稳定同位素地层学和事件地层学在白垩系—第三系界线划分中…

应用稳定同位素地层学和事件地层学研究方法,对新疆阿尔塔会海相剖面和连木沁陆相剖面的白垩系－第三系界线进行了详细了研究,均发现了碳同位素异常和铱等元素异常,并与国外Ｋ／Ｔ界线研究结果进行了对比,取得了很好的效果,特别是在连木沁陆相剖面的Ｋ／Ｔ界线层中首次发现了碳同位素异常和铱等元素异常,为铱在全球性的分布增添了实例,同时也为海、陆相Ｋ／Ｔ界线准确的洲际对比提供了依据。     

长江三峡地区上震旦统稳定同位素异常及地层意义

三峡地区广泛发育的上震旦统,及下伏的南沱组和古城组冰碛层,有良好的生物地层控制及全球对比意义。新秭归城附近的雾河剖面,自南沱组顶部到水井沱组下部出露有利于化学地层学研究的一系列碳酸盐岩沉积,对这一剖面的碳,氧,锶同位素研究发现：1）碳,锶和氧同位素在陡山沱组顶部到灯影组底部存在明显异常;2）碳同位素在寒武系-前寒武系界线附近有负异常;3）碳同位素和锶同位素在剖面上的演化具有全球对比意义;4）陡山沱组顶部到灯影组底部的碳,锶同位素异常,与可能存在末远古纪的冰期,即所谓的“后Marinoan冰期”有关。     

山东省青州地区寒武-奥陶系界线研究的新进展

首次报道了山东省青州地区尧王山剖面的寒武 奥陶系界线地层的牙形石生物地层学的最新研究成果,在该剖面的炒米店组灰岩建立了 9个牙形石带,其中下奥陶统为 3个带,上寒武统凤山阶为 6个带;并与国内外研究较详细的寒武 奥陶系界线地层进行了对比。在该剖面首次发现了界线牙形石分子Iapetognathusfluctivagus,这也是在整个华北地区的首次报道,这一发现为山东地区乃至整个华北地区的寒武 奥陶系的界线划分提供了新的标尺。     

侏罗系-白垩系界线和我国东北地区下白垩统陆相地层相关问题的探讨

文中介绍目前国际侏罗系-白垩系界线研究的进展以及我国东北地区下白垩统和相关陆相地层的研究现状.针对目前国内陆相侏罗系-白垩系界线研究中存在的争议,澄清一些概念,提出我国相关陆相地层的研究需结合古生物学、同位素年代学、古地磁学等多学科的结果.近年来的研究表明,这些综合性的工作和最新国际地质年代表的结果并不矛盾.最新的国际地质年代表中提出的侏罗系-白垩系界线的年龄(145.5±4Ma)得到国内外学者的广泛支持,相比之下,一些学者提出的侏罗系一白垩系界线年龄为135Ma或125Ma的观点还缺乏地层学和同位素年代学的证据.近年来年代地层学研究的进展为我国东北地区下白垩统精确国际对比提供了重要证据.东北地区陆相早白垩世沉积中脊椎动物化石的发现以及多数无脊椎动物和植物化石研究的结果表明,生物地层学的证据与年代学和古地磁学证据基本吻合.文中还通过一些实例,探讨在生物地层学(特别是脊椎动物地层学)研究中,重视生物系统发育学研究的重要性,即应当重视"谱系发育关系相近属种的对比",从而可以有效避免采用化石确定地层年代过程的一些误区.文中尚论及白垩系Aptian阶的底界年龄以及国际地质年代表中下白垩统一些阶的年限确定的意义.     

湖北宜昌地区下-中奥陶统界线疑源类生物地层学意义

根据牙形类Baltoniodus? triangularis的首现,中奥陶统和大坪阶底界已界定于湖北宜昌黄花场剖面大湾组底界之上10.57m.对黄花场剖面以及邻近的大坪剖面大湾组疑源类研究表明,某些疑源类属种具有生物地层学意义,其首现可用于识别奥陶系下/中统界线.     

