BOOK REVIEW SECTION

Book Reviewed in this article:
Canning, Elizabeth U., ed. 1981. Parasitological Topics: a Presentation Volume to P. C. C. Garnham F.R.S. on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday 1981
Krylov, M. V. 1981. Piroplazmidy. [Piroplasms.]
Baker, J. R. 1982. The Biology of Parasitic Protozoa
Barriga, Omar O. 1981. The Immunology of Parasitic Infections: a Handbook for Physicians, Veterinarians, and Biologists
Beyer, T. V., Bezukladnikova, N. A., Galuzo, I. G., Konovalova, S. I. & Pak, S. M., eds. 1979. Toksoplasmidy. [The Toxoplasmids
Geltzer, Ya. G., Korganova, G. A., Mavlyanova, M. I. & Nikolyuk, V. I., eds. 1980. Pochvennye Prosteyshie. [The Soil Protozoa.] (Protozoologiya
Beyer, T. V., Kazakova, I. I., Lakhonina, G. M., Roigas, E. M. & Teras, J. H., eds. 1981. Vzaimootnosheniya Prosteyshikh s Virusami. [The Interaction between Protozoa and Viruses.] (Protozoologiya
Ogimoto, Keiji & Imai, Soichi 1981 Allas of Rumen Microbiology
Long, Peter L., ed. 1982. The Biology of the Coccidia
Lloyd, David, Poole, Robert & Edwards, Steven W. 1982. The Cell Division Cycle: Temporal Organization and Control of Cellular Growth and Reproduction
Frederick, J. F., ed. 1981. Origins and Evolution of Eukaryotic Intracellular Organelles. [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
Hayat, M. A. 1981. Fixation for Electron Microscopy
Buetow, D. E., ed. 1982. The Biology of Euglena.
Ogden, C. G. & Hedley, R. H. 1980. An Atlas of Freshwater Testate Amoebae
Parker, S. P., ed. 1982. Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms
Margulis, L. & Schwartz, K. V. 1982. Five Kingdoms: an Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
Cairns, J., Jr., ed. 1982. Artificial Substrates
Curds, C. R. 1982. British and Other Freshwater Ciliated Protozoa     

Book Review Section

Book reviews in this article:
Ecology and Parasitology. Alexander, M. , ed. 1980. Advances in Microbial Ecology
Smith, H. G. 1978. The Distribution and Ecology of Terrestrial Protozoa of Sub-Antarctic and Maritime Antarctic Islands
Taylor, Angela E. R. & Muller, R. , eds. 1980. Vaccines Against Parasites
Kreier, Julius P. , ed. 1980. Malaria
New Textbook of Protozoology Farmer, John N. 1980. The Protozoa: Introduction to Protozoology
Phytoflagellates and Serial Endosymbiosis Theory Cox, Elenor R. , ed. Phytoflagellates
Tappan, Helen . 1980. The Paleobiology of Plant Protists.
Margulis, Lynn. 1981. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Life and Its Environment on the Early Earth.
Intercellular Communication and Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interactions O'Day, Danton H. & Horgen, Paul A. , eds. 1981. Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes
Whitson, Gary L. , ed. 1980. Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interactions in the Cell Cycle.
Invertebrate Texts Alexander, R. McNeill . 1979. The Invertebrates
Barnes, Robert D. 1980. Invertebrate Zoology
Engemann, Joseph G. & (the late) Hegner, Robert W. 1981 Invertebrate Zoology
ATCC Catalogue of Strains Hatt, Harold D. , ed. 1980. The American Type Culture Collection: Catalogue of Strains I.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
S upplement T o I ndex B ergeyana (1981). Edited by N.E. Gibbons, K.B. Pattee & J.G. Holt.
L aboratory P rocedures I n C linical M icrobiology (1981). Edited by J.A. Washington.
D enitrification (1981). W.J. Payne.
B acterial P lasmids (A spects of M icrobiology N o . 4) (1981). K. Hardy.
E nvironmental M icrobiology (1981). W.D. Grant & P.E. Long.
H andbuch der B acteriellen I nfektionen bei T ieren . B and III (1981). Edited by H. Blobel & T. Schliesser.
B acterial T oxins and C ell M embranes (1978). Edited by N. Jeljaszewicz & T. Wadstrom.     

