长期水淹对‘中山杉118’幼苗呼吸代谢的影响

中山杉(Taxodium‘Zhongshansha’)具有极强的耐淹性,但其耐淹机理仍没有明确。该研究以‘中山杉118’(Taxodium‘Zhongshansha 118’)幼苗为对象,在经过93天不同水淹处理(对照、水浸、浅淹、深淹)后测定中山杉叶片和根系的无氧呼吸酶活性、淀粉及可溶性糖含量、生物量以及根系活力,从能量消耗的角度初步探索了中山杉的耐淹性。结果表明:长期水淹使中山杉叶片与根系中3种无氧呼吸酶(乙醇脱氢酶、丙酮酸脱羧酶、乳酸脱氢酶)活性显著增加,且叶片与根系的乙醇脱氢酶活性均高于乳酸脱氢酶活性,中山杉的根系和叶片是通过加强以酒精发酵为主的无氧呼吸适应长期缺氧环境;不同水淹处理的叶片中3种无氧呼吸酶活性均高于根系,叶片对缺氧环境更加敏感;中山杉叶片和根系淀粉、可溶性糖含量均随水淹深度的增加显著增加,根系淀粉含量显著高于叶片,可溶性糖含量低于叶片;中山杉根系淀粉含量高是其能够长期忍受水淹的重要原因,且中山杉适应长期水淹的策略为忍耐型;经受长期水淹后中山杉根茎结合部长出气生根及茎基部膨大,同时根系外壁的木质化能将根系与外部水淹环境隔离,具有很强的耐淹性,可作为湿地生态修复、消落带生物治理的优良植物材料。     

长期水淹对‘中山杉118’幼苗呼吸代谢的影响

中山杉(Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha’)具有极强的耐淹性, 但其耐淹机理仍没有明确。该研究以‘中山杉118’ (Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha 118’)幼苗为对象, 在经过93天不同水淹处理(对照、水浸、浅淹、深淹)后测定中山杉叶片和根系的无氧呼吸酶活性、淀粉及可溶性糖含量、生物量以及根系活力, 从能量消耗的角度初步探索了中山杉的耐淹性。结果表明: 长期水淹使中山杉叶片与根系中3种无氧呼吸酶(乙醇脱氢酶、丙酮酸脱羧酶、乳酸脱氢酶)活性显著增加, 且叶片与根系的乙醇脱氢酶活性均高于乳酸脱氢酶活性, 中山杉的根系和叶片是通过加强以酒精发酵为主的无氧呼吸适应长期缺氧环境; 不同水淹处理的叶片中3种无氧呼吸酶活性均高于根系, 叶片对缺氧环境更加敏感; 中山杉叶片和根系淀粉、可溶性糖含量均随水淹深度的增加显著增加, 根系淀粉含量显著高于叶片, 可溶性糖含量低于叶片; 中山杉根系淀粉含量高是其能够长期忍受水淹的重要原因, 且中山杉适应长期水淹的策略为忍耐型; 经受长期水淹后中山杉根茎结合部长出气生根及茎基部膨大, 同时根系外壁的木质化能将根系与外部水淹环境隔离, 具有很强的耐淹性, 可作为湿地生态修复、消落带生物治理的优良植物材料。     

三峡库区狗牙根对深淹胁迫的生理响应

选取三峡库区自然消落带野生狗牙根(XC)和非消落带野生狗牙根(FC)为研究对象,采用三重复裂区设计试验,主区为两品种,副区为6个不同深度水淹处理(0,1,2,5,10m和15m),分析了各处理植株几种酶活性和碳水化合物含量的变化情况.结果显示:①不同生境狗牙根受深淹胁迫后,丙二醛(MDA)都呈递增趋势,表明狗牙根在深淹胁迫下受到了不同程度的膜脂过氧化伤害,且随胁迫程度的增加受伤害增大.②超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性较对照都有所增加;XC处理POD和SOD的最大值出现在5m深水淹处理,而FC出现在2m深处理,且XC 5米深淹处理GR值较对照和其他处理明显大;各受淹处理地下茎可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量都保持在较高水平.③从抗氧化酶活性和ADH活性的变化规律,以及淹水胁迫下植株的能量代谢情况,初步得出XC与FC都具有一定的耐淹性,且XC较FC具更耐深淹的能力,表明狗牙根作为禾本科植物遗传上具有一定的耐淹性,自然消落带狗牙根因长期生长于水淹胁迫环境,耐淹能力得到了进一步强化.从狗牙根对深淹胁迫的生理响应上,证明狗牙根是宜用于三峡水库消落带植被恢复的物种.     

