用5种同工酶分析云南芋种质资源的遗传多样性

用5种同工酶(酯酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、多酚氧化酶、细胞色素氧化酶)分析云南48份芋材料遗传多样性,并将5种同工酶的酶带检测结果进行聚类分析.结果表明:48份材料的5种同工酶的酶带数分别在11～19条之间,除超氧化物歧化酶仅有3种酶谱类型外,其余4种同工酶的酶谱数均超过检测试材的半数.将聚类结果与试材的植物学性状相比较,发现以来源、用途、生态位和叶柄、叶心颜色等能对聚类结果进行初步分类,并给予合理解释.因此从试材的植物学性状观察、野生和半野生种的存在以及蛋白质表达水平的同工酶分析结果来看,云南省的芋种质资源呈现丰富的遗传多样性.这为芋遗传变异的进一步深入研究以及对正面临巨大威胁的云南芋资源进行原生境保存的可能性提供了依据.     

5个不同形态类型龙葵的同工酶研究

同工酶作为基因表达的产物 ,在一定程度上可以帮助鉴别一些外部形态难以区别的遗传差异 [1 ] 。目前利用同工酶进行分类学研究已有不少报道 ,其中将过氧化物酶及酯酶同工酶作为探讨亲缘关系、种和品种的鉴定比较多[2 7] 。但中国产龙葵同工酶方面的研究还未见报道。笔者对中国产龙葵 5个不同形态类型的酯酶及过氧化物酶同工酶进行了测定、分析 ,试图从分子水平探讨其亲缘关系 ,为龙葵等级分类提供生化依据。表 1 　供试材料名称及特征Table1　 The name and character of the materials used编号No.中文名称Chinesename学　名Scientific n…     

吉林省金顶侧耳种质资源评价及优良菌株筛选

利用体细胞不亲和性分析、酯酶同工酶分析、SRAP分子标记分析及表型性状分析对吉林省栽培及野生金顶侧耳Pleurotus citrinopileatus进行种质资源评价及优良菌株筛选。结果表明：10株供试菌株两两对峙培养（栽培菌株X2、X3、X13、X18、X20,野生菌株Y13,Y21,Y22,Y24,Y26）均可产生体细胞不亲和现象;酯酶同工酶共有12条迁移率不同的酶带,其中有4条酶带为供试菌株基础酶带,Rf值分布在0.10～0.69;利用15对SRAP引物对供试菌株共扩增出102条带,有70条多态性条带,平均多态性条带比例为68.6%。酯酶同工酶聚类分析结果显示,栽培菌株X20与野生菌株Y24聚为一类;SRAP分子标记聚类分析结果显示,栽培菌株X13与野生菌株Y13聚为一类;两项研究结果均表明,在同一类群中既有栽培菌株又有野生菌株。通过对表型性状测定,野生菌株的菌柄直径、菌盖厚度、菌盖颜色、菌柄长度等表型性状变异系数大于栽培菌株;菌盖厚度与菌柄直径、菌盖直径呈正相关性。在充分了解菌株间遗传关系的基础上,结合表型性状筛选出1株优良菌株X18,表现为菌盖较大、菌肉较厚、颜色鲜黄;筛选出1株优良野生种质材料Y13,在表型性状中表现为菌盖较厚、菌柄较粗,可为新品种改良提供基础材料。从细胞水平（体细胞不亲和性）、蛋白水平（酯酶同工酶）、分子水平（SRAP分子标记）、个体水平（表型性状）共4种方法对种质资源进行评价,不同分析方法的结果间差异较大,因此,有必要使用多种方法进行种质资源的综合评价。     

苦丁茶冬青不同种质材料的酯酶同工酶分析

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳比较了苦丁茶冬青共50份种质材料酯酶同工酶的酶谱差异,计算了供试种质材料间的Jaccard相似性系数,并运用UPGMA法进行聚类分析。研究结果表明,供试的50份苦丁茶冬青种质材料共显示出其13条谱带,材料间的酯酶同工酶酶谱差异显著,其具体表现在迁移率、酶带数目和酶带强弱的显著不同,呈现出丰富的多态性。基于酯酶酶谱的50份供试种质材料间的相似系数变化范围在0.3000～1.0000之间,UPGMA法聚类结果与不同种质材料的地理起源有显著的相关性。聚类结果可以把不同地域起源的材料分开,而同一地域来源的材料则归聚在一起。酯酶同工酶的分析结果可以作为评价苦丁茶冬青种内遗传多样性以及种下类群划分的重要参数之一。     

湖北大麦品种酯酶同工酶酶谱与地区分布关系的研究

对产于湖北的１０５份大麦品种,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行了酯酶同工酶酶谱分析,共得到８种酶谱类型。８种酶谱聚为４类,其中具酶谱类型Ｉ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅷ的品种约占供试材料的９４％,构成湖北大麦酯酶同工酶酶谱的主要类型。对这些品种来源地的分析表明,具有相同或相近酶谱的品种分布在一些相对集中的地区,这些地区的气候条件较相似。对湖北大麦酯酶同工酶酶谱类型与地区分布和气温关系的关系,以及酯酶在大麦引种育种生产实践     

