医用乳酸菌对常用中草药的耐药性试验

目的 研究医用乳酸菌对几种常用中草药的耐药性,为医用乳酸菌与中草药的临床合并应用提供理论依据.方法 将中草药制成煎剂,通过琼脂扩散方法进行耐药性试验.结果 5种医用乳酸菌对黄连均表现出中度敏感,对黄芩表现微弱敏感.结论 5种医用乳酸菌对大部分中草药(包括有抗菌和抑菌作用的中草药)不敏感.     

乳酸菌耐药性的研究进展

乳酸菌(Lactic acid bacteria,LAB)是一种革兰阳性菌,其发酵产物主要是乳酸。根据乳酸菌种系进化过程中形成的不同生化指标可以分为:低GC含量的一群,例如,肠球菌属(En-terococcus),乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus),乳酸球菌属(Lactococ-cus),明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc),足球菌属(Pedio     

广州地区肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗生素耐药性调查

目的：了解广州地区肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况。指导临床合理用药。方法：对广州地区12家医院1998年-2001年从临床分离的869株肺炎克雷伯菌采用纸片扩散法,严格按照美国NCCLS制定的标准进行药敏试验,结果：四年来非ESBＬ的肺炎克雷伯菌对β－内酰胺类抗生素耐药率有逐步上升趋势,产ＥＳＢＬ菌株阳性率分别是43.1%,42.7%,31.6%和36.5%,耐药率最低仍是亚胺培南。结论：本地区肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL阳性率较高,应重视ESBL的检测和药物敏感性试验。     

临床分离病原菌构成及对抗生素敏感性分析

目的 回顾性分析汕头大学医学院第一附属医院2004年（1月～10月）临床标本病原菌构成及对抗生素的敏感性,为治疗感染性疾病提供参考依据。方法 细菌鉴定及药敏试验采用VITEK-60全自动微生物鉴定仪。结果 共检出细菌1136株,革兰阴性杆菌占61．3％,革兰阳性球菌占38．7％,常见病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌（224株）、铜绿假单胞菌（162株）、大肠埃希菌（152株）、肺炎克雷伯菌（128株）、不动杆菌属（76株）、溶血葡萄球菌（57株）、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（44株）、表皮葡萄球菌（37株）和阴沟肠杆菌（30株）。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌产ESBL分别是60％、44％和46％。细菌对抗生素均呈不同程度耐药,敏感株所占比例极少,亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性强于非发酵菌,未检出耐万古霉索葡萄球菌和肠球菌。结论 细菌构成与国内其他地区相近,但产酶现象比其他地区较为严重,常见细菌多呈多重耐药性,建议临床根据药敏结果选用抗生素,以期减少耐药菌株产生。     

新疆发酵乳品中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其耐药性

目的对新疆传统发酵乳品中乳酸菌进行分离鉴定并检测其耐药性。方法利用传统形态学鉴定法和生化鉴定等方法对新疆发酵乳中乳酸菌进行鉴定,采用纸片扩散法对分离鉴定的菌进行耐药性分析。结果从新疆发酵乳品中共分离出8株乳酸菌,经鉴定分别为瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、马乳酒样乳杆菌(Lactobacillus kefianofaciens)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)、副干酪乳杆菌类坚韧亚种(Lactobacillus paracasei subsp.tolerans)、哈尔滨乳杆菌(Lactobacillus harbinensis)、希氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus hilgardii),并且发现8株乳酸菌对万古霉素、庆大霉素、阿莫西林、多西环素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、头孢他啶、头孢孟多具有一定敏感性。结论新疆发酵乳品中以乳杆菌居多,对常见抗生素具有一定的敏感性。     

发酵食品中乳酸菌的耐药性现状分析

乳酸菌中的许多种类都是食品工业中常用的发酵菌种,但其耐药性会给食品安全带来风险。本文就乳酸菌的耐药机制、敏感性检测方法及发酵食品中乳酸菌的耐药现状和耐药转移性进行分析,为同行研究者能准确找出问题切入点提供资料。     

