更新方式对亚热带森林土壤溶液可溶性有机质数量及化学结构的影响

采用负压法对福建省三明市亚热带常绿阔叶林中米槠次生林(BF)、米槠人促更新林(RF)、米槠人工林(CP) 0～15、15～30、30～60 cm土层土壤溶液可溶性有机质(DOM)的浓度及光谱学特征进行研究.结果表明: 土壤溶液可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度整体趋势为RF>CP>BF,而可溶性有机氮(DON)则为米槠人工林最高;且 DOC 和 DON 在表层(0～15 cm)土壤浓度皆显著高于底层(30～60 cm).芳香化指数大小为RF>CP>BF,且整体为表层较高.米槠人工林表层土壤以荧光强度高的短波峰(320 nm)为特征峰,表明其易分解物质含量高,腐殖化程度较低;而米槠人促更新林表层土壤则以宽平的中长波峰(380 nm)为特征峰,说明其腐殖化程度较高,有助于土壤肥力的储存.此外,30～60 cm深层DOM特性几乎不受森林更新方式的影响.     

降雨隔离和温度增加对杉木幼林土壤可溶性碳氮的影响

土壤可溶性碳氮在森林土壤碳循环和养分循环中起到重要作用,因其对气候变化高度敏感且可被微生物直接利用.本研究通过在2年生杉木人工林内设置隔离50%降雨处理(P)、增温5 ℃+隔离50%降雨处理(WP),利用张力测渗计野外原位收集土壤溶液,研究降雨和温度变化对不同深度土壤可溶性碳氮浓度的影响.结果表明: 降雨和温度变化没有改变土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度的季节变化,土壤溶液DOC浓度在10月最高.降雨和温度变化增加了不同土层土壤溶液DOC浓度,60 cm处增加量最大,与对照相比,P和WP处理土壤溶液DOC浓度的增加幅度分别为30.4%～88.7%和32.8%～137.6%,10 月的差异值最大,对照土壤溶液DOC浓度随土壤深度增加而降低,但降雨和温度变化后各土层间土壤溶液DOC浓度没有显著差异.WP处理土壤溶液NO₃^--N浓度大幅增加,增加幅度为221.1%～931.0%.在未来全球变化背景下,亚热带地区降雨减少将增加土壤通透性和细根向深层土壤的生长,促进土壤微生物活性和有机质分解,可能增加本地区土壤有机碳氮淋溶流失,而温度增高将加剧碳氮流失风险.     

氮沉降对毛竹林土壤可溶性有机质数量与光谱学特征的影响

中国亚热带是受氮沉降影响最严重的地区之一.土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)被认为是土壤有机质的重要指标,氮沉降可能通过改变微生物活性导致土壤DOM质量和数量的变化.本研究以亚热带毛竹林为研究对象,设置对照、低氮和高氮3个水平,进行为期3年的施氮处理,探究氮添加对土壤DOM含量、光谱学特征和微生物胞外酶活性的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,施氮后土壤pH、可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮含量和芳香化指数无显著变化,而腐殖化指数随施氮量的增加显著增加,微生物酶活性也随着施氮量的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势.傅里叶红外光谱结果显示,土壤DOM在7个区域的相似位置存在吸收峰,其中,1000～1260 cm^-1的吸收峰最强,表明施氮处理后,土壤中多糖类、醇类、羧酸类及酯类物质增加.三维荧光光谱结果表明,施氮处理后,土壤DOM结构有显著改变,表现在低分子物质如类蛋白质物质和微生物代谢产物减少,而高分子物质如类腐殖质物质显著增加.总的来说,施氮使得土壤氮与微生物需求相适应,促进微生物分解DOM中易降解的物质,土壤DOM结构更加复杂,短期氮沉降可能有利于土壤肥力的改善.     

隔离降雨对亚热带米槠天然林土壤可溶性有机质数量及光谱学特征的影响

全球气候变化背景下区域降雨格局变化可能深刻影响土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)的数量和质量.为了解亚热带森林土壤DOM对降雨减少的响应,通过6年不同强度(对照、-30%、-60%)的隔离降雨模拟试验,采用光谱技术,研究了降雨减少对亚热带米槠天然林不同深度土壤DOM数量和结构的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,隔离降雨使0～10 cm土层中可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性有机氮(DON)含量显著降低,其中-30%处理DOC下降幅度小于DON, 而-60%处理DOC下降幅度大于DON,0～10 cm土层中DOC和DON含量都显著高于10～20 cm土层.-30%处理土壤DOM中源于微生物代谢的芳香类腐殖质和烷烃比例上升;-60%处理土壤DOM中微生物代谢产物的相对贡献率减少.除了隔离降雨后水分变化等直接影响外,微生物活性也是本试验区影响DOM数量和结构的重要因素.     

