are supposed to be most important factors for this. D77     

The Northern and Southeastern Ojibwa: serum proteins and red cell enzyme systems

Two Ojibwa Indian populations in Ontario, selected to represent the Northern (Pikangikum Band) and Southeastern (Wikwemikong Band) branches of this “tribe” are compared for their serum protein and red cell enzyme systems. Albumin, haptoglobin, immunoglobins Gm and Inv, serum α-globulin and transferrin polymorphisms are reported. The genetic markers Al^Naskapi and Gc^Chippewa are found in both groups, Tf^{D Chi} in Pikangikum only. Contrary to expectations, the Mongoloid marker Gm^1,3,5,11 was found in neither population. Ceruloplasmin is invariant in both, all individuals being B homozygotes. For the red cell enzymes, only the common phenotypes of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and peptidases A and B are present in the Northern and Southeastern Ojibwa. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase II, phosphoglyeerate kinase and peptidase C were typed in Pikangikum only: no variants were found. Methemoglobin reductase, tested in Wikwemikong alone, is invariant. Loci polymorphic in at least one Ojibwa group include acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, glutathione reductase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase I, and soluble glutamic oxalocetic transaminase. Comparisons are made with other Algonkian-speakers when possible, with other North American, South American and Asiatic Mongoloid populations when sufficient Algonkian data do not exist. The causes of genetic heterogeneity between the two Ojibwa groups are discussed.     

A new human allotype carried by the γG3 subclass: Gm(25)

Summary The Gm(25) allotype has been tested on sera from various populations. It is closely related to Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(11), and Gm(14) in Caucasoids, and to Gm(10) and Gm(11) in Mongoloids, but it distinguishes itself in Negroids where the Gm(5, 10, 11, 14,-25) phenotype is present with a frequency depending on the regions studied. It was demonstrated to be carried by the Fc fragment of G₂ Gm(5, 10, 11, 14). In a Caucasoid family it was possible to demonstrate the transmission of a rare gene, Gm^{1,10,11,17, 25}. Among Old World Monkeys Gm(25) is present in Baboons and absent in Cercopitheci.

---

Résumé L'allotype Gm(25) a été étudié sur des sérums de populations variées. Il est lié aux Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(11) et Gm(14) chez les Blancs, aux Gm(10) et Gm(11) chez les Jaunes, mais il s'en distingue chez les Noirs où se retrouve le phénotype Gm(5,10,11,14,-25) avec une fréquence variable selon les régions. Il est présent sur le fragment Fc des G₃ Gm(5,10,11, 14). Dans une famille Caucasoide nous démontrons la transmission du rare gène Gm ^{1,10,11,17,25}. L'étude sur des Singes de l'Ancien Monde démontre que le Gm(25) est présent chez les Babouins et absent chez les Cercopithèques.

     

Distribution of immunoglobulin allotypes among local populations of Kenya olive baboons

In this paper we report on the distributions of immunoglobulin allotypes among 564 olive baboons collected at six localities in Kenya. The sample localities and sizes are 1) Lake Magadi, N = 107; 2) Nanyuki, N = 77; 3) Lake Baringo, N = 55; 4) Mosiro, N = 132; 5) Isiolo, N = 36; 6) Gilgil, N = 157. Gm allotypes 1, 10, 13, 15, and 17 are polymorphic among these samples. Gm(11) and Km(3) were present in all samples, and Gm(2,3,5,6,14,16,21,24,26) and Km(1) were absent from all samples. The proportions of individuals positive for polymorphic allotypes varied substantially between different local samples, as did the arrays and estimated frequencies of haplotypes. Allotype frequencies in local samples do not appear to be simply related to either geographic location or habitat characteristics of the localities. Our data suggest that much of the geographic variability in Kenya olive baboon populations occurs between populations separated by small geographic distances.     

Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes in Sicily

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-population variability of the Gm/Km system in the Madonie Mountains, one of the main geographical barriers in north-central Sicily. We analysed 392 samples: 145 from Alia, 128 from Valledolmo, 25 from Cerda and 94 from Palermo. Serum samples were tested for G1m (1,2,3,17), G2m (23), G3m (5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) and Km (1) allotypes by the standard agglutination-inhibition method. We found the typical genetic patterns of populations in peripheral areas of the Mediterranean basin, with a high frequency of haplotypes Gm5*;3;23 and Gm5*;3;... The frequency of Gm21,28;1,17;... (about 16%) is rather high compared with other southern areas. Of great importance is the presence of the common African haplotype Gm 5*;1,17;..., ranging in frequency from 1.56% at Valledolmo to 5.5% at Alia. The presence of this haplotype suggests past contacts with peoples from North Africa. The introduction of African markers could be due to the Phoenician colonization at the end of the 2nd millennium b.c. or to the more recent Arab conquest (8th–9th centuries a.d.).     