桑苗非结构性碳水化合物和生长激素对水淹胁迫的响应

桑(Morus alba)具有较强的耐水淹特性, 为了探究水淹胁迫对其非结构性碳水化合物和生长激素的影响, 揭示变化规律, 该研究采取室内模拟水淹实验, 以三年生盆栽桑苗作为研究对象, 设置对照组(CK)、根淹组(GY)、浅淹组(QY)、深淹组(SY)等4个不同水淹胁迫的处理, 定期观测并记录桑苗叶片非结构性碳水化合物(可溶性糖和淀粉)含量、内源生长激素(乙烯、脱落酸、赤霉素)含量变化情况。研究结果表明: (1)水淹胁迫会促进桑苗叶片内的生化反应, 造成叶片可溶性糖含量增加。水淹75天, GY、QY、SY桑苗叶片可溶性糖含量较水淹前分别增加182.18%、170.21%和94.16%, 差异显著, 且显著高于CK。水淹胁迫下桑苗叶片淀粉含量在水淹0-50天无显著变化, 水淹75天, GY、QY、SY桑苗叶片淀粉含量较水淹50天分别增加290.84%、244.65%和130.04%, 差异显著, 且显著高于CK。(2)水淹胁迫下桑苗叶片乙烯和赤霉素含量均显著增加, 水淹75天, GY和SY桑苗乙烯含量较水淹前分别增加62.80%和26.78%, 差异显著; GY、QY和SY桑苗赤霉素含量分别增加27.48%、18.02%和25.04%, 差异显著。随着水淹时间增加, GY和SY桑苗乙烯和赤霉素含量总体均呈增加趋势, QY桑苗乙烯和赤霉素含量先增后减, 但仍高于水淹前。水淹胁迫下水淹各组桑苗叶片脱落酸含量随着水淹深度的增加而增加, 水淹75天, QY和SY桑苗叶片脱落酸含量较水淹前分别增加19.20%和36.16%, 差异显著; GY桑苗脱落酸含量无显著变化。上述研究结果表明桑苗可通过调整体内非结构性碳水化合物(可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量和分配, 同时通过积累乙烯、赤霉素、脱落酸等内源激素以适应水淹环境, 具有较强耐淹能力。     

淹水对三峡库区消落带香附子生理特性的影响

为了阐明香附子对三峡库区消落带水淹的耐淹机理,该研究模拟三峡库区消落带夏季汛期水淹环境,设置常规水分管理(CK)、根部水淹(T1)、半淹(T2)以及全淹(T3)4个不同处理组,研究香附子对不同淹水环境的生理响应机制。结果显示:(1)经过45d的水淹处理,所有水淹处理香附子叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素以及总叶绿素的含量均显著下降,但叶绿素a/b值仍维持在CK水平;(2)淹水并没有增加T1和T3处理植株可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,但显著增加了T2植株叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量;(3)随着水淹时间的延长,各水淹处理植株叶片丙二醛含量逐渐升高,且自水淹15d后均与CK植株差异显著;(4)所有水淹处理香附子植株SOD、CAT和APX等抗氧化酶活性均有所增加,但随着水淹时间的继续延长,T3植株叶片SOD和CAT活性逐渐下降。(5)经过45d的水淹处理,各水淹处理植株淀粉含量在叶和根中均显著增加。研究表明,虽然淹水对香附子产生了一定的伤害,但香附子能够通过调节体内各种保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来增加对水淹的抵御能力,而且根部高浓度淀粉含量也为香附子耐受水淹胁迫提供了稳定的能量供应。     