扬子区中奥陶统大湾阶底界精细生物地层分带与对比

系统研究湖北宜昌黄花场大湾组下段和重庆城口翁溪沟湄潭组下部笔石、牙形石和几丁虫生物分带及其对比关系。精细的生物地层学研究结果证明,在我国大湾阶底界界线层型剖面上的生物群组合存在冷水型分子与暖水型分子共生的特点,以牙形石Baltoniodus triangularis首现所确定的中奥陶统底界较nipodus laevis的首现低0．2m,位于笔石Didymograptus protobifidus／Corymbograptus deflexus带或几丁虫Conochitina langei／C．brevis带中部。中奥陶统底界上述牙形石、笔石和几丁虫的对比关系不受沉积相限制,在重庆城口翁溪沟含笔石碎屑岩相的湄潭组下部同样存在。宜昌黄花场剖面和该剖面上Baltoniodus triangularis的最初出现应是理想的全球中奥陶统底界线层型剖面和点。     

贵州台江中、下寒武统界线剖面微量元素地球化学特征

对贵州台江中、下寒武统界线剖面元素地球化学特征进行研究，探讨了微量元素丰度与比值沿剖面变化的规律性及剖面稀土元素分布模式，为剖面地层中。     

燕辽地区土城子组古生物组合与陆相侏罗系-白垩系界线年代地层

土城子组是一套广泛发育于燕辽地区的陆相红色碎屑沉积岩系,为中国陆相侏罗系-白垩系(J/K)界线研究的典型。由于陆相化石记录的不完备,以及生物地层划分与同位素年代学的矛盾,使该地层时代归属不定。该组所含生物门类比较丰富,但化石层位较少,可以识别出叶肢介、介形类、孢粉等化石组合,但是前人对其时代意见不一。国内外学者在土城子组及其上下地层获得大量同位素测年资料,指示该组年龄处于156—139 Ma之间,属于晚侏罗世—早白垩世,因此J/K界线就划定在土城子组内部。尽管传统的生物地层学研究积淀正被日渐积累的年代地层学数据引发各种挑战,但毋庸置疑的是,年代地层单元和地质历史的划分必然需要有可供区域对比的标志,生物演化始终是地球发展阶段划分的依据。在土城子组生物地层研究精度尚待提高之时,本文尝试提出一粗略的J/K界线划分方案,以晚侏罗世叶肢介Pseudograpta-Monilestheria-Sinograpta(P-M-S)组合、介形类Cetacella substriata-Mantelliana alta-Darwinula bapanxiaensis (C-M-D)组合与早白垩世叶肢介Yanshanoleptestheria-Pingquania-Lingyuanella(Y-P-L)组合、介形类Djungarica yangshulingensis-Mantelliana reniformis-Stenestroemia yangshulingensis (D-M-S)组合为界线划分依据。近期孢粉的研究结果显示, J/K界线可以Cicatricosisporites-Lygodioisporites-Jiaohepollis组合的出现为标志。根据化石组合发育特征分析, J/K界线位置大致在土城子组2段与3段之间,年龄为～145 Ma。建议将北票巴图营乡剖面作为对比标准。由此提出下白垩统底部"巴图营阶"的工作模型,为中国陆相白垩纪年代地层的建阶工作提供参照。     

弗拉斯期-法门期生物事件与大兴安岭晚泥盆世珊瑚化石*

事件地层学(Event Stratigraphy)的概念由英国学者D.V.Ager(1973)首先提出。它利用地质历史上稀有的、突发的短暂事件及其地层记录来划分对比地层,按照自然特征确定地层界线。我国学者对事件地层学的研究起步较晚。徐道一于1980年和1982年首先提出了古生物绝灭与超新星爆发的关系并介绍了新灾变假说。近年来由杨遵仪教授主持的IGCP第203项目,对华南地区二叠-三叠系界线研究已取得可喜成果。刘本培等(1986)从事件地层学角度探讨了东亚陆相侏罗-白垩系界线。吴思本于1984年和1986年首先发现并研究了多伦陨石坑的陨击事件。张勤文等于1984年对我国南方震旦-寒武系界线上的地质事件进行了研究。但是,目前对其它地层界线上的地质事件及生物事件研究甚少。     

中国大阳岔寒武-奥陶系界线地层碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素及其与牙形类演化序列相关性

