中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究 Ⅶ.雅罗鱼亚科7种鱼的染色体组型分析及有关鲤科鱼类系统关系的探讨

本文报道了鲤科雅罗鱼亚科7属7种鱼的染色体组型。它们的染色体二倍数和核型特征差异较大,有5种鱼的2n=48。其中草鱼和赤眼鳟的核型相似,有较多的m和sm组染色体,臂数较高;综鱼和鳡鱼的核型接近,st组染色体较多,还有一对t组染色体,臂数较低;鳤鱼虽然没有t组染色体,但st组染色体特别多,臂数最低。另外两种鱼,马口鱼和宽鳍(?)的染色体二倍数在鲤科中非常特殊,分别为76和78,它们的臂数是相同的,NF-86。通过这7种鱼的核型分析,以及与其他有关鲤科鱼类核型的比较,对它们的染色体进化方式,和与此有关的鲤科鱼类的系统关系也进行了初步探讨。     

鲤科四种鱼肠道菌群的相似性及其与系统进化的关系

在同一背景条件下,对草鱼、白链、团头鲂和鲤等4种鱼的肠道菌群中好氧性菌或兼性厌氧菌进行分析鉴定,得到4种鱼之间的肠道菌群相似值。用UPGMA和NJ法构建鲤科的雅罗鱼亚科,链亚科,Bian亚科和鲤亚科等4种亚科的系统演化树。不同亚科的鱼间菌群分布有较大差异。但雅罗鱼亚科和Bian亚科和菌群分布方面有极显的正相关性,哈夫尼亚菌属、致病杆菌属、气单胞菌属、柠檬酸菌属、假单胞菌属等在4种鱼肠道中均有分布,链球菌属,拉恩氏菌属、牙包杆菌属、葡萄球菌属等属于共生菌,雅罗鱼亚科和Bian亚科相邻邻接为一个共同接点,该接点与鲤亚科连接为一个接点,鲤亚科可能是最原始的类型。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究Ⅹ.鲃亚科五种鱼和(鱼句)亚科四种鱼的染色体组型

本文报道了鲤科鲃亚科5种鱼和(鱼句)亚科4种鱼的染色体组型考察结果,并对这两个亚科鱼类的染色体数日和臂数进行了统计分析,讨论了其染色体进化及系统关系等问题。     

鲤科四种鱼肠道菌群的相似性及其与系统进化的关系

在同一背景条件下,对草鱼、白鲢、团头鲂和鲤鱼等4种鱼的肠道菌群中好氧性菌或兼性厌氧菌进行分析鉴定,得到4种鱼之间的肠道菌群相似值.用UPGMA和NJ法构建鲤科的雅罗鱼亚科、鲢亚科、鳊亚科和鲤亚科等4种亚科的系统演化树.不同亚科的鱼间菌群分布有较大差异,但雅罗鱼亚科和鳊亚科在菌群分布方面有极显著的正相关性.哈夫尼亚菌属、致病杆菌属、气单胞菌属、柠檬酸菌属、假单胞菌属等在4种鱼肠道中均有分布,链球菌属、拉恩氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属等属于共生菌.雅罗鱼亚科和鳊亚科相邻邻接为一个共同接点,该接点与鲤亚科连接为一个接点,鲤亚科可能是最原始的类型。 Abstract:This paper is an analysis and appraisal of aerobe and facultative anaerobe among intestinal bacterium of the following fishes:Ctenophar yngodomidellus,Hypophtha lmichthys molitrix,Megalorama ambly cephala Yih and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus under same surroundings.After that,We contain similarity values of intestinal bacteria were obtained between every two kinds of the four fishes.We constructed the revolutionary trees of in Cyprinidate,Leuciscinae,Abramidinae,Cyprininae and Hypophthalmi by NJ method and UPGMA method according to the similarity values.     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究Ⅵ.50亚科3种四倍体鱼和鲤亚科1种四倍体鱼的核型

刺鲃、倒刺鲃、中华倒刺鲃和须鲫的染色体二倍数均为100,NF=150。前3种鱼的核型都是18m+32sm+26st+24t。须鲫的核型为18m+32sm+18st+32t。四种鱼染色体的体积从大到小均呈缓慢的连续递变,都是sm_1较大。作者认为这14种鱼与鲤属和鲫属鱼类一样,属于二倍化了的四倍体种娄;并认为鲃亚科和鲤亚科中现存的四倍体种类可能都是由一共同祖先经多倍化后自然选择演变而来的;考虑到四倍体物种具有较大的可塑性和较强的适应力,提出了开发和利用(资源增殖、驯化和杂交等)这些鱼类的设想。     