中亚热带森林转换对土壤可溶性有机质数量与光谱学特征的影响

选取中亚热带福建三明格氏栲天然林及其转换而成的木荷、锥栗及福建柏等3种人工林表层土壤(0—10 cm)可溶性有机质(DOM)为对象,对其数量和光谱学特征进行了研究,以探讨森林转换对土壤DOM的影响。结果表明,天然林转换成上述3种人工林后,0—5 cm土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度显著降低(P0.05),降低程度分别为66.1%,69.9%及29.4%,可溶性有机氮(DON)浓度也有所下降;除福建柏外,其余两种人工林5—10 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均低于天然林。各林分0—5 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均高于5—10 cm土层。两个土层中,天然林土壤DOM的芳香化及腐殖化程度均显著高于人工林(P0.05),但荧光效率值低于人工林;荧光光谱图显示,天然林土壤DOM在芳香性脂肪族及木质素类复杂结构荧光基团处的吸收大于人工林;各林分土壤DOM傅里叶红外光谱出现吸收谱带的位置相似,其中吸收强度最大的为形成氢键的—OH的伸缩振动,此外还有芳香性CC伸缩振动、有机羧酸盐COO-反对称伸缩振动、碳水化合物中烷氧基C—O的振动等,人工林土壤DOM中碳水化合物的比例增加是其结构简单的主要原因。土壤DOM中结构复杂、分子量大的组分不易向下迁移;天然林与人工林间土壤DOM数量及光谱学特征的差异主要与凋落物输入及营林措施的干扰有关;本研究所涉及的3种人工林中,福建柏更有利于土壤养分的累积。     

增温和施氮对亚热带杉木人工林土壤溶液养分的影响

在增温和氮沉降等气候变化背景下,土壤溶液养分元素供应是否平衡对加速或减弱土壤养分循环起着至关重要的作用。为探究增温和施氮对亚热带杉木人工土壤溶液养分动态的影响,分别于各样地的0—15、15—30cm和30—60cm土层安装土壤溶液采集器。利用真空泵的负压原理采集土壤溶液,对其有机组分及无机组分进行了两年的动态监测。结果显示:增温及增温+施氮显著增加了各土层溶解性总氮(DTN)及硝态氮(NO-3)浓度,而施氮促进了植被对其的大量吸收而未呈现显著的促进作用。整体而言,短期增温和施氮处理显著降低了可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度,对土壤溶液K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)等离子含量影响较小。但相比于施氮,增温对土壤溶液中矿质元素的影响远大于施氮。增温导致的土壤孔径增大,通透性增强可极大地促进Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)淋溶,同时导致表层Na~+、Mg~(2+)离子含量显著降低。增温+施氮交互作用对土壤溶液各养分的影响存在叠加效应,但并不是增温和施氮单因子的简单累加,要深入了解土壤养分对未来气候变迁的内部机制需进一步长期监测。     

亚热带米槠林不同更新方式对土壤可溶性有机质降解性的影响

可溶性有机质(DOM)的生物降解性影响着土壤有机质的存留和释放,对深入认识森林土壤养分循环意义重大。为探究森林更新对土壤DOM降解特征的影响,选取亚热带地区米槠天然林(NF)、米槠次生林(SF)和米槠人工促进天然更新林(AR)土壤DOM溶液为研究对象,进行室内降解(42 d)试验。结果表明: 1)3种林分土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的降解率和易降解DOC的比例均为SF>AR>NF;可溶性有机氮(DON)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)是显著影响易降解DOC比例的因子;2)难降解组分占3种林分土壤DOC的大部分(72.3%～94.6%),其周转时间长,有利于稳定土壤有机质(SOC)的形成;3)土壤DOM最初的腐殖化指数(HIX_em)会影响易降解DOC的周转时间。DOM光谱结构随降解过程呈现动态变化,说明DOM中易降解组分被消耗完后,微生物会转而降解芳香类和疏水性物质以获取碳源。综上,米槠天然林更新为次生林和人促林后增加了易降解DOC的比例,提高了土壤DOM生物可降解性,不利于SOC的积累。     

落叶松林土壤溶液吸光度与土壤碳、氮含量的相关性

通过4个土壤深度100个样品14个波长(250、254、260、265、272、280、285、300、340、350、365、400、436和465 nm)土壤溶液吸光度值和土壤碳(可溶性碳DOC、全碳SOC)、土壤氮(可溶性氮DON、全氮SON)的测定,旨在探讨土壤溶液吸光度指示土壤碳氮指标的可行性及土壤深度对其可能影响。结论如下:(1)表层土壤和深层土壤吸光度值均随波长增加而指数下降,但表层土壤吸光度值较高,下降速度较快,较低波长更有利于区分表层和深层土壤溶液吸光度差异;和深层土壤相比,表层0～20 cm土壤SOC、DON和SON与不同波长吸光度有更好的相关性,但DOC与不同波长吸光度的相关性表层和深层差异较小;(2)250～300 nm的8个吸光度值具有高度相关性,它们在分析土壤溶液吸光度变化时具有等效性;基于所有数据的拟合分析发现,低波长(如254 nm)吸光度与土壤SOC、DON和SON相关性最高(R2=0.53～0.59),而更高波长(340 nm及以上)相关性明显降低。但DOC与254、340、365和400 nm吸光度相关性相差不大(R2=0.25～0.33)。这些发现说明,土壤溶液吸光度值,特别是低波长(250～300 nm)可以表征落叶松林土壤碳、氮相关指标的变化,但是需要考虑不同碳氮指标以及不同土层之间的差异。     

华南典型树种凋落叶的野外分解和溶解性有机质溶出动态

选用华南亚热带地区常见阔叶树种木荷和针叶树种湿地松的新近凋落叶,在野外分解0、30、60、90、150、210、240、365 d,分析溶出的溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度、组成和性质的变化,以及对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的影响.结果表明: 随着分解的进行,尽管木荷叶片的DOM浓度高于松针,但是2种凋落叶DOM浓度、性质和物质组成变化规律一致;2种凋落叶的DOM浓度均呈下降趋势,芳香化程