基于核及叶绿体基因序列探讨中国绿水螅共生单细胞绿藻系统发生地位

研究对中国绿水螅共生绿藻的核18S rRNA基因全长序列及其叶绿体9个基因(atpA、chlB、chlN、petA、psaB、psbA、psbC、psbD及rbcL)片段序列进行了克隆和测序, 并基于18S rRNA基因序列及叶绿体9个基因序列的整合数据分别通过最大似然法(Maximum-likelihood)和贝叶斯分析(Bayesian inference)对中国绿水螅(Hydra sinensis)共生单细胞绿藻的系统发生地位进行了探讨。系统发生表明: (1)中国绿水螅共生绿藻属于共球藻纲(Trebouxiophyceae)小球藻目(Chlorellales), 但不属于其中的小球藻属(Chlorella); (2)来源于草履虫、水螅、地衣及银杏的共生绿藻均在共球藻纲支系, 而来源于蛙类和蝾螈的共生绿藻属于绿藻纲(Chlorophyceae)支系。无论在共球藻纲支系还是在绿藻纲支系, 不同来源的共生藻并没有排他性地聚为单系群而在系统树中与其他自由生活的绿藻混杂排列, 来自不同宿主的共生绿藻没有共同起源。     

中国水螅属一新种(螅形目,水螅科)

记述水螅科水螅属1新种：哈尔滨水螅Hydra harbinensis sp.nov.。本种与其它已报告的雌雄同体水螅有明显区别,只与美洲的海曼水螅较为相似,但也有不同,其与海曼水螅的区别为：生活于静水,能直立并可横向附着生活,实验室培养用储放的自来水可正常生活及生殖。粘刺丝囊小型。胚鞘的鞘膜表面有网格,每根圆锥形的棘刺发自每一网格中央,棘刺无结节,不分叉。精巢数目为2～6个,卵为4～6个。模式标本保存于哈尔滨师范大学生命与环境科学学院生物学系无脊椎动物研究室。     

中国水螅属一新种(螅形目,水螅科)

记述采自北京地区水螅属1新种：北京水螅Hydra beijingensis sp．nov．。新种的主要鉴别特征是出现体部与柄的分化;钩刺丝囊内刺丝缠绕具有2种形态：大部分钩刺丝囊(占2／3左右)内顶端基部刺丝呈4～5圈横向弹簧状缠绕,而占所观察刺丝囊总数1／3左右的囊内刺丝为不规则缠绕和纵向缠绕。标本保存在哈尔滨师范大学生命与环境科学学院生物学系无脊椎动物研究室。     

朱雀类和朱鹀的分子系统发生分析

基于细胞色素b基因对13种朱雀Carpodacus spp.进行了系统发育分析,并结合核基因对单型属朱鹀属Urocynchramus的系统分类地位做了进一步探讨.研究发现朱雀属为一多系群,其中Carpodacus nipalensis和Leucosticte tephrocotis较朱雀属的其它成员有更近的亲缘关系.本文研究结果还进一步支持了朱鹀应该独立成为一个科的观点.     

几种鳄分子系统发生的探讨

百年来关于扬子鳄的分类学位置存在着很多争议,本测得扬子鳄、暹罗鳄和湾鳄的mtDNA ND4和Cytb基因,并从GenBank中获得密西西比鳄和海龟的DN4基因和Cytb基因相应片段。用Clustal X1.8进行对位排列,以海龟为外群构建分子进化系统树。结果显示,在鳄类动物中,扬子鳄与密西西比鳄的亲缘关系最近,两ND4基因序列碱基差异的20．68％,而Cytb基因序列碱基差异为14．43％,但扬子鳄与密西西相比与鳄的分类问题仍将有待进一步探讨。     

中国广东水螅属一新种(水螅纲,无鞘螅目,水螅科)

报道采自中国广东省肇庆市的淡水水螅新种,即珠江水螅Hydra zhujiangensis sp.nov.,研究标本均来自1只水螅的单系繁殖群体,测量数据经生物统计学处理。新种名以水螅生境所属珠江水系命名。所有研究标本保存于深圳大学生命科学学院。     