采自吉林省太阳岔小羊桥寒武－奥陶系界线层型剖面１０１块泥晶灰岩的碳、氧稳定同位素分析数据表明：寒武－奥陶纪转换期间,δ１３Ｃ值曾发生了５次涨落现象,这些现象与牙形类演化序列具密切的相关性。它们被命名如下：１）ＰＣＭ低谷;２）ＴＣＭ低谷;３）ＨＳＳ峰;４）ＣＰＦ涨落,５）ＣＬＦ涨落。相同的涨落在澳大利亚黑山同期地层得到确认。碳同位素跨洲性同步涨落显然与全球环境变化有关,因此它是寒武－奥陶系界线地层洲际对比的一种有用工具。沉积岩石学和古生物学研究表明,δ１３Ｃ谷区与海平面低位和生物生产量下降有重要相关性。氧同位素值的分布区间为－９．８４％０—－６．６９‰,呈明显亏损现象,这种亏损现象表明样品均受到成岩作用影响。与碳同位素值对比研究发现,氧同位素值涨落与碳同位素涨落成正相关,或成负相关现象,这种相关性表明氧同位素原始信息并没有因成岩作用而全部丢失。     

Cenomanian-Turonian carbon isotope events recorded in terrestrial organic matter from northern Japan

Carbon isotopic fluctuations recorded in terrestrial organic matter from the Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian-Turonian succession of Hokkaido, Japan show a remarkably similar pattern to isotopic fluctuation in carbonate carbon reported from southern England and the Italian Apennines. Chronological correlation for the Cenomanian-Turonian section of Japan is based on planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy with some additional data from macrofossils, allowing a detailed comparison of isotope stratigraphies for Japan and Europe. Three distinct features of the isotope profile, namely a positive spike near the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary, a shoulder in the lower-middle Turonian and a level segment in the middle-upper Turonian are observed in Japan. These features are biostratigraphically comparable and correlative with isotope profiles reported from Europe. The single factor influencing isotopic composition of both terrestrial organic carbon and marine carbonate carbon is isotopic change in the global CO₂ reservoir of the ocean-atmosphere system. If these three carbon isotope features are synchronous, they may be inferred as having been caused by global phenomena and as providing global high-resolution chemo-stratigraphic markers. Carbon isotope stratigraphy could be an important bridge between terrestrial inland sequences and marine sequences.     

Evolution of a Maastrichtian–Paleocene tropical shallow-water carbonate platform (Qalhat,NE Oman)

The biostratigraphy (larger foraminifers, dasycladaleans), microfacies, sedimentology, and geochemistry (δ ¹³C, strontium-isotope stratigraphy) of a continuous, 148-m-thick section of shallow-water platform carbonates that contain the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundary were analyzed. The boundary is constrained within a 7-m-thick interval, between the last occurrence of Maastrichtian larger benthic foraminifers and the first occurrence of Danian benthic foraminifers. Although this interval is intensively dolomitized, there is no sedimentological evidence of a major hiatus at the K/P boundary. The correlation of bulk rock δ ¹³C values with stable isotope data from DSDP Site 384 (NW Atlantic Ocean) supports this interpretation and indicates a Selandian age for the top of the section. The Qalhat section is a unique example of a carbonate platform that has recorded persisting open marine environmental conditions across the K/P boundary (Maastrichtian–Selandian), as indicated by the abundance of rudists, larger benthic foraminifers (Maastrichtian), calcareous algae and scleractinian corals.     

Facies distribution and sequence stratigraphy of the Coniacian–Santonian succession of the Bangestan Palaeo-high in the Bangestan Anticline,SW Iran

This study is focused on the sedimentary environments, facies distribution, and sequence stratigraphy of the Coniacian–Santonian sediments of the Bangestan Palaeo-high in the Bangestan Anticline (Zagros, Iran). These sediments are subdivided into nine microfacies types belonging to various sedimentary environments, ranging from continental lacustrine to very shallow and relatively deep-water (hemipelagic to pelagic) marine environments. The lower boundary of the studied sections is characterised by an unconformity. The lacustrine and very shallow marine sediments at the base of the studied sections are interpreted as a lowstand system tract. The establishment of an open shelf carbonate platform took place during the transgressive system tract. The maximum flooding zone of the Early Santonian is an important surface because it extends from the distal to the proximal part of the depositional environment.     