三峡水库消落区植被在差异性水淹环境中的分布格局

人工水库修建引发的差异性水文节律是决定消落区植被群落格局的主要因素,高强度水淹环境中水淹胁迫是影响植被的重要因子而低强度水淹环境中物种竞争是影响植被的重要因子。为了探究差异性水淹环境中三峡水库消落区植物的水淹耐受能力及光资源竞争能力(植物株高)对植被群落分布格局的影响,对三峡水库典型消落区不同水淹强度下生长的植被进行了研究,结果表明:(1)典型消落区调查共发现有植物41种,其中高耐淹低竞争能力型植物4种,其生物量在所有物种生物量中的占比达70.99%,低耐淹高竞争能力型植物23种,其生物量占比为28.02%,低耐淹低竞争能力型植物14种,生物量占比不足1%,消落区内无高耐淹高竞争能力型植物物种分布;(2)高耐淹低竞争能力型植物在水淹强度大的消落区区域占优,低耐淹高竞争能力型植物在植物物种竞争压力大的消落区区域占据主导,低耐淹低竞争能力型植物在消落区中仅有零星分布;(3)消落区植被生物量格局随着高程增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。研究差异性水淹环境对三峡水库消落区植被分布的影响,可以为深入理解消落区植被分布格局的形成机制和大型水库消落区植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。     

华南地区22种园林植物耐旱性分级筛选

以华南地区22种常见园林植物为研究对象，研究人工模拟干旱胁迫环境对植物叶片叶绿素、丙二醛、过氧化物酶、相对电导率等生理指标的影响，通过主成分分析、聚类分析对22种植物耐旱性进行综合分析评价和耐旱等级划分。结果表明：(1) 在干旱梯度胁迫期间，植物叶片的叶绿素含量总体上呈不同程度的下降趋势，少数呈上升趋势，丙二醛含量和相对电导率均呈不同程度的上升趋势，多数植物过氧化物酶活性呈不同程度先升后降趋势，少数呈持续上升趋势。(2) 22种植物耐旱性分为3个等级：A级强耐旱植物4种，包括灰莉(Fagraea ceilanica)、鸭脚木(Schefflera octophylla)、桂花(Osmanthus fragrans var. fragrans)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)；B级中耐旱植物6种，包括翠芦莉(Ruellia simplex)、栀子花(Gardenia jasminoides)、变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)、红车(Syzygium hancei)、红背桂(Excoecaria cochinchinen)、茉莉花(Jasminum sambac)；C级不耐旱植物12种，包括福建茶(Carmona microphylla)、米仔兰(Aglaia odorata)、大红花(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)、琴叶珊瑚(Jatropha integerrima)、龙船花(Ixora chinensis)、黄蝉(Allamanda schottii)、假连翘(Duranta erecta)、红檵木(Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum)、紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)、风车草(Cyperus involucratus)、小花月季(Rosa chinensis var. minim)、铜钱草(Hydrocotyle chinensis)。     

水淹胁迫下10个树种某些生理指标的变化及其耐水淹能力的比较

以游离脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率为指标,比较了水淹条件下10个树种的耐水淹能力。结果表明,水淹胁迫下,不同树种的相对电导率及丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势,而游离脯氨酸含量的变化则有显著差异。根据生理指标的变化可以看出,黄连木(Pistacia chinensis Bunge)和石楠(Photinia serrulata Lindl.)的耐水淹能力较弱,耐水淹时间仅为5至10 d;蓝果树(Nyssa sinensis Oliv.)、薄壳山核桃〔Carya illinoensis(Wangenh.)Koch〕、榉树(Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz.)和一球悬铃木(Platanus occidentalis L.)具有一定的耐水淹能力,耐水淹时间约为25 d;乌桕〔Sapium sebiferum(L.) Roxb.〕和白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.)的耐水淹能力较强,耐水淹时间超过45 d;墨西哥落羽杉(Taxodium macronatum Ten.)和花叶杞柳(Salixintegra‘Hakuro Nishiki’)的耐水淹能力最强,受水淹的60 d内无受害现象。     

水淹对水竹光合生理特征的影响

为探究耐淹速生竹种水竹对不同程度水淹胁迫的光合生理响应,以一年生水竹(Phyllostachys heteroclada)为试验材料,以正常浇水为对照组,测定根部全淹及根部半淹处理下水竹光合气体交换参数、光合色素及叶片资源利用效率随水淹时长产生的差异。结果表明：水淹胁迫第3天,半淹处理的水竹叶片净光合速率、光饱和点和蒸腾速率较对照均出现显著上升,而全淹胁迫下则无显著差异,其后均随胁迫时间的延长而下降,下降幅度与胁迫程度呈正相关;水淹胁迫处理第6天,水竹叶片气孔导度均显著高于对照组,后呈下降趋势;水淹胁迫导致水竹胞间CO₂浓度呈现先下降后上升的趋势,至第9天与对照组的数据差异不显著,其恢复时长与胁迫程度呈正相关;暗呼吸速率及光补偿点则随胁迫时长的增加而上升;总光合色素呈现先下降后上升趋势,叶绿素与类胡萝卜素的比例仍保持在3∶1,而叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比例从3∶1下降至2∶1;叶片水分利用率呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而表观光能利用率与表观CO₂利用率均呈现下降趋势,其下降幅度随水淹时长的延长而逐渐减小。研究表明,半淹胁迫短期内对水竹的光合作用表现出...     