临床和非临床分离沙门菌的菌型分布及对抗生素的耐药性研究

目的：探讨沙门菌在腹泻病人粪便、外环境污水和部分动物标本中的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性。方法：采用血清学方法对沙门菌进行分群和分型,采用K—B法进行抗生素耐药性测定。结果：410份临床腹泻病人标本和514份非临床标本共检出沙门菌93株,检出率为10．1％,其菌型分布为：腹泻病人粪便中检出的均为B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(6／93),非临床标本中的菌型主要为C2群纽波特沙门菌(72／93),还有E1群伦敦沙门菌(7／93)、B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(2／93)和未定型(6／93)。87株沙门菌对青霉素的耐药率最高(96．5％),其次为SMZ TMP(73．6％),未发现对新霉素、链霉素、四环素和阿米卡星的耐药株。结论：实验结果可为研究我省沙门菌的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性提供参考;临床上应加强对鼠伤寒沙门菌引起腹泻的监测。     

细菌菌群的分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解本院临床分离致病菌菌群的分布及耐药情况,给临床经验用药提供可靠依据。方法：按《全国临床微生物检验操作规程》培养分离菌种,用美国BD公司的Sceptor半自动细菌鉴定仪或法国梅里埃公司的Vitek-60细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定及药物敏感实验,结果：临床分离 的致病菌中革兰阳性球菌占39．6％,革兰阴性杆菌占60．4％,前5位细菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌188株（17．0％）,大肠埃希菌143株（13．0％）,表皮葡萄球菌140株（12．7％）,肠球菌115株（10．7％）,金黄色葡萄球菌109株（9．9％）,药敏结果显示,苯唑西林耐药葡萄球菌（MRS）的耐药率明显高于苯唑西林敏感葡萄球菌109株（9．9％）,药敏结果显示,苯唑西林耐药葡萄球菌（MRS）的耐药率明显高于苯唑西林敏感葡萄球菌（MSS）,球菌中未分离出万古霉素耐药的菌株,但肠球菌中检测出有对万古霉素中介的菌株;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶,头孢哌酮,氨曲南,丁胺卡那霉素,亚胺培南的耐药率亦较低。结论：革兰阴性杆菌分离率高于革兰阳性球菌;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素敏感率最高,肠杆菌科对亚胺培南敏感率最高,非发酵菌对亚胺培南,氨基糖甙类,头孢他啶,头孢哌酮药蓄亦较低。     

林麝肠道乳酸菌及肠杆菌多态性分析及耐药性研究

为研究林麝肠道中乳酸菌和肠杆菌基因型及表型多样性并对其耐药性进行分析,本研究从10头健康成年林麝粪便样品中分离到22株乳酸菌和16株肠杆菌,通过16S rDNA进化分析和生理生化测定对分离菌株进行了鉴定,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术分析了分离菌株的基因型并利用药敏纸片法进行了分离菌株的耐药性研究。本研究共分离到了11种细菌,分别为大肠杆菌Escherichia coli、阴沟肠杆菌Enterobacter cloaca、河生肠杆菌E.amnigenus、肺炎克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella pneumoniae、蒙氏肠球菌Enterococcus mundtii、耐久肠球菌E.durans、明串球菌Leuconostoc fallax、植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum、嗜酸乳杆菌L.acidipiscis、屎肠球菌E.faecium和食窦魏斯氏菌Weissella cibaria。其中大肠杆菌(n=11,28.9%)是林麝肠道中的优势菌群,肠球菌(n=10,26.3%)是林麝肠道中的优势乳酸菌群。PFGE分型结果表明肠杆菌分为7个基因型,乳酸菌分为9个基因型。本研究首次分析了林麝肠道中可培养细菌的基因型及表型并且对其耐药性进行了测定,结果表明林麝肠道中的原生菌群多态性明显,并且对目前常用的抗生素敏感,未检测到耐药菌株。     

铜绿假单胞菌对11种抗生素的耐药性差异

目的探讨不同标本分离铜绿假单胞菌对11种抗生素耐药性的差异,指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法按常规方法培养分离后,经VITEK-AMS60或VITEK-II自动微生物鉴定分析仪的鉴定,用Kirty-Bauer法做药物敏感试验。结果尿液与血液之间,以及尿液与伤口分泌物之间,分离株均对所检测的11种抗生素的耐药性差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）,尿液与穿刺液分离菌对除亚胺培南和美洛培南外的9种抗生素的耐药性差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）,血液与穿刺液、血液与伤口分泌物和穿刺液与伤口分泌物间,除穿刺液与伤口分泌物分离菌对美洛培南的耐药性差异有显著性（P〈0.05）外,其他差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论不同标本来源铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林等11种抗生素存在耐药性差异。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and strain prevalence of Korean vaginal Lactobacillus spp