谈系统发生树建立的分子标准

随着进化生物学以及生物信息学的发展 ,研究不同物种间进化关系的方法也有了新的进展。其中分子进化方法使得系统发生树的建立更加简便和精确。几种系统发生树的建树方法及相关分子标准目前比较流行。。     

从细胞色素b基因序列探讨笛鲷属的分子系统发生关系

测定了9种中国南海的笛鲷属鱼类的细胞色素b基因的部分序列,结合来自GenBank中1种分布于菲律宾和9种分布于美国大西洋的笛鲷属鱼类的相应同源序列,用邻接法和最大简约法构建分子系统树。结果显示:红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanuserythropterus)与红笛鲷(L.sanguineus)之间的同源序列碱基差异百分率只有0.32%,支持二者是同种异名的观点;中国南海的笛鲷属鱼类间的平均碱基差异要高于美国大西洋笛鲷属鱼类。在MP和NJ树中,美国大西洋笛鲷表现为亲缘关系较近,来源于中国南海的笛鲷鱼类相对集中在树的基部,分歧较大。这与所研究的笛鲷地理分布和地理隔离基本相一致,同时也说明中国南海笛鲷分化较早并且分歧较大。     

两栖爬行动物的分子系统发生

介绍了两栖爬行动物分子系统发生研究中选用的分子信息的种类及已发表的蛙类,蟾蜍类,龟类,蜥蜴类和蛇类等的分子系统学研究,这些研究中使用的DNA信息主要为mtDNA序列,也使用了一些核DNA序列。其研究的内容涉及目间,科间等高级阶元的系统发生关系,以及属间,种间以及亚种或种群间的系统发生关系。     

中国水螅属一新种(水螅虫纲:螅形目)

报道采自黑龙江省漠河地区北极村水螅１新种,即漠河水螅Ｈｙｄｒａ ｍｏｈｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本保存于哈尔滨师范大学生物学系无脊椎动物教学研究室。     

我国巢鼠属分类和分子系统学分析

本研究对2018至2021年采集的9号巢鼠(Micromys minutus)标本、22号红耳巢鼠(M. erythrotis)标本和19号待厘定的巢鼠属标本,进行形态分类和分子系统学分析,进一步揭示我国巢鼠属的分类和系统分化问题。待厘定的巢鼠属标本形态特征为：标本体背毛黑棕,体腹毛基灰色,毛尖灰白,体侧毛色具明显区分,尾背部毛色黑棕,尾腹部毛色灰棕色;尾长长于头体长的120%;头骨背面观可见颧弓明显弯曲;颅全长[(18.59 ± 0.48)mm]和颅基长[(17.43 ± 0.48 mm)]较长,腭长[(9.35 ± 0.11)mm]较长,脑颅高[(7.43 ± 0.06)mm]较高。待厘定的巢鼠属标本形态特征与巢鼠和红耳巢鼠均存在差异。待厘定巢鼠属标本与巢鼠和红耳巢鼠之间的遗传距离分别为0.115和0.136,接近于巢鼠与红耳巢鼠之间的遗传距离(0.126)。利用Cyt b基因全序列和核基因IRBP1、RAG1和RAG2序列分别构建的巢鼠属系统发生树均以较高的置信度分化成3个进化支,即巢鼠、红耳巢鼠和待厘定的巢鼠属样本的进化支。形态学和分子系统学分析结果均支持待厘定的巢鼠属标本为独立物种分类单元,对应于文献记载的巢鼠川西亚种(M. m. pygmaeus)。根据产地、遗传距离和形态分化,建议将巢鼠川西亚种提升为种,命名为川西巢鼠(M. pygmaeus comb. nov.)。利用Cyt b基因全序列构建的巢鼠系统发生树分化成6个进化谱系：日韩谱系、欧洲谱系、俄罗斯新西伯利亚谱系、中国东北和俄罗斯远东谱系、中国安徽谱系和中国台湾谱系。     