Observations on the distribution of the Gm- and Inv-groups in Hungary

Summary The authors report the distribution of Gm- and Inv-groups in Hungary. In our total material of 378 males and females of different age, the frequency of the following Gm-phenotypes turned out: Gm (1, 2, 4, 5, 10)=4.1%, Gm(1,-2, 4, 5, 10)=25.3%, Gm(1,-2,-4,-5,-10)=3.4%, Gm(1, 2,-4,-5,-10)=0.4%, and Gm(-1,-2, 4, 5, 10)=66.8%. The alleles frequencies have been calculated to be Gm¹=0.1622, Gm^{1, 2}=0.0228, Gm^{4, 5, 10}=0.8150. Observed and expected Gm-phenotypes frequencies are in good agreement under the assumption of the 3-alleles-model Gm¹, Gm^{1, 2}, Gm^{4, 5, 10}. The Invphenotypes frequencies came out to be: Inv(1,-2)=0.5$, Inv(1,2)=8.2%, and Inv(-1,-2)=91.3%.Among our Hungarian samples no significant differences were found, neither in the distribution of Gm-nor Inv-phenotypes and alleles. There exist no significant differences in the distribution of Inv-groups between our Hungarian sample and two German samples, but the Hungarian sample differs clearly from Czechoslovakian and Yugoslavian ones in the distribution of the Gm-phenotypes.Supported by a grant from the Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale.Attaché de Recherche á l'I.N.S.E.R.M.     

Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: The Ge-speaking Indians of Brazil

A total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies ofR^z, medium frequencies ofR¹,R², R⁰, orr,Jk^a andPGM¹₁, and high frequencies ofGc² andACP^A when compared with other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krahó, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages.     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among indians in South America. VII. In Argentina

This seventh and last paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians in South America reports the findings among Amerinds in Argentina. Blood specimens were procured from putative full-bloods of the following tribes: 38 Diaguita (Calchaqui), 230 Mataco, 90 Chiriguano, 142 Choroti, 51 Toba, 120 Chané, 96 Chulupi (Ashluslay), and 178 Araucano (Mapuche). These 945 samples were tested for blood factors in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, K-k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from whole blood were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented in tables as phenotype distribution and calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on a map of North and Central Argentina. High frequencies are reported for the O allele. Allele frequencies are high also for M, s, R¹ (CDe), R² (cDE), k, Le^H and Fy. They are usually low or absent for alleles B, N, S, Mi^a, Vw, R^o (cDe), r (cde), K, Le¹, and fy. The Di allele ranged from 0.013 in the Araucano (Mapuche) to 0.192 in the Toba. Allele frequencies aberrant for Indians were observed more often in the Araucano (Mapuche) and Diaguita tribes, due probably to greater inflow of non-Indian genes into their gene pool and perhaps also to genetic drift in small inbred populations. Hp¹ allele frequencies varied from 0.43 in the Choroti to 0.80 in the Diaguita. All samples tested for transferrins except six contained the variant Tf C; the six were B₁ C present in samples from one Mataco and six Araucano persons. All the specimens tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types contained only (A) as a major component.     

Calculation of the maximum amount of gene admixture in a hybrid population

Evidence is presented to show that “Caucasian” genes (B, K, Lu^a, r, AK², P^c, and Gm^3,5,11) in hybrid North American Indian populations follow a Poisson distribution. A method of determining the maximum amount of admixture, given an observed count of Caucasian genes, is developed. Establishment of the upper limit of admixture is suggested as the preferred estimate of gene flow in situations where absence of specific genes at particular loci precludes the calculation of a mean admixture estimate.     

Association between immunoglobulin allotypes and pulmonary tuberculosis

In a sample of n = 133 non-related patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis, Gm and Km typings have been carried out and compared with healthy controls from the same geographical area. All the Gm allotypes tested were found to be more preponderant in the patients than in the healthy controls and these differences were found to be statistically significant for Gm (1) and Gm (5) only and not for the other immunoglobulin allotypes e.g. Gm (2). The frequency of Km (1) was lower and that of Km (3) was higher in the patients than in the controls. These differences were, however, statistically not significant.     

Studies on blood groups and other genetic markers in forest Nentzi: Variation among the subpopulations

Summary A Samoyed-speaking group of fishers, hunters, and deer breeders numbering 1500 in total has been investigated. Seven territorial subgroups were examined with respect to 15 genetic systems. The presence of A₂, cde, C^wDe, Kp^a, AK², p^c, Gm^fb, and Gm^fnb genes or haplotypes in low or moderate frequencies was observed. An unexpected finding was a deleted Gm(-;n;gb) phenotype in three siblings.Significant local genetic heterogeneity was observed with regard to AB0, Rh, Tf, PGM₁, 6-PGD, and Gm systems. The summed genic heterogeneity was found to be highly significant ( ₁₃₂ ² =663.70, P< 0.001). Mean F_st was equal to 0.0228, reflecting variation among subpopulations dispersed in the forest-tundra area and living under conditions of partial isolation.