One hundred eight vaginal lactobacilli were isolated from Korean women and characterized in terms of their antibiotics susceptibility and PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) pattern. The in vitro antibiotics susceptibilities of 108 vaginal isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents were determined by broth dilution method based on NCCLS reference protocol. High rates of resistance were demonstrated for gentamicin, kanamycin, metronidazole, and streptomycin whereas all the isolates were susceptible to erythromycin. The concentrations of gentamicin, kanamycin, metronidazole, streptomycin, and erythromycin at which 90% of the vaginal isolates were inhibited (MIC90) were 100, 200, >200, 200 and 0.39 microg/mL, respectively. For molecular identification, PCR-RFLP analysis was employed where the 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR and the PCR products were digested with 8 different restriction endonucleases prior to being electrophoresed in agarose gels. Based on PCR-RFLP results, approximately half of the isolates were identified as Lactobacillus crispatus. Several isolates were further identified by DNA sequence analysis of their 16S rDNA.     

Virulence and antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. isolated from drinking water

Aeromonas isolates from tap water, mineral water, and artesian well water were investigated for their ability to produce different potential virulence factors or markers such as hemolysins, cytotoxins, phospholipase, DNase, hydrophobicity and their ability to adhere to epithelial cells and to abiotic surfaces. The susceptibility to antibiotics of Aeromonas isolates was also examined. Majority of the isolates displayed hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes, while only 7 of the 23 Aeromonas strains displayed DNase activity and 4 of the 23 Aeromonas strains tested were regarded as positive for phospholipase production. Most of the isolates showed cytotoxic activities in culture filtrate dilutions at titer of 1/8 or lower. No general relation between the strain isolated and the ability to interact with epithelial cells could be established. Using the bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons method, most of the strains were classified as highly hydrophilic. All five Aeromonas jandaei strains isolates, 9 of the 12 Aeromonas sp strains and four of the five Aeromonas hydrophila were multidrug resistant. The most active antimicrobial was ciprofloxacin (susceptible in 100% of the isolates), and the least active antibiotic was ampicillin (resistance in 92% of the isolates). The majority of the isolates tested were not killed by chlorine at 1.2 mg/l. Whether the high tolerance to chlorine of Aeromonas isolates can be linked to greater virulence is not know.     

The probiotic properties and potential of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. isolated from healthy women against some vaginal pathogens

During the last decade, probiotic research has progressed considerably and significant advances have been made in the selection and characterization of specific probiotic strains. The most studied probiotics belong to the genus Lactobacillus. In this study, 80 Lactobacillus spp. isolated from healthy women tolerated low pH and were able to grow in the presence of bile salts. RAPD PCR technique resulted in the identification of 38 different types. These isolates were then evaluated based on adhesion capacity, antibiotic susceptibility and tolerance in simulated gastrointestinal tract. Species-specific PCR and detection of bacteriocin-related genes were also surveyed. Among the isolates, five strains—Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus NO21, Lacticaseibacillus casei NO1, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NO4, Lactobacillus acidophilus NO7 and Lactobacillus gasseri NO38—presented acceptable antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Further analysis showed antimicrobial activity of Lacticaseibacillus culture against various bacterial pathogens and real-time PCR showed all five strains were able to prevent the colonization of bacterial pathogens. All five selected strains produced organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and were resistant to the spermicide. In addition, they lacked haemolytic activity with the ability of hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation with pathogens. These results suggest that the vaginal microbiome could be a good source for the isolation of probiotics and the strains of this study may be considered as good probiotic candidates.     

The antimicrobial properties of different strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from kefir

The characteristics of 58 strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from kefir were studied. These strains were tested for adherence to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells, resistance to acidic pH and bile acid, antimicrobial activities against enteropathogenic bacteria and inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium attachment to Caco-2 cells. The best probiotic properties were observed in L. acidophilus CYC 10051 and L. kefiranofaciens CYC 10058. L. kefiranofaciens CYC 10058 produced an exopolysaccharide, which revealed that it was closely related to kefiran, a polysaccharide with antitumoral properties. This is the first in vitro study about the antimicrobial characteristics of the Lactobacillus population of kefir.     