ITS 假基因对栎属系统学研究的影响及其对分子系统学研究的启示*

核糖体rDNA ITS 是被子植物系统发育研究中应用最广泛的分子标记之一。以前人们认为同一物种
中的ITS 序列因致同进化而使不同拷贝高度一致, 在分子系统学研究中常以ITS1- 518S- ITS2 序列作为构建
系统进化树的基础。近年来, 在对一些被子植物的研究中发现这段序列在同一物种中具有多态性, 有些拷
贝中的518S 区不具编码功能, 人们把含有不具编码功能518S 区的ITS1-51 8S- ITS2 序列定义为ITS 假基因序
列, 它对同源基因致同进化的假设形成了新的挑战。在诸多应用ITS 序列重建系统进化关系的研究中, 栎
属系统学研究因ITS 假基因的发现而倍受关注。本文以栎属为例回顾了ITS 假基因的发现过程, 分析了其
对该属系统学研究的影响, 为分子生物学在植物系统进化研究中的应用提供一些新的参考。     

光周期对中国水螅种群增长、无性出芽生殖及抗氧化酶活力的影响

单细胞真核绿藻在中国水螅(Hydra sinensis)内胚层皮肌细胞中共生是有较高科研价值的特殊生物学现象。水螅宿主细胞为共生藻提供CO2、氮源及矿物质,而共生藻通过光合作用可能为宿主提供碳水化合物等有机物营养,因此水螅与共生藻间代谢流是以共生藻光合作用为中心,但基于代谢流二者间的互作机制目前尚未阐明。水螅通过营养积累进行出芽生殖,从母体脱落的芽体数量间接反映水螅营养积累的相对量。而光暴露时长能影响共生绿藻光合作用,如果共生藻的确能向水螅细胞转移光合作用产物,那光暴露时长应该能间接影响水螅的营养积累、从而进一步影响水螅无性出芽生殖。为证实该假说,本研究应用种群累积培养法,观察了光周期对中国水螅种群增长、无性出芽生殖及抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活力的影响。结果显示,光周期对中国水螅种群增长具有明显的影响。培养15 d后,所有实验组水螅的种群密度均为正增长,其中8L∶16D(在一个24h周期内光暴露8 h、黑暗16 h)实验组种群密度最大、而0L∶24D(持续黑暗)实验组种群密度最小。另外,随着光暴露时长的增加,中国水螅SOD及CAT活力整体均呈下降趋势。结果表明,从光周期对中国水螅无性出芽生殖及两种抗氧化酶活力的影响来看,中国水螅对光周期的生理学响应较为敏感,这个现象可能源于共生绿藻能通过向宿主细胞转移光合作用产物的方式为水螅提供营养补充。     

扬子鳄分子遗传学与遗传多样性研究现状

扬子鳄 (Alligatorsinensis)是中国特有的珍稀物种 ,其遗传资源的保护已受到广泛关注和重视。本文简要介绍了近年来有关扬子鳄在分子系统学、遗传多样性与种群遗传结构、线粒体基因组、个体识别以及性别决定方面的分子遗传学研究状况。     

水螅摄食中的特殊行为

取经中性红活染后的杆吻虫喂水螅,仔细观察了水螅的摄食行为.结果表明,水螅垂唇端部能够相互识别出同类;水螅的垂唇与胃区能协力把杆吻虫吞入胃腔,触手经常随食物进入胃腔;吞食时经常出现头部内翻或外翻;个体间及其成体与芽体间常出现争夺食物的现象,当垂唇端部互不相触时,体型较大的个体常常把较小个体或芽体连同食物一起吞食;垂唇内胚层腺细胞对食物有消化作用,对同类无伤害;水螅的神经系统已有初步的整合功能.     

Embracing Green Computing in Molecular Phylogenetics

Molecular evolutionary analyses require computationally intensive steps such as aligning multiple sequences, optimizing substitution models, inferring evolutionary trees, testing phylogenies by bootstrap analysis, and estimating divergence times. With the rise of large genomic data sets, phylogenomics is imposing a big carbon footprint on the environment with consequences for the planet’s health. Electronic waste and energy usage are large environmental issues. Fortunately, innovative methods and heuristics are available to shrink the carbon footprint, presenting researchers with opportunities to lower the environmental costs and greener evolutionary computing. Green computing will also enable greater scientific rigor and encourage broader participation in big data analytics.     