9个辣椒雄性不育材料花蕾生理生化特性研究

以9个辣椒雄性不育材料及其相应的保持系为试材,对有关花器的植物学性状进行了系统观察和研究,测定了花蕾中过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶的活性和游离脯氨酸的含量。结果表明:供试9个雄性不育材料和保持系的主要花器性状有一定差异;雄性不育材料的过氧化物酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性均高于相应的保持系, 而过氧化氢酶活性低于保持系;保持系游离脯氨酸含量离于不育材料;所测的3种酶活性和脯氨酸含量在雄性不育材料与保持系间差异显著。     

基于过氧化物同工酶分析月季种质资源的亲缘关系及杂种真实性

为了提高种质资源利用率,加速月季育种进程,对27份月季种质及3个杂交组合的8个杂交后代,采用过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶方法分析其亲缘关系并进行杂种真实性鉴定。结果表明:月季种质采用POD同工酶分析具有一定的可行性。酶谱分析中,在相对迁移率为0.264~0.858的位点处共获得7条酶带,其中共有酶带3条,特征酶带4条,表明不同月季种质间遗传多样性丰富,但又存在一定同源性。基于酶带特征进行聚类分析,在相似系数为0.57处,可将27份供试材料分为3个大组。合柱组与月季组材料聚在一个大组中,两个组在形态上的相似性再次得到确认。金樱子与硕苞蔷薇分别聚在两个不同的组中,表明二者之间的亲缘关系较远。供试的古老月季品种被聚在两个不同的大组中,与野生种聚成的一组呈平行关系,表明古老月季在起源上的差异较大,可利用其作为杂交亲本进行广泛杂交以选育具有丰富遗传多样性的杂交后代。根据有无父本特征酶带对杂种后代真实性进行鉴定,初步确定2个杂交组合的6个杂交后代中5个为真实杂种,1个为自交种。该研究结果为进一步开展月季遗传育种奠定了基础。     

平菇不同菌株的同工酶探讨

本文对来源不同的四个侧耳属(Pleurotus)菌株进行了酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶的分析测定。结果表明,供试菌株的同工酶谱各不相同其酯酶酶谱的差异更为明显。因此初步认为所试四个菌株可作为平茹的不同品种进行深入研究。     

金秋梨和新高梨的分子遗传学对比分析

金秋梨和新高梨的形态性状、生物学性状以及酯酶同工酶、过氧化物酶同工酶、细胞色素氧化酶同工酶酶谱均产生了变化。利用异源DNA探针—小麦rDNA克隆pTA71,与四种核酸内切酶PstⅠ、BamHⅠ、EcoRⅠ及BglⅡ酶切消化的金秋梨和新高梨叶片总DNA杂交,结果表明,pTA71-PstⅠ和pTA71-BamHⅠ二种探针—酶组合可在金秋梨和新高梨中检测到RFLP差异。     

湖北罗田县板栗品种的初步研究

本文对罗田县某些板栗品种的植物学特征、物候期(开花期和果实成熟期)、过氧化物酶同工酶、Q型聚类分析进行了初步研究。结果表明,①各品种的总苞、坚果形态特征和果实成熟期等性状稳定而且相互间差异比较明显,可作为板栗品种分类的依据;②品种间过氧化物酶同工酶的差异表现在酶带数目和酶带活性强弱上;③聚类分析所揭示的品种间的相互关系,与品种间植物形态特征比较、同工酶分析结果相一致。     

Plagiothcium laetum in Britain

Abstract

Variations in (1) banding patterns of peroxidase, acid phosphatase and esterase isozymes and (2) morphological characters, of two British and two Finnish populations of Sphagnum recurvum var. mucronatum are described. No links were found between the presence of specific isozyme bands and individual morphological characters, nor were the individual populations typified by particular bands. The results do present some evidence for the linking of certain morphological characters with environmental conditions and suggest that there may be a relationship between the complexity of banding patterns and the stability of site conditions.     

Phylogenetic position of the Strepsiptera: Review of molecular and morphological evidence

Molecular evidence of the monophyly of the Halteria (Strepsiptera + Diptera) is reviewed. The majority of morphological characters, which have classically been used to establish a Strepsiptera + Coleoptera sister group, are rejected, because they are based on erroneous interpretations of strepsipteran morphology. The scorings of 31 morphological characters, which directly relate to the phylogenetic position of Strepsiptera, are provided, and their distribution and optimization on the molecular + morphological tree is discussed. Of these, 13 characters specifically support the placement of Strepsiptera within the Mecopterida; seven of which are based on the optimization of inapplicable or missing data, and six of which are based on states that can be scored for Strepsiptera. Only a single character (posteromotorism) suggests a sister group relationship with the Coleoptera. The morphological and molecular data are largely congruent, and suggest that the Strepsiptera are sister group to the Diptera.     