植物对水淹胁迫的响应与适应

水淹是植物遭受的主要的非生物胁迫之一.水淹胁迫使植物处于周期或长期的厌氧或缺氧状态,限制植物的需氧呼吸和维持生命活动所需的能量产生,导致土壤还原势的降低和有毒物质的积累,从而对植物的生存构成严重威胁.在长期的进化过程中,一些植物能够忍耐短期或长期的水淹生境而存活下来.目前分析植物感知水淹胁迫的主要途径为感知体内氧浓度的降低和感知体内乙烯浓度的增加.淹水胁迫下植株的适应策略主要包括:1)茎的伸长生长、不定根和通气组织的形成等形态学方面的适应;2)代谢途径的改变,淹水植物主要通过厌氧代谢获得维持生命的能量;3)通过体内乙烯、赤霉素和脱落酸等激素含量水平的改变来调节生理活动或形态、解剖等方面的变化;4)抗氧化酶系统对厌氧胁迫植株体内有毒的活性氧自由基的清除.运用分子生物学和生物信息学等手段找出由水淹胁迫诱导的相关基因并对其进行克隆,繁殖与培育具有耐水淹能力强的植物种类、品种和生态型,将是从事植物抗水淹胁迫研究的科研人员的目标和方向.     

Physiological integration enhanced the tolerance of Cynodon dactylon to flooding

Many flooding‐tolerant species are clonal plants; however, the effects of physiological integration on plant responses to flooding have received limited attention. We hypothesise that flooding can trigger changes in metabolism of carbohydrates and ROS (reactive oxygen species) in clonal plants, and that physiological integration can ameliorate the adverse effects of stress, subsequently restoring the growth of flooded ramets. In the present study, we conducted a factorial experiment combining flooding to apical ramets and stolon severing (preventing physiological integration) between apical and basal ramets of Cynodon dactylon, which is a stoloniferous perennial grass with considerable flooding tolerance. Flooding‐induced responses including decreased root biomass, accumulation of soluble sugar and starch, as well as increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in apical ramets. Physiological integration relieved growth inhibition, carbohydrate accumulation and induction of antioxidant enzyme activity in stressed ramets, as expected, without any observable cost in unstressed ramets. We speculate that relief of flooding stress in clonal plants may rely on oxidising power and electron acceptors transferred between ramets through physiological integration.     

Antioxidative Responses and Morpho-anatomical Alterations for Coping with Flood-Induced Hypoxic Stress in Grass Pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lathyrus sativus</Emphasis> L.) in Comparison with Pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis>)

Flooding stress constrains crop growth and yield because most agricultural species are flood-sensitive. However, many of the plant species that live in permanently or temporarily flooded habitats have evolved specific traits to cope with these harsh conditions. Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a legume that tolerates stresses such as drought, diseases, and pests; however, it is unclear whether grass pea has a tolerance mechanism for flooding stress. To understand if grass pea tolerates hypoxia and how it deals with hypoxic stress, the effects of hypoxia on root tip death, physiological, and morpho-anatomical alterations in grass pea and pea (Pisum sativum), which is sensitive to hypoxia, were compared. The results showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione content in grass pea were greater than in pea during hypoxia, which protected the root tip from oxidative damage and reduced ion leakage, which helped maintain membrane integrity. Furthermore, aerenchyma and lateral root development accompanied by ethylene production, moderate ROS accumulation-mediated cell death, and Ca²⁺ spatial-temporal heterogeneity developed well in grass pea compared to pea, which may not only facilitate internal gas diffusion but also promote removal of toxic by-products under hypoxic conditions. These results demonstrate that grass pea is more tolerant to hypoxic stress induced by flooding than garden pea seedlings. This discovery not only provides significant information for understanding the hypoxia-tolerant mechanisms in plants, but also promotes the usability of grass pea in flood-prone areas.     

三峡水库消落区不同海拔高度的植物群落多样性差异

本文对三峡水库消落区不同海拔间植物多样性和植物群落结构差异进行了研究。从α多样性上来看,上部和中部消落区物种丰富度和均匀度差异不显著,下部消落区丰富度指数明显低于中上部。下部消落区植物种间相遇几率较大,植物种间相互依存性较强。从β多样性上来看,由上部到中部再到下部,随着海拔下降,水库消落区植物物种的替代性减少是均质的;不同地区间β多样性没有显著性差异,但不同海拔间差异显著。从群落结构及稳定性上来看,目前水库消落区植物群落结构稳定性中部<上部<下部,上部消落区水淹胁迫较小,植物物种多为竞争种(C-对策种),竞争力较强的杂草偏向形成优势群落;下部消落区水淹胁迫最强,植物物种多为耐胁迫种(S-对策种),能忍受高强度水淹环境的物种形成了植物群落;中部消落区,处于物种定居和水淹胁迫的双重压力下,竞争种和耐胁迫种间竞争明显,更偏向于形成共优群落,其群落稳定性较差。在目前情况下,消落区下部的植物群落组成比较单一,但是随着水库蓄水高程稳定在175 m,估计消落区上中部群落组成也会逐渐趋于单一化。     

Evolution and mechanisms of plant tolerance to flooding stress

Background

In recognition of the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin''s birth, this short article on flooding stress acknowledges not only Darwin''s great contribution to the concept of evolution but also to the study of plant physiology. In modern biology, Darwin-inspired reductionist physiology continues to shed light on mechanisms that confer competitive advantage in many varied and challenging environments, including those where flooding is prevalent.

Scope

Mild flooding is experienced by most land plants but as its severity increases, fewer species are able to grow and survive. At the extreme, a highly exclusive aquatic lifestyle appears to have evolved numerous times over the past 120 million years. Although only 1–2% of angiosperms are aquatics, some of their adaptive characteristics are also seen in those adopting an amphibious lifestyle where flooding is less frequent. Lowland rice, the staple cereal for much of tropical Asia falls into this category. But, even amongst dry-land dwellers, or certain of their sub-populations, modest tolerance to occasional flooding is to be found, for example in wheat. The collection of papers summarized in this article describes advances to the understanding of mechanisms that explain flooding tolerance in aquatic, amphibious and dry-land plants. Work to develop more tolerant crops or manage flood-prone environments more effectively is also included. The experimental approaches range from molecular analyses, through biochemistry and metabolomics to whole-plant physiology, plant breeding and ecology.Key words: Abiotic stress, adaptation, anoxia, Charles Darwin, environmental stress, evolution, flooding, hypoxia, rice, submergence, wetlands     

广东园林绿化植物对大气污染的反应及污染物在叶片的积累

根据盆栽试验植物生长参数(株高、基径、冠幅、叶面积、新叶增长率和叶片脱落率),生理特性(包括净光合速率、叶绿素荧光特性,叶细胞膜渗漏率和叶绿素含量),植物伤害状况,以及长期生长在野外污染环境中的植物生长及受害状况,评价了125种木本植物对空气污染敏感性的反应。被评价的植物其生长环境为酸雨、硫化物、氟化物和粉尘复合污染的工业点,交通繁忙点和居民点。被评价植物对大气污染的敏感性反应分为3类：1．抗性强有35种;2．抗性中等有41种;3.最敏感(抗性弱)有49种。同时还分析了48种植物叶片中S、F、Pb的累积量。研究结果可为中国热带南亚热带相似大气环境地区建立城市植被和生态公益林提供植物种选择的依据,     

Interactive effect of flooding and grazing on the growth of Serengeti grasses

Summary Grazing and flooding may potentially interact in particular habitats of many grassland regions around the world. We tested the hypothesis that grazing and flooding induce different and largely opposed allocation responses in individual plants. As a result, their combined effect on plant growth would be negative. We studied the response of three grass species from the Serengeti ecosystem (Tanzania) to the effects of flooding and clipping. Plants under the combined effect of flooding and clipping had lower growth rates than plants growing under the effect of either of the two factors individually. Plants under flooding grew taller and allocated more resources to stem growth than controls; for two of the three species, flooded plants also generated a new root system above soil level. All these morphological and physiological responses conflict with the ability of a plant to respond to defoliation with minimum reduction in growth rates. The three species showed a response to flooding reflecting their distribution ranges in the field: the species from the most flood-prone habitat showed a positive effect of flooding on growth, whereas the species from dry uplands showed a strong negative effect of flooding. Flood-tolerant species were taller and less tolerant of clipping than flooding sensitive species. Our results suggest that, in ecological time, individuals subjected to both flooding and grazing have their growth reduced to a greater extent than by either of the two factors acting individually, whereas in evolutionary time, species adapted to flooding are poor grazing tolerators and species adapted to grazing are poor flooding tolerators.     