六种鲤科鱼类核仁组织者区的研究

采用银染及荧光染色技术,对6种鲤科鱼的NORs进行了研究。结果表明：这6种鲤科鱼中瓦氏雅罗鱼、花 、麦穗鱼、白甲鱼具有2个NORs,长春鳊、墨头鱼具有4个NORs。根据实验研究结果对鲤科鱼类NORs多态性及演化等进行了讨论。 The NORs were examined in 6 species of Cyprinidae by both silver nitrate and chromomycin A3,which led to the detections of 2 NORs in 4 species(Leuciscus waleckii,Hemibarbus maculates,Pseudorasbora parva,and Varicorhinus simus)and of 4 NORs in 2 species (Parabramis pekinensis,and Garra pingi pingi).Based on our results,the variation and evolution of fish NORs were discussed.     

中国雅罗鱼亚科的系统发育

关于雅罗鱼亚科Leuciscinae的系统发育,只有个别作者对其一、二个属稍有讨论。Howes(1978)将(鱼宗)鱼属Luciobrama等从雅罗鱼亚科分出,建立了赤梢鱼群(aspine group);陈湘粦等(1984)将须(鱼岁)属Tinca从雅罗鱼亚科分出,归入钯系,并建立须(鱼岁)亚科Tincinae,这一观点与Regan(1911)“须(鱼岁)与鲃关系较近”的看法相似。 本文全面考察了分布于中国的雅罗鱼亚科鱼类的骨骼学特征,对本亚科的系统发育、起源等进行了探讨。研究标本名录见附录1。     

基于细胞色素b基因序列的鲤科鱼类系统发育研究(鱼纲: 鲤形目)

鲤科是鱼类最大的科, 在中国淡水鱼类组成中鲤科鱼类的成分占一半以上. 鲤科鱼类的演化过程代表了东亚淡水鱼类的整体演化过程. 为探讨东亚鲤科鱼类系统发育关系, 共分析了包括18种新测序列在内的54种鲤科鱼类细胞色素b基因的全序列. 分析的物种涵盖了鲤科鱼类的12个亚科并对问题较多的亚科(Danioninae)和雅罗鱼亚科(Leuciscinae)进行了广泛的采样. 系统发育树的建立使用了多种方法, 包括邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法. 亚口鱼科(Catostomidae)的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)被指定为外类群, 3种方法所得结果非常相似, 并支持一些亚科的单系性, 如鲌亚科(Cultrinae)、鯝亚科(Xenocyprinae)、鮈亚科(Gobioninae)(包括鳅鮀亚科Gobiobotinae). 从分子水平上证明亚科不是一个单系类群, 雅罗鱼亚科被分为两个互不相关的类群; 东亚雅罗鱼群与鲌亚科和鯝亚科形成一单系类群; 而欧洲、西伯利亚、北美的雅罗鱼形成另一个单系群. Howes所定义的鲤亚科在NJ树和ML树中得到有力的支持并位于系统树的基部. 高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus sericeus)代表的鳑鲏亚科的系统位置没有得到解决. 显示鲤科鱼类可分为3个大的类群并与其3个进化阶段相对应: 老第三纪类群包含亚科的东南亚种类和Howes的鲤亚科; 北方冷水性类群包含北方雅罗鱼、鮈亚科和鳑鲏; 东亚类群包含鲌亚科、鯝亚科、雅罗鱼东亚种类和亚科东亚种类. 老第三纪类群代表鲤科鱼类的原始阶段, 北方冷水性类群对应于鲤科鱼类对全球变冷的反应, 而东亚类群则显示青藏高原急剧隆升后, 在东亚季风气候条件下鲤科鱼类的大量分化.     