应用过氧化物酶同工酶鉴定山茶属植物杂种F1代的研究

对4个杂交组合的12个杂种F1代植株与亲本进行了形态学比较和过氧化物酶同工酶分析,结果表明以金花茶为父本,云南山茶或云南野山茶为母本杂交产生的11个杂种的幼枝、叶的特征均与母本相似,H-86-1-1的花与母本一致,H-87-2-2的花兼有父母本的特征;H-78-1-1的幼枝、叶的特征与父本相似,其花也兼有父母本的特征。有9株的酶谱为“互补型酶带”,且都出现了杂种带,为真正的杂种;其余2株的酶谱与母本一致,与其形态特征表现出一定的相关性,可能为非真正的杂种。同一个杂交组合产生的杂种,酶谱却有差异,金花茶最为特征的一条带(Rf=0.813)在其所有11个杂种F1代植株中都未表达。     

Combining ability and parental evaluation in five selected clones of sugarcane (Saccharum sp. hybrids)

Summary Five Hawaiian commercial sugarcane (Saccharum sp. hybrids) clones were crossed in a full diallel. Four morphological characters were studied in the progeny: number of millable stalks per plant, stalk diameter, stalk length, and sucrose content. A fifth character, plant volume, was calculated from stalk number, stalk diameter and stalk length. The five selected parental clones were treated as fixed variables in the analysis. General combining ability (gca) was significant for all five characters; specific combining ability (sca) was significant for stalk diameter, stalk length, and plant volume. The variance for gca was large in all progeny populations. However, the variance for sca was large in the progeny of only some clones and/or for some individual characters. Parents were evaluated on the basis of their general combining ability: clone H49-3533 had high gca for sucrose content, while clone H53-5356 had high gca for plant vigor.Published with the approval of the Director as Journal Series Paper No. 455, Experiment Station, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.     

野生稻的遗传学研究——Ⅱ、普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶的多态性研究

本文利用电泳方法,研究了普通野生稻,尤其是中国和印度普通野生稻的过氧化物酶同工酶的多态性,结果表明: 1).普通野生稻中,过氧化物酶同工酶能分离出24条酶带,各酶带的出现频率不同,其中第3、5、6、9、10、11、19、20、21和22号酶带出现频率超过50%,又以第3、20和22三条酶带出现频率最高,这10条带可以做为普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶的基本酶谱,而第3、20和22三条带可能是其原始酶带。2).中国和印度的普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶有一定差异,但在墓本酶谱和原始酶带的表现上是一致的。因此,尽管普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶具有高度的分子多态性,但仍能反映种的分子特征。本文还讨论了过氧化物酶同工酶与普通野生稻的演化,和我国栽培稻的起源及其在进化学研究中的价值。     

Relationships within the family Actiniidae (Cnidaria,Actiniaria) based on molecular characters

Current sea anemone systematics is based on relatively few morphological characters, and potentially could benefit from the use of molecular characters. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships of 12 species from 6 genera in the family Actiniidae have been investigated using electrophoretically separated isozymes. A numerical cladistic analysis has produced an estimated phylogeny. The implications of this phylogeny for the taxonomic use of certain morphological characters are discussed.     

Isozymes as biochemical and cytochemical markers in embryogenic callus cultures of maize (Zea mays L.)

Isozyme analyses were carried out on protein extracts of non-embryogenic and embryogenic callus fromZea mays L., using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We examined the isozyme patterns of glutamate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase for their utility as biochemical markers of maize embryogenic callus cultures. These isozyme systems were also used to examine possible correlations between isozymes and different stages of regeneration. The zymograms of peroxidase and glutamate dehydrogenase differed for non-embryogenic and embryogenic callus. Further, some isozymes were correlated with the morphological appearance of the tissue while others seemed to be involved with the duration of the culture period. Using the same enzyme assays on fresh tissue samples we were able to test the three enzymes as cytochemical markers in embryogenic cultures. Glutamate dehydrogenase proved to be most successful to discriminate embryogenic from non-embryogenic cells.     

The status of Amaranthus bouchonii Thellung within Amaranthus L. section Amaranthus: new evidence from studies of morphology and isozymes

WILKIN, P., 1992. The status of Amaranthus bouchonii Thellung within Amaranthus L. section Amaranthus: new evidence from studies of morphology and isozymes. The introduction of the closely related weedy taxa of Amaranthus L. section Amaranthus into Europe has resulted in a number of taxonomic problems, especially regarding the rank of A. bouchonii Thell. Electrophoretic separation of five isozymes (phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, malate dehydrogenase and menadione reductase) and morphological studies were used to generate new data on this problem, and canonical discriminant analysis of morphometric characters was carried out. The results obtained support the maintenance of A. bouchonii as a distinct taxon, most closely related to A. powellii S. Wats. The origin of this taxon is considered, and the monomorphism of the isozymes studied is discussed in the light of the extensive morphological variation within species in section Amaranthus.     

Combining Ability and Heritability Analysis of Bolting Character of Non heading Chinese Cabbage

Combining ability and heritability of bolting character of four non heading Chinese cabbage inbred lines were analyzed using Griffing diallel cross I. The results showed that the general combining ability of inbred lines M11 1 2 and M11 1 4 were better, with as bolting resistant potential parental material. The broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability of bolting character were 9742% and 9141% respectively, and mainly affected by additive genes.So,the selection of bolting characters in non heading Chinese cabbage was effective in early generations.