BOOK REVIEW SECTION

Book reviewed in this article:
Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo 1982. The Biology of Entamoeba histolytica.
Ristic, M. & Kreier, J. P., eds. 1981. Babesiosis .
Krylov, M. V., ed. 1981. The Evolution and Phylogeny of the Unicellular Animals .
Petrushevskaya, M. G. 1981. [ Radiolaria of the Order Nasselaria of the World's Oceans .]
Amos, W. B. & Duckett, J. G., eds. 1982. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Flagella .
Matthes, Dieter 1982. Sesshafte Wimpertiere: Peritricha, Suctoria, Chonotricha .
Kaestner, Alfred, ed. 1980. Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie . Band I: Wirbellose Tiere.
Rosowski, James R. & Parker, Bruce C., eds. 1982. Selected Papers in Phycology II.
Raikov, Igor B. 1982. The Protozoan Nucleus: Morphology and Evolution .     

Book reviews

Morris, I (Ed) (1980) The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton .
Alexander M. (Ed.) (1980) Advances in Microbial Ecology, Volume 4 .
Edington, J.M. & Hildrew, A.G. (1981) A key to the caseless caddis larvae of the British Isles with notes on their ecology .
Lackey R.T. & Nielsen L.A. (Eds) (1980) Fisheries Management .     

Reviews of publications

Book reviewed in this article:
Die Milben des Süsswassers (Hydrachnellae und Halacaridae [part.], Acari) Teil 1: Bibliographie, Teil 2: Katalog , by Kurt O. Viets.
A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons , edited by Annie Gautier-Hion, F. Bourlière, J.-P. Gautier and J. Kingdon.
Neurobiology of the Cardiorespiratory System , edited by E. W. Taylor.
The Dragonflies of Europe , by R. R. Askew.
Studying Fossil Horses , by V. Eisenmann, M. T. Alberdi, C. de Giuli & U. Staesche. Collected papers after the 'New York International Hipparion Conference. 1981' Volume I: Methodology , edited by M. Woodburne & P. Sondaar. E. J. Brill.
The Hymenoptera , edited by Ian Gauld & Barry Bolton.
A Study of Blackbirds , by David Snow
Temperature Biology of Animals , by Andrew R. Cossins and Ken Bowler.
Honey Identification , by Rex Sawyer.
Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology , by R. N. Owen-Smith.     

BOOK REVIEW SECTION

Book reviews in this article:
Dillon, Lawrence S. 1981. Ultrastructure, Macromolecules and Evolution
Schwemmler, Werner & Schenk, Hainfried E. A. , eds. 1980. Endocytobiology: Endosymbiosis and Cell Biology, a Synthesis of Recent Research
Krylov, M. V. & Starobogatov, Y. I. , eds. 1980. Principles of the Construction of the Macrosystem of the Unicellular Animals
Palmer, W. J. , ed. 1981. Rapid & Automated Methods in Microbiology & Immunology: A Bibliography, 1976–1980
de Harven, E. & Nemanic, M. K. , organizers. 1981. Cell Surface Labeling
Inoki, Shozo , ed. 1981. Atlas of Protozoa
Czapik, Anna 1980. Pdostawy Protozoologii . [ Introduction to Protozoology .]
Levine, Norman D. & Ivens, Virginia 1981. The Coccidian Parasites ( Protozoa, Apicomplexa ) of Carnivores
Page, Frederick C. 1981. The Culture and Use of Free-Living Protozoa in Teaching     

Book review

ALLEN M. YOUNG (1982): Population Biology of Tropical Insects. Plenum Press, New York and London. 511 pp., many black and white photographs, tables and figures, cloth, $ 57.50

Andreas Suchantke (1981): Der Kontinent der Kolibris. Landschaften und Lebensformen in den Tropen Südamerikas. [The Continent of the Hummingbirds ‐ Landscapes and Life Forms in the South American Tropics].

Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart. 420 pp., 265 drawings, 32 colour plates, hardbound, DM 88.00

ACKERY, P. R. & R. I. VANE‐WRIGHT (1984): Milkweed butterflies ‐ their cladistics and biology. British Museum (Natural History) Publications, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England. 425 pp. 74 plates (13 in colour) and 262 figures together with additional figs. and tables in the text. Size 22.5 x 28.5 cm, cloth. Price 50.00.     

Besprechungen/Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Chiarelli , A. B., und R. S. Corruccini, eds. (1981): Primate evolutionary biology (Evolutionsbiologie der Primaten). Herbinet , E., and M. C. Busnel, eds. (1981): L'aube des sens (The dawn of senses/Erwachen der Sinne). Barlow , H. B., und J. D. Mollon, eds. (1982): The senses (Die Sinne). Steiner , J. E., und J. R. Ganchrow, eds. (1982): Determination of behaviour by chemical stimuli (Steuerung von Verhalten durch chemische Reize). Stein , J. F. (1982): An introduction to neurophysiology (Einführung in die Neurophysiologie). Obrist , P. A. (1981): Cardiovascular psychophysiology — A perspective (Kreislaufphysiologie und Verhalten). Fagen , R. (1981): Animal play behavior (Spielverhalten von Tieren).     

Poly (I:C) therapy decreases cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury via TLR3‐mediated prevention of Fas/FADD interaction

Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐mediated signalling plays a role in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Modulation of TLRs has been reported to protect against cerebral I/R injury. This study examined whether modulation of TLR3 with poly (I:C) will induce protection against cerebral I/R injury. Mice were treated with or without Poly (I:C) (n = 8/group) 1 hr prior to cerebral ischaemia (60 min.) followed by reperfusion (24 hrs). Poly (I:C) pre‐treatment significantly reduced the infarct volume by 57.2% compared with untreated I/R mice. Therapeutic administration of Poly (I:C), administered 30 min. after cerebral ischaemia, markedly decreased infarct volume by 34.9%. However, Poly (I:C)‐induced protection was lost in TLR3 knockout mice. In poly (I:C)‐treated mice, there was less neuronal damage in the hippocampus compared with untreated I/R mice. Poly (I:C) treatment induced IRF3 phosphorylation, but it inhibited NF‐κB activation in the brain. Poly (I:C) also decreased I/R‐induced apoptosis by attenuation of Fas/FasL‐mediated apoptotic signalling. In addition, Poly (I:C) treatment decreased microglial cell caspase‐3 activity. In vitro data showed that Poly (I:C) prevented hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)‐induced interaction between Fas and FADD as well as caspase‐3 and ‐8 activation in microglial cells. Importantly, Poly (I:C) treatment induced co‐association between TLR3 and Fas. Our data suggest that Poly (I:C) decreases in cerebral I/R injury via TLR3 which associates with Fas, thereby preventing the interaction of Fas and FADD, as well as microglial cell caspase‐3 and ‐8 activities. We conclude that TLR3 modulation by Poly (I:C) could be a potential approach for protection against ischaemic stroke.     

中国马蓝属(爵床科)新组合和新分类群(英文)

采用广义的马蓝属(Strobilanthes Blume)概念,提出3个新组合:匍匐半插花(S.primulifolia(Nees)Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood),直立半插花(S.cumingiana(Forst.)Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)和狭叶马蓝(S.atropurpurea var.stenophylla(C.B.Clarke)Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood);描述了8新种:南岭马蓝(Strobilanthes austrosinensis Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)、冯氏马蓝(S.fengiana Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)、陶氏马蓝(S.taoana Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)、启无马蓝(S.wangiana Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)、景东马蓝(S.atroviridis Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)、西畴马蓝(S.rostrata Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)、黄连山马蓝(S.spiciformis Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)和匍匐马蓝(S.procumbens Y.F.DengJ.R.I.Wood)。对南岭马蓝、黄连山马蓝、景东马蓝和匍匐马蓝的花粉形态进行了观察。     