瓦氏雅罗鱼染色体组型研究

瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii)是一种适应高寒盐碱化水体生活的主要经济鱼类。用瓦氏雅罗鱼精液和鲮鱼精液混精授精所得的鲮鱼耐寒力有所提高。而对于这类喜冷鱼类细胞培养和染色体核型,迄今国内尚未见报道。为了进一步探讨和利用瓦氏雅罗鱼的耐寒性能,作者先就该鱼的染色体核型进行了分析研究。       

硬骨鱼类的细胞核移植 Ⅳa．不同亚科间的细胞核移植一一由草鱼细胞核和团头鲂细胞质配合而成的核质杂种鱼

本文报道了,用细胞核移植的方法,获得亲缘关系更远的,不同亚科鱼类之间的核质杂种鱼,即由鲤科(Cyprinidae)中,雅罗鱼亚科(Leucinae) 的草鱼 (Ctenopharyngodon ldellus)的胚胎细胞核和鳊 亚科(Abramidinae)的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala) 的卵细胞质配台而成的 核质杂种鱼。被移植的卵子共659个,得杂种成鱼24尾,成活率为3.6％。这些核质杂种鱼的若干形态特征,如体长/头长,体长/体高,体长/体宽,背鳍硬刺,腹棱、臀鳍条数,鳃耙数,咽喉齿,侧线鳞片数和脊椎骨数等,与草鱼者相似,这表明此核质杂种鱼的上述特征受草鱼细胞核的影响。 检查草鱼,团头鲂和由草鱼细胞核和团头鲂细胞质配台而成接质杂种鱼的染色体组成表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=48。但这三种鱼的绝大多数染色体在形态上很难彼此区别。不过,根据我们初步观察发现,在我们于长江水产研究所选用的草鱼和团头鲂染色体组型中,它们的第十一对亚端部。着丝点染色体可以区别：草鱼中,该对染色体的臂比指数>3 (见图Id、Id’),而团头鲂中该对 染色体的臂比指数为2 (见图Ie、Ie’)。经检查也发现核质杂种鱼染色体组型中的第十一对染色体 的臂比指数也>3 (见图If、If’)。由此可见,核质杂种鱼的细胞核系来源于被移植的草鱼细胞核, 与核质杂种鱼所表现的若干形态特征所表明的结果相一致。 初步观察还表明,核质杂种鱼的生长速度明显比团头鲂快,也稍优于一般报道的草鱼的生长速 度。没有发现在这些杂种鱼中,有象草鱼那样往往困惑染疾病而死亡的例子。 目前,已有一尾雄性核质杂种鱼成熟并能产生正常的精子使草鱼卵受精。鉴于在这远缘鱼类之间 进行有性杂交,例如草鱼和团头鲂之间进行有性杂交,它们的杂交胚胎往往不正常,或在不同发育阶 段致死,或即使能获得少数成鱼,它们也因性腺发育不良而不能繁殖后代形成杂种体系。而用细胞核 移植的方法则能在远缘鱼类之间获得核质杂种鱼,它们因能繁殖而有可能发展为新的鱼类克隆,为用 生物工程的方法培育鱼类新品种探索一条新途径。有关此核质杂种鱼的生化等性状分析,将另文报 道。     

不同地理区域鲫鱼染色体银染核仁组织者的比较研究

本文对不同地理区域的鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)—滇池高背鲫、低背鲫、方正银鲫(C.auratusgibelio)的核型及核仁组织者NORs进行了比较研究,并对高背鲫来源作些初步探讨,结果如下: 1.低背鲫Carassius auratus (back low type):2n=100,22m+30sm+48t.st,NORs=4,出现于第5—6对亚中着丝粒染色体短臂。 2.滇池高背鲫Carassius auratus(back high type):2n=156,30m+46sm+80t.st,NORs=6,出现于第5—7对亚中着丝粒染色体短臂。 3.方正银鲫C.auratus gibelio:2n=162,32m+52sm+78t.st NORs=4,出现于第5—6对亚中着粒染色体短臂。     

鲀形目3种鱼的染色体组型分析

采用胸腔注射植物血球凝集素(phytohemagglutinin,PHA)及秋水仙素溶液,取活体头肾细胞经低渗、固定、空气干燥法,分析比较了中华单角鲀(Monacanthus chinensis)、黄鳍东方鲀(Takifuguxanthopterus)、红鳍东方鲀(T.rubripes)的核型。结果表明,3种海水鱼中期染色体均为二倍体,未发现异型性染色体、随体和次缢痕。其核型如下:中华单角鲀的核型为2n=34(34t),臂数:NF=34;黄鳍东方鲀的核型为2n=44(12m+8sm+24t),臂数:NF=64;红鳍东方鲀的核型为2n=44(14m+6sm+24t),臂数:NF=64。中华单角鲀的核型与后两者存在较大差异。同时,将此3种鱼的核型与前人报道的其他鲀形目鱼类核型作了比较。     