Late Devonian carbon isotope stratigraphy and sea level fluctuations, Canning Basin, Western Australia

The Upper Devonian reef complexes of the Canning Basin contain some of the world’s best exposed, continuous stratigraphic sections through the Frasnian-Famennian boundary. The facies distribution and composition of these reef complexes record interactions among sea level changes, sediment supply, ocean chemistry, and paleoecology. Changes in relative sea level produced spatial shifts in reef platform development and regional changes in sediment supply that can be correlated across facies boundaries using a combination of sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and carbon isotope stratigraphy. During the lowstand interval below the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, the reef margin advanced down the reef slope in shallow-water environments, and siliciclastics locally dominated in the marginal slope environment. Compilation of a broad late Frasnian to early Famennian sequence stratigraphic framework for the Canning Basin demonstrates that transgressive intervals correlate to positive carbon isotopic excursions within the basin. These isotopic shifts also can be correlated to time-equivalent positive carbon isotopic excursions reported from transgressive intervals in Europe. Thus, the late Frasnian transgressions in the Canning Basin were primarily eustatic rather than tectonic in origin, and positive carbon isotopic signatures of the Kellwasser horizons are globally correlative.     

Relationships between foraminiferal assemblages and depositional sequences in Jahrum Formation,Ardal area (Zagros Basin,SW Iran)

The Jahrum Formation was deposited in the foreland basin in southwest Iran (Zagros Basin). The Zagros mountain belt of Iran, a part of the Alpine–Himalayan system, extends from the NW Iranian border through to SW Iran, up to the strait of Hormuz. The various facies of the Jahrum Formation were deposited in four main genetically related depositional environments, including: tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine. These are represented by 14 microfacies. The Jahrum Formation represents sedimentation on a carbonate ramp. Tidal flat facies are represented by fenestral fabric, stromatolitic boundstone and thin-bedded planes. Carbonate deposition in a shallow marine lagoon was characterised by wacke–packstone, dominated by various taxa of imperforate foraminifer. The shoals are made up of medium- to coarse-grained skeletal and peloidal grainstone. This facies was deposited predominantly in an active high energy wave and current regime, and grades basinward into middle ramps facies are represented by wackestones–packstones with a diverse assemblage of echinoderm and large benthic foraminifers with perforate wall. Outer ramp facies consist of alternating marl and limestones rich in pelagic foraminifera. There is no evidence for resedimentation processes in this facies belt. The sequence stratigraphy study has led to recognition of three third-order depositional sequences.     

Continental, brackish and marine carbonates from the Lower Cretaceous of Kolone–Barbariga (Istria, Croatia): stratigraphy, sedimentology and geochemistry

During the Early Cretaceous, wide areas of the Dinaric–Adriatic Carbonate Platform emerged for long periods. The Hauterivian–Barremian carbonates from Kolone–Barbariga show a few typical examples of lacustrine facies with dinosaur bones and brackish/palustrine facies. The sequence of the platform is made for the most part by subtidal and intertidal limestones. The bone levels are located in a large depression few meters deep in the uppermost Hauterivian marine limestones. The filling facies of this depression are made by oncolitic rudstones and algal boundstones, which represent marginal lacustrine facies, and by laminated limestones, thin stromatolitic levels and distal fringes of rudstones which represent relatively open lacustrine facies. The fossil content is characterized by rare charophyte stems, ostracods, gastropods and plant remains, while typical marine fauna is absent. At the Hauterivian–Barremian boundary a major emersion event has been observed, then a slow transgressive phase occurred. The transgressive facies are primarily made by mudstones with ostracods, charophytes and Spirillina (brackish and probably freshwater facies), wackestones with Ophtalmidiidae and rare dasyclad algae, storm layers with gastropods and miliolids and breccia-like dinoturbated beds. Wackstones, packstones and very rich in dasyclad grainstones outcrop at the top of the section, representing the maximum of the transgression. Trace elements content, carbon and oxygen stable isotope analyses have been performed to aid the palaeoenvironmental interpretation. In this geological setting, Barium seems to discriminate between brackish and freshwater facies. The isotopic values of the marine carbonates appear to depend on early diagenetic processes, meanwhile lacustrine facies seem to show a weak signal of the depositional environment.     

Proposed stratotype for the base of the highest Cambrian stage at the first appearance datum of Cordylodus andresi, Lawson Cove section, Utah, USA

We propose a candidate for the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the highest stage of the Furongian Series of the Cambrian System. The section is at Lawson Cove in the Ibex area of Millard County, Utah, USA. The marker horizon is the first appearance datum (FAD) of the conodont Cordylodus andresi Viira et Sergeyeva in Kaljo et al. [Kaljo, D., Borovko, N., Heinsalu, H., Khazanovich, K., Mens, K., Popov, L., Sergeyeva, S., Sobolevskaya, R., Viira, V., 1986. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Baltic–Ladoga clint area (North Estonia and Leningrad Region, USSR). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geologia 35, 97–108]. At this section and elsewhere this horizon also is the FAD of the trilobite Eurekia apopsis (Winston et Nicholls, 1967). This conodont characterizes the base of the Cordylodus proavus Zone, which has been recognized in many parts of the world. This trilobite characterizes the base of the Eurekia apopsis Zone, which has been recognized in many parts of North America. The proposed boundary is 46.7 m above the base of the Lava Dam Member of the Notch Peak Formation at the Lawson Cove section. Brachiopods, sequence stratigraphy, and carbon-isotope geochemistry are other tools that characterize this horizon and allow it to be recognized in other areas.     