Besprechungen / Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bücher/Books: Zuckerman, S. (1981): The social life of monkeys and apes. Second edition (Das Sozialleben von Affen und Menschenaffen, 2. Aufl.) Bücher/Books: Chivers, D. J., und K. Joysey (1978): Recent advances in primatology. Vol. 3: Evolution (Fortschritte der Primatenforschung. Band 3: Evolution). Bücher/Books: Bernstein, I. S., and E. O. Smith, eds. (1980): Primate ecology and human origins (Ökologie der Primaten und Herkunft des Menschen). Bücher/Books: Kull, U. (1979): Evolution des Menschen. Biologische, soziale und kulturelle Evolution (Biological, social and cultural evolution of man). Bücher/Books: Zankl, H. (1980): Humanbiologie (Human biology). UTB 922. Bücher/Books: Passingham, R. (1982): The human primate (Der menschliche Primat). Bücher/Books: Crook, J. H. (1981): The evolution of human consciousness (Die Entwicklung des menschlichen Bewußtseins). Bücher/Books: Adám, G. (1980): Perception, Consciousness, Memory—Reflections of a Biologist (Wahrnehmung, Bewußtsein, Gedächtnis—Betrachtungen eines Biologen). Bücher/Books: Gursch, R. (1981): Die Illustrationen Ernst Haeckels zur Abstammungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte. Diskussion im wissenschaftlichen und nichtwissenschaftlichen Schrifttum (An evaluation of scientific and general discussions concerning Haeckel's illustrations to phylogenetics and embryology).     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Microbiological Applications of Gas Chromatography (1981). D.B. Drucker.
Introduction to Modern Mycology (1980). Volume 7 in the series Basic Microbiology. J.W. Deacon.
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (1980). Volume 90. Edited by W. Arber et al.
Mould Growth in Buildings (1981). Proceedings of a joint BRE/Paint Research Association Seminar held at the Building Research Establishment
The Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Antibacterial Agents (1981). R.A.D. Williams & Z.L. Kruk.
Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes (1981). Edited by D.H. O'Day & P.A. Horgen.
Microbiology of Human Skin (1981). W.C. Noble, 2nd Edition.
Antibiotics Volume IV. Biosynthesis (1981). Edited by J.W. Corcoran.
Food Microbiology: A Framework for the Future (1980). A.N. Sharpe.     

Reviews of publications

Book reviewed in this article: Die Milben des Süsswassers (Hydrachnellae und Halacaridae [part.], Acari) Teil 1: Bibliographie, Teil 2: Katalog, by Kurt O. Viets. A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons, edited by Annie Gautier-Hion, F. Bourlière, J.-P. Gautier and J. Kingdon. Neurobiology of the Cardiorespiratory System, edited by E. W. Taylor. The Dragonflies of Europe, by R. R. Askew. Studying Fossil Horses, by V. Eisenmann, M. T. Alberdi, C. de Giuli & U. Staesche. Collected papers after the ‘New York International Hipparion Conference. 1981’ Volume I: Methodology, edited by M. Woodburne & P. Sondaar. E. J. Brill. The Hymenoptera, edited by Ian Gauld & Barry Bolton. A Study of Blackbirds, by David Snow Temperature Biology of Animals, by Andrew R. Cossins and Ken Bowler. Honey Identification, by Rex Sawyer. Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology, by R. N. Owen-Smith.     

Besprechungen/Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Barnard , C. J., und H. Stephens (1981): Prey size selection by lapwings in lapwing/gull associations (Beutesuche bei Kiebitzen, die mit Möwen ver-gesellschaftet sind). Rivault , C. (1981): Rôle des facteurs sociaux sur l'expression de la rythmicité circadienne dans un groupe chez Periplaneta americana (Dictyopt.) Schöne , H., und J. Tengö (1981): Competition of males, courtship behaviour and chemical communication in the digger wasp Bembix rostrata (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) (Wettstreit der Männchen, Balz und Duftsignale bei der Wegwespe B. Shillito Walser , E., E. Walters und P. Hague (1981): A statistical analysis of the structure of bleats from sheep of four different breeds (Unterschiede in der Klangstruktur des Blökens von vier Schafrassen: Statistische Analyse). Dücker , G., M. Horter und A. Brinkmann (1981): Untersuchungen über die Dauer kontinuierlichen Eintrageverhaltens bei Mäusen (Perseverance of retrieval behaviour in mice). De Boer , B. A. (1981): Influence of population density on the territorial, courting and spawning behaviour of male Chromis cyanea (Pomacentridae) (Einfluß der Populationsdichte auf Revier-, Balz- und Laichverhalten des Pomacentriden Ch. c.). Reinhardt , V., und A. Reinhardt (1981): Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (Bos indicus) (Persönliche Bindungen innerhalb einer Rinderherde). Searcy , W. A., P. D. McArthur , S. S. Peters und P. Marler (1981): Response of male song and swamp sparrows to neighbour, stranger, and self songs (Antworten von Sing- und Sumpfammermännchen auf nachbarlichen, fremden und eigenen Gesang). de Waal , F. B. M., und J. A. R. A. M. van Hooff (1981): Side-directed communication and agonistic interactions in chimpanzees (An Dritte gerichtetes Verhalten in Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Schimpansen). Payne , R. B., W. L. Thompson , K. L. Fiala und L. L. Sweany (1981): Local song traditions in indigo buntings: Cultural transmission of behavior patterns across generations (Gesangstraditionen bei Indigofinken). Tasker , C. R., und J. A. Mills (1981): A functional analysis of courtship feeding in the red-billed gull, Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus (Funktions-analyse des Balzfütterns bei Weißkopf-Lachmöwen). Burger , J., und M. Gochfeld (1981): Age-related differences in piracy behaviour of four species of gulls, Larus (Altersabhängigkeit räuberischen Verhaltens bei vier Möwenarten). Conover , M. R., und D. E. Miller (1981): Elicitation of vocalizations and pecking in ring-billed gull chicks (Auslösung von Rufen und Picken bei Kücken der Kragenmöwe). Martens , J. (1981): Lautäußerungen der Baumläufer des Himalaya und zur akustischen Evolution der Gattung Certhia (Vocalizations of Tree Creepers in the Himalayas). Zusi , R. L., und D. Bridge (1981): On the slit pupil of the Black Skimmer (Rhynchops niger) (Über die schlitzförmige Pupille des Scherenschnabels). Nelson , B. (1978): The Gannet (Der Baßtölpel). King , A. S., und J. McLelland, eds. (1981): Form and function in birds, Vol. 2 (Funktionsmorphologie der Vögel, Bd. 2). Roy , M. Aaron, ed. (1980): Species identity and attachment. Fantino , E., and Ch. F. Logan (1979): The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective (Experimentelle Verhaltensanalyse in biologischer Sicht).     

Variability of Euphausia superba populations near Elephant Island and the South Shetlands: 1981 vs. 1984

Summary March 1981 and 1984 Euphausia superba populations were compared using acoustics and net catches near Elephant Island, the South Shetlands, and in the Bransfield Strait. In 1981, krill tended to form large, thick swarms and in 1984, smaller, more dispersed, shallower patches. March body lengths of juvenile-adult krill were 22–59 mm in 1981 and 13–59 mm in 1984. Near Elephant I. in 1981, krill >45 mm were most numerous; in 1984 sizes <45 mm were dominant. In March 1984, the larger (>45 mm) body-size group was prereproductive and occurred from just west of Elephant I. westward into waters north of the South Shetlands; in 1981 the larger krill were postreproductive and more widely distributed in the Elephant I. area. Overall, netted postlarval krill, 1981 vs. 1984, averaged 73 vs. 48 individuals/m², or 54 vs. 16 g/m²; acoustic biomass estimates were 229 vs. 134–201 g/m². Larvae near Elephant I. averaged >2000/m² in 1981 vs. <1/m² in 1984—compatible with respective March reproductive states. Net-type comparisons revealed short-term (15 min to 6h) variability of a similar scale in both MOCNESS and bongo net catches, but bongo abundances averaged greater. Variation in maturity composition across 1981 swarms, patches, and random transects was like variation among the random 1984 tows; spatial distributions were more heterogeneous in 1984. The March 1984 krill of 20–44 mm (Year-2, mode 34 mm) relate to November 1983 krill of 9–30 mm (mode 21 mm), indicating growth averaging 12 mm during the season. Body-lengths and size-frequency modes of Year-2 and combined Years-3,3+ krill from comparable Feb-Mar data collected since 1968 suggest trends between times when (1) Year-2 krill average small and peak reproduction seems to be late in the season and/or weak (1979, 1982–1984), and (2) Year-2 krill are larger, and reproduction is possibly earlier and more successful (1976, 1980, 1981).     