Comparative cytogenetics and chromosomal characteristics of ribosomal DNA in the fish genus Vimba (Cyprinidae)

Karyotypic and cytogenetic characteristics of Vimba vimba and V. elongata were investigated using differential staining techniques (sequential C-banding, Ag- and CMA₃-staining) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 28S rDNA probe. The diploid chromosome number in both species was 2n = 50 with 8 pairs of metacentrics, 14 pairs of submetacentrics to subtelocentrics and 3 pairs of subtelo- to acrocentrics. The largest chromosome pair of the complements was characteristically subtelo- to acrocentric. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in both species were detected in the telomeres of a single, middle-sized subtelocentric chromosome pair, a pattern common in a number of other Leuciscinae. FISH with rDNA probe produced consistently positive hybridization signals detected in the same regions indicated by Ag-staining and CMA₃-fluorescence. The distribution of C-positive heterochromatin was identical in both species, including a conspicuous size polymorphism of heterochromatic blocks in the largest metacentric and subtelo- to acrocentric chromosomal pairs. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were detected. A single analyzed individual of V. melanops possessed the same karyotype and NOR phenotype as V. vimba and V. elongata. The apparent karyotype homogeneity and chromosomal characteristics of ribosomal DNA in all three species of the genus Vimba is consistent to that found in most other representatives of the European leuciscine cyprinid fishes.     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究 Ⅱ.鲴亚科四种鱼的染色体组型

鲴亚科(Xenocyprininae)鱼类多为中小型鱼类,常见于江河湖泊等较宽阔的水域中,我国长江、黑龙江、黄河及珠江诸流域皆有分布,共有10种,隶属4个属(伍献文等,1964)。迄今尚未见有该亚科鱼类染色体组型的研究报道。本文是对其中三属四种鱼的染色体组型的观察结果。这四种鱼是银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)、细鳞斜颌鲴(Plagiognathops microlepis)和逆鱼(Acanthobrama simoni)。其中黄尾鲴和细鳞斜颌鲴均为新的淡水养殖鱼(沈德长等,1981;陈楚星,1979)。     

Cytogenetic analysis and description of the sexual chromosome determination system ZZ/ZW of species of the fish genus Serrapinnus (Characidae, Cheirodontinae)

Four populations of Serrapinnus notomelas and one population of Serrapinnus sp.1, both belonging to the subfamily Cheirodontinae, were analyzed by Giemsa and silver nitrate impregnation techniques. We found 2n = 52 chromosomes for all populations, with interspecific differences in the karyotype formula; S. notomelas showed 16 m + 22 sm + 10 st + 4a, with fundamental number (FN) = 100 for males, and 16 m + 23 sm + 10 st + 3a, with FN = 101 for females. Serrapinnus sp.1 had 8m + 16 sm + 4 st + 24 a, with FN = 80 for males, and 8m + 15 sm + 4 st + 25 a, with FN = 79 for females. The difference in FN for the two sexes is due to a pair of heteromorphic chromosomes in the females of both species, which characterizes a ZZ/ZW-type mechanism of chromosome sexual determination. Interspecies differences were also found in nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). A simple NOR system was detected in three of four S. notomelas populations, while Serrapinnus sp.1 had two chromosome pairs with NOR. Although S. notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 have the same diploid number, differences in the karyotype structure indicate that these are different species. Apparently there was pericentric inversion during the karyotype evolution of these species.     

中国山茶属4种2变种核型研究

本文采用去壁低渗法研究了我国山茶属植物4种2变种的核型。根据Levan等的命名系统,各个种的核型可简式为大理茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+8sm;勐腊茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+6sm+2sm(SAT);德宏茶2n=20m+8sm+2sm(SAT);苦茶2n=20m+9sm+1sm(SAT);茶2n=18m+2m(SAT)+12sm;白毛茶2n=18m十2m(SAT)+9sm+1sm(SAT)。这些种都是二倍体种(2n=2x=30),未发现多倍体。在勐腊茶核型中发现2个超数染色体(B-chromosome)。核型的不对称性表明,这些种均属于Stebbins核型分类的2A型核型。这些种在“随体数目和位置,最长染色体与最短染色体之比,臂比大于2:1的染色体比例,着丝点端化值,染色体绝对长度”方面的变异是清楚易见的。核型的变异表明,这些种的染色体进化顺序为大理茶—→勐腊茶—→德宏茶—→普洱茶—→白毛茶—→苦茶—→茶。这一结果与张宏达提出的山茶属植物的分类系统基木吻合。本文还讨论了山茶属植物核型的杂合性和多态性。本文中勐腊茶、德宏茶、苦茶的染色体数目和核型及大理茶的核型为首次报道。     