胆汁分离细菌种类及主要分离菌株耐药性分析

目的了解2000年至2008年临床胆汁普通培养分离细菌的种类,并分析主要分离菌株的耐药性。方法回顾性分析近9年710例胆囊炎和胆囊结石患者胆汁普通培养分离细菌的分布情况及耐药率;用微量稀释法进行药物敏感性测定。结果710例患者胆汁培养共分离出细菌435株,检出率为61.27%,前5位分别为大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星的耐药率均低于10%,对常用青霉素类和头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率超过50%。结论胆汁分离细菌以肠道细菌为主,阿米卡星可以作为经验治疗的首选药物。     

斑点叉尾鮰源普通变形杆菌的分离、鉴定及药敏特性

【目的】对患病斑点叉尾鮰进行病原菌分离、鉴定及药敏实验,为斑点叉尾鮰肠道坏死病的防控提供参考。【方法】从患病斑点叉尾鮰病灶、肝、脾和肾分离纯化病原菌,经理化特性测定及16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定,开展人工感染试验,并利用纸片扩散法进行药敏特性分析。【结果】分离菌株k1为本次引发斑点叉尾鮰病害的致病菌,其对斑点叉尾鮰的LD50为2.82×10~5 CFU/g。菌株k1理化特性与普通变形杆菌Proteus vulgaris基本一致,16S rRNA基因序列与普通变形杆菌相似性最高,综合判定分离菌株为普通变形杆菌。分离菌株k1对环丙沙星、头孢唑林及头孢拉定等12种抗生素高度敏感,对苯唑西林、阿莫西林及痢特灵等7种抗生素耐药。【结论】分离菌株k1是斑点叉尾鮰病原菌,养殖时可选用庆大霉素及氟苯尼考等药物进行防控。     

Antifungal drug resistance pattern of Candida. spp isolated from vaginitis in Ilam-Iran during 2013-2014

Vaginal Candidiasis is the most common and important opportunistic fungal infection in women. By increasing use of antifungal drugs in recent years, it has caused drug resistance. This study aims to evaluate antifungal drugs susceptibility of Candida. spp isolated of women with vaginitis from Ilam-Iran during 2013-2014. samples were collected and cultured from 385 women with vaginitis, then Candida.spp was diagnosed by standard method. Antifungal drug susceptibility test for nystatin 100 unit/disk, fluconazole 10µg/disk, itraconazole 10µg/disk, ketoconazole 10µg/disk, amphotericinB 20µg/disk, clotrimazole 10µg/disk, posaconazole 5µg/disk, and voriconazole 1µg/disk were carried out by M44-A method(CLSI). From all culture positive samples, 150 isolates were Candida albicans and 89 isolates were non-albicans. The resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, nystatin and amphotericin B was 76%, 62%, 72%, 55%, 6%, 7%, 1% and 0%. The highest resistance was seen for fluconazole , itraconazole, and the highest susceptible was seen for nystatin and amphotericin B. These results indicate nystatin and amphotericin B can be used as the first line for empirical therapy of vaginal candidiasis in the district.     

Heat resistance of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from Cheddar cheese

Mesophilic Lactobacillus spp. are the dominant organisms in mature Cheddar cheese. The heat resistance of broth grown cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum DPC1919 at temperatures between 50 and 57.5 degrees C, Lact. plantarum DPC2102 at temperatures between 48 and 56 degrees C and Lact. paracasei DPC2103 at temperatures between 50 and 67.5 degrees C was determined. The z-values for Lact. plantarum DPC1919, Lact. Plantarum DPC2102 and Lact. paracasei DPC2103 were 6.7 degrees C, 6.2 degrees C and 5.3 degrees C, respectively. Lactobacillus paracasei DPC2103 showed evidence of injury and recovery, especially at higher temperatures. Milk grown cultures of strains DPC2102 and DPC2103 showed greater heat resistance than broth grown cultures, tailing of the death curves and a nonlinear z-curve. Of the three strains, Lact. paracasei DPC2103 had the potential to survive pasteurization temperatures, whether grown in milk or broth.     

306株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及耐药性监测

目的调查杭州市某医院鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布及其耐药性现状。方法监测该院2004年1月至2006年12月临床分离的306株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床感染分布及耐药性,药物敏感试验采用琼脂纸片扩散法,耐药性数据分析采用WHONET 5软件。结果2004年至2006年3年间,鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率呈逐年增加趋势(从1.60%增至2.40%);临床分布以重症监护室(ICU)最高(84/306),老年患者多见(131/306);有184株(60.13%)来源于痰液标本。药敏试验结果显示鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南最敏感,耐药率为4.6%;其次是亚胺培南/西司他丁和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,耐药率分别为7.2%及8.5%;对3代头孢菌素及环丙沙星的耐药率均>50.0%;同时发现185株(60.5%)为多重耐药菌株。结论鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感,临床医师应注意合理使用抗菌药物,以减少多重耐药菌株的产生。