The effect of taurine on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Summary. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the most common causes of renal dysfunction. Taurine is an endogenous antioxidant and a membrane-stabilizing, intracellular, free beta-amino acid. It has been demonstrated to have protective effects against I/R injuries to tissues other than kidney. The aim of this study was to determine whether taurine has a beneficial role in renal I/R injury. Forty Wistar-Albino rats were allocated into four groups as follows: sham, taurine, I/R, and I/R + taurine. Taurine 7.5 mg/kg was given intra-peritoneally to rats in the groups taurine and I/R + taurine. Renal I/R was achieved by occluding the renal arteries bilaterally for 40 min, followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Immediately thereafter, blood was drawn and tissue samples were harvested to measure 1) serum levels of BUN and creatinine; 2) serum and/or tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and glutathione reductase (GSH-red); 3) renal morphology; and 4) immunohistochemical staining for P-selectin. Taurine administration reduced I/R-induced increases in serum BUN and creatinine, and serum and tissue MDA levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, taurine lessened the reductions in serum and tissue glutathione levels secondary to I/R (p < 0.05). Taurine also attenuated histopathologic evidence of renal injury, and reduced I/R-induced P-selectin immunoreactivity (p < 0.05). Overall, then, taurine administration appears to reduce the injurious effects of I/R on kidney.     

A HyperCard program for the identification of biological specimens

The authors with to make the following corrections to the abovepaper:

• page 64 and References: Omodeo, (1956) not (1965)
• page 68and References: Rosa, (1893) not (1981)
• Table I. Line 1. Cognetti,not Cogneni Line 20. delete (1906) Line 28. Kvavadze (1985)not (1975) Line 29. Kvavadze (1971) not (1981) Line 44.delete (1906) Line 52. delete (1906)
• page 68 in Note sectionthe address given should read ‘A.Colosimo,Departmentof Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome (La Sapienza),PiazzaleA.Moro I-00185, Rome, Italy.’

     

Mechanism of inactivation of gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase by 4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid. First example of an enamine mechanism for a gamma-amino acid with a partition ratio of 0

The mechanism of inactivation of pig brain gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-T) by (S)-4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid (1, R = CH2CH2COOH, X = F) previously proposed [Silverman, R. B., & Levy, M. A. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1197-1203] is revised. apo-GABA-T is reconstituted with [4-3H]pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and inactivated with 1 (R = CH2CH2COOH, X = F). Treatment of inactivated enzyme with base followed by acid denaturation leads to the complete release of radioactivity as 6-[2-hydroxy-3-methyl-6-(phosphonoxymethyl)-4-pyridinyl]-4-oxo-5-+ ++hexenoic acid (4, R = CH2CH2COOH). Alkaline phosphatase treatment of this compound produces dephosphorylated 4 (R = CH2CH2COOH). These results support a mechanism that was suggested by Metzler and co-workers [Likos, J. J., Ueno, H., Feldhaus, R. W., & Metzler, D. E. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 4377-4386] for the inactivation of glutamate decarboxylase by serine O-sulfate (Scheme I, pathway b, R = COOH, X = OSO3-).