On the karyosystematics of cyprinid fishes and a summary of fish chromosome studies in China

To date, the chromosomes of 210 species of fresh-water fishes have been studied in China. They are principally cyprinids. Based upon the karyotypic data so far obtained mainly by the authors' laboratory, a report is here submitted on the karyosystematics of Chinese cyprinid fishes.The primitive karyotype of cyprinid fishes may be inferred as being 2n=50. During phyletic evolution the cyprinid fishes probably have been differentiated into two large branches, one of which with the Leuciscinae as a basic group and another branch with the Barbinae as a basic group. As to the modes of their chromosome evolution, Robertsonian translocation seems to be prominent in the first branch, whereas polyploidization appears to be prominent in the second branch. Based on the chromosome studies in cyprinid fishes, some tentative ideas about the classification of the subfamilies in Cyprinidae are presented.A table containing the karyotypes of Chinese fresh-water fishes is attached.This work was partially supported by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Science.     

Chromosomal characteristics and karyotype evolution of Oxyopidae spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae)

We made a cytogenetic analysis of four species of Oxyopidae and compared it with the karyotype data of all species of this family. In Hamataliwa sp, the mitotic cells showed 2n♂ = 26+X(1)X(2) and telocentric chromosomes. The 2n♂ = 28, which has been described for only one oxyopid spider, is the highest diploid number reported for this family. Peucetia species exhibited distinct karyotype characteristics, i.e., 2n♂ = 20+X(1)X(2) in P. flava and 2n♂ = 20+X in P. rubrolineata, revealing interspecific chromosome variability within this genus. However, both Peucetia species exhibited telocentric chromosomes. The most unexpected karyotype was encountered in Oxyopes salticus, which presented 2n♂ = 10+X in most individuals and a predominance of biarmed chromosomes. Additionally, one male of the sample of O. salticus was heterozygous for a centric fusion that originated the first chromosomal pair and exhibited one supernumerary chromosome in some cells. Testicular nuclei of Hamataliwa sp and O. salticus revealed NORs on autosomal pairs, after silver impregnation. The majority of Oxyopidae spiders have their karyotype differentiated by both reduction in diploid number chromosome number and change of the sex chromosome system to X type; however, certain species retain the ancestral chromosome constitution 2n = 26+X1X2. The most remarkable karyotype differentiation occurred in O. salticus studied here, which showed the lowest diploid number ever observed in Oxyopidae and the second lowest registered for Entelegynae spiders.     

兰州鲇染色体组型

本研究的目的在于认识兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)染色体组特征,为兰州鲇的细胞遗传学和人工育种研究提供基础参考资料。以兰州鲇培养肾细胞为材料,采用空气干燥法制备染色体玻片标本,分析了兰州鲇的染色体组型。兰州鲇的染色体数2n=58,核型公式为2n=20m+18sm+16st+4t,染色体总臂数(NF)为96。通过比较分析认为,兰州鲇在鲇属鱼类中属于较为原始的类群。     

Note on the karyotype and NOR phenotype of leuciscine fish Acanthobrama marmid (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae)

The karyotype and major ribosomal sites as revealed using silver staining of Anatolian leuciscine cyprinid fish Acanthobrama marmid were studied. The diploid chromosome number was invariably 2n = 50. Karyotype consisted of eight pairs of metacentric, 13 pairs of submetacentric and four pairs of subtelocentric to acrocentric chromosomes. The largest chromosome pair of the complement was subtelo-to acrocentric characteristically, which is a characteristic cytotaxonomic marker for representatives of the cyprinid lineage Leuciscinae. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were detected in the telomeres of two pairs of medium sized submeta-to subtelocentric chromosomes. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found. The karyotype pattern of A. marmid is nearly identical to that found in most other representatives of the Eurasian leuciscine cyprinids, while the multiple NOR phenotype appears to be more derived as opposed to a uniform one, ubiquitous in this group.