Digestive cell and tentacle number in freshly detached buds of Hydra viridis

Buds were collected from hydras fed four days a week on different schedules. Independent of schedule, parents produced the same number of buds per week, but significant differences appeared in the number of buds detaching on particular days, and in the number of digestive cells present in the buds. Groups of buds collected from parents fed the same number of days (from one to three) during the previous four days contained statistically indistinguishable numbers of digestive cells despite the order or sequence of days on which feedings occurred. The number of digestive cells in all the freshly detached buds collected here can be accounted for by the growth of a bud primordium over a four day period of bud development and growth. Such a primordium would have about 3,600 digestive cells and grow at the rate of 0.33 cells per cell per day of feeding. The numbers of tentacles found on freshly detached buds are correlated with the number of feeding days and digestive cells present in the bud. Tentacles, therefore, may also form from primordia consisting originally of a specific number of cells.     

Molecular and biological characterization of a zonula occludens-1 homologue in Hydra vulgaris, named HZO-1

Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is one of the earliest identified molecular components of tight junctions. Sequence analysis has placed ZO-1 into the broader membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family that contains such diverse members as postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor gene product (dlg-A), p55, and TamA. Studies in both vertebrates and invertebrates have established that the MAGUK family is involved in a wide variety of cellular functions. These functions involve the regulation of such cellular processes as: (1) tight junction formation, (2) cell proliferation, (3) cell differentiation, and (4) neuronal synapse transmission. Extending these studies, we report the presence of a ZO-1 homologue in Hydra vulgaris, a member of the Cnidaria, the second oldest phylum of the animal kingdom. Hydra ZO-1 (HZO-1) is encoded by a single messenger RNA (mRNA) of approximately 6.0 kb that contains an open reading frame of 5,085 bp. The 191 kDa predicted protein consists of a characteristic MAGUK domain structure, including three PSD-95/SAP90, discs-large, ZO-1 (PDZ) domains, a src homology (SH₃) domain, and a guanylate kinase (GUK) domain. Western blot analysis using an antibody generated from a synthetic peptide designed from the HZO-1 sequence confirmed the presence of a Hydra protein of the appropriate mass. While whole mount in situ hybridization determined that HZO-1 mRNA was expressed along the entire longitudinal axis of Hydra, cross-sectional analysis established that HZO-1 mRNA expression was restricted to the ectoderm or outer cell layer of the organism’s epithelial bilayer. Consistent with this mRNA expression pattern, immunofluorescence studies localized HZO-1 protein to the apical plasma membrane of ectodermal cells. It is unclear what role HZ0-1 has in the cellular physiology of Hydra; however, immunolocalization studies indicate a conserved plasma membrane-associated function(s), as reported for its counterparts in other invertebrate and vertebrate species. These studies establish that the MAGUK family of proteins with a membrane-associated function arose early during metazoan evolution, even before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes. Received: 11 May 2000 / Accepted: 26 July 2000     

Effects of Altered Light and Feeding Regimes on the Zooplankton Feeding Capability of Hydra viridis

The effects of light regime, feeding regime and tentacle number on the zooplankton feeding capability of Hydra viridis were tested in the laboratory. Feeding was measured by exposing Hydra to a known volume of Artemia salina nauplii and recording the number captured and ingested. In all cases there was a correlation between the number of Artemia captured and the number ingested. H. viridis with 7 tentacles captured and ingested more Artemia than Hydra with 6 tentacles. However, changes in light and/or feeding regimes did not alter the number of tentacles/Hydra. Varying light and feeding regimes altered the number of Zoochlorellae/cell and Hydra growth rate. There was no effect on the number of Artemia captured or ingested and no effect on the percent ingestion of captured Artemia. These data suggest that, under these conditions, zooplankton feeding by H. viridis is independent of nutritional history.     

团藻目分子系统学研究进展

包含许多重要类群的团藻目在绿色植物系统演化中占有十分重要的地位。普遍认为现在的绿色植物起源于团藻目的绿色鞭毛类 ,有人认为鞭毛细胞表面覆盖有鳞片的塔胞藻类是绿色植物的祖先。团藻目是分子系统学研究比较多和比较深入的一个类群 ,通过研究证实其有单一共同祖先 ,而莱茵衣藻在所有已经经过DNA测序分析系统发育的绿色单细胞类群中是最可能的种类。本文结合自己的工作 ,对国内外这一研究领域概况进行综述。