东濮凹陷沙河街组(古近纪)植物活动痕迹类型及其环境与层序地层学意义

植物活动痕迹即根迹,是层序地层学中识别低位期沉积的重要标志。东濮凹陷沙河街组(古近纪)根迹发育,形态各异,可分为A、B、C、D、E五种类型,分别被解释为五类次级沉积环境下的产物。其中A型根迹、B型根迹与河口湾沉积环境相关,前者见于河口湾陆方一侧的河口沙坝(bay head bar),后者则出现于海方一侧易受海浪冲蚀的盐碱凹地。已有资料证明,植物活动痕迹,结合动物活动痕迹和古生物学、沉积学研究,可为判别河口湾沉积环境、层序界面提供重要实据,从而在层序地层学研究和储层沉积环境探索中显示重要作用。     

Climate and sea‐level changes across a shallow marine Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary succession in Patagonia,Argentina

Upper Maastrichtian to lower Paleocene, coarse‐grained deposits of the Lefipán Formation in Chubut Province, (Patagonia, Argentina) provide an opportunity to study environmental changes across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary in a shallow marine depositional environment. Marine palynological and organic geochemical analyses were performed on the K–Pg boundary interval of the Lefipán Formation at the San Ramón section. The palynological and organic geochemical records from the San Ramón K–Pg boundary section are characteristic of a highly dynamic, nearshore setting. High abundances of terrestrial palynomorphs, high BIT‐index values and the occasional presence of plant fossils are indicative of a large input of terrestrial organic material. The organic‐walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblage is generally dominated by Senegalinium and other peridinioid dinocyst taxa, indicative of high‐nutrient conditions and decreased salinities, probably associated with a large fluvial input. The reconstructed sea surface temperatures range from 25°C to 27°C, in accordance with the tropical climate inferred by palynological and megafloral studies. As in the Bajada del Jagüel section, ~500 km north‐north‐east of San Ramón, peaks of Senegalinium spp. were recorded below and above the K–Pg boundary, possibly related to enhanced runoff resulting from more humid climatic conditions. The lithological, palynological and organic geochemical records suggest the occurrence of a sea‐level regression across the K–Pg boundary, resulting in a hiatus directly at the boundary in both sections, followed by a transgression in the Danian.     

云南澄江早寒武世地层并论中国的Parabadiella,摩洛哥的Abadiella及澳大利亚的Abadiella huoi

根据近来的发现,区域地层的阐明及生物在寒武系界线上下的变化,澄江早寒武世地层划分作了修订。早寒武世岩石地层名称的更换,年代地层及生物地层单位的分带这里作了简述.目前的岩石地层单位从上到上是渔户村组（梅树阶）,黑林铺组（筇竹寺阶）,红井哨组、乌龙箐组（沧浪铺阶）及山邑村组（龙王庙阶）。此层序可分为2个亚带。所有的组合带在中国西南地台区都有存在,但两个亚带在澄江是区域性的。云南东部震旦系与寒武系的界线暂时置于渔户村且小歪头山段的底界,位于小壳化石最早出现的下部。中国的Parabadiella,摩洛哥的Abadiella及澳大利亚的Abadiella huoi这里重新作了研究。Parabadiella及Abadiella是两个不同的属。模式标本的图片在这里再次刊出。澳大利亚的Abadiella huoi一种应是Wutingaspis的一个新种（Wutingaspis jelli Chang sp.nov)。Opik(1975）的Dolerolenus(?)sp.nov.一种应归属Parabadiella huoi一种。Parabadiella是中国也是澳大利亚寒武系最古老的三叶虫。澳大利亚的Wutingaspis jelli的层位与摩洛哥Abadiella的层位相当,可与中国的Wutingaspis-Eoredichia带的上部对比。