水淹条件下秋华柳亚细胞中镉的分配特征

选取秋华柳(Salix variegata)扦插苗为研究对象,通过设置0、0.5、2、10 mg/kg 4个镉胁迫浓度,研究了水淹条件下秋华柳根、枝、叶亚细胞中镉的分配特征。结果表明:(1)试验各处理组秋华柳存活率均为100%,表现出良好的镉和水淹耐受能力。(2)与对照相比,在水淹条件下,各处理组秋华柳根、枝和叶的细胞壁仍是镉最主要的富集部位。各处理组植株细胞壁中的镉含量显著高于其他组分,质体中镉含量次之,细胞核和线粒体组分中的镉含量始终处于较低水平。(3)水淹显著提高了秋华柳根细胞壁中的镉含量,显著降低了高浓度镉处理(10 mg/kg)下萌枝细胞壁中的镉含量,但对叶细胞壁中的镉含量没有显著影响。(4)水淹显著提高了秋华柳根细胞中质体中的镉含量,对萌枝、叶细胞质体中的镉含量没有显著影响。研究证明,水淹条件下,秋华柳根枝叶细胞壁仍然是镉积累富集的最主要部位,从而减少了重金属对植物细胞的伤害。秋华柳适用于三峡消落带镉污染区域的植物修复。     

No evidence for flooding stress memory in saplings of eight hardwood floodplain forest species

Alluvial floodplain forests became rare in many parts of Europe, due to anthropogenic changes. Therefore, restoration of floodplain forests is important, but a difficult task because of the complex environmental conditions. The zonation of woody species in floodplains is mainly determined by hydrological conditions, not only within one year but also during the previous years. Tolerance to flooding can be regarded as a key factor for the successful establishment. We examined whether a previous flooding showed an increased flooding tolerance of saplings from eight woody floodplain forest species after a recurrent flooding under controlled common garden conditions at the research station Gießen-Leihgestern (Germany). This would indicate a stress memory towards flooding stress. The individuals of the experiment already experienced a partial flooding of three different durations (three, six or nine weeks) or no flooding in the previous year. After nine months of recovery, these fourteen-month-old saplings were again either exposed to a partial flooding of nine weeks or no flooding. We assessed foliar injury and growth in terms of plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter three weeks (short-term recovery) and nine months (medium-term recovery) after flooding. The saplings showed no increased tolerance to a recurrent flooding irrespective of the previous experienced flooding duration. Therefore, no immediate stress memory towards flooding stress could be observed. To recover after flooding seems to be the better option compared to forming a stress memory, which explained that most species showed a decreased foliar injury after medium-term compared to short-term recovery period.

     

Dynamics of organic acid occurrence under flooding stress in the rhizosphere of three plant species from the water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, P.R. China

The effects of flooding on rhizospheric organic acid concentrations of three abundant flooding tolerant plant species (Alternanthera philoxeroides Mart., Arundinella anomala Steud., Salix variegata Franch.) from the water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR, Yangtze River) were investigated. Soil solution samples of eight low molecular weight organic acids were obtained from rhizotrons using micro suction cups during 3 weeks of waterlogging, after 6 weeks flooding and after a 1 week recovery. To estimate the contribution of water temperature and microbial community, plants in sterile glass bead substrate and original Yangtze sediment were submerged in laboratory at +10°, +20° and +30°C. Waterlogged plants did seldom express a significantly different pattern of rhizospheric organic acid (OA) composition compared to control plants. Flooding caused no burst of organic acid concentration in soil solution: All species express a silencing strategy. Average OA levels were higher in A. anomala rhizosphere than in the other two species, but increased again after resurfacing in all species. Temperature had a stronger influence in sediment than in sterile setup. In contrast to field measurements, succinate, malate and citrate were detected in the sterile setup. Microbial contribution appeared to have great influence on increasing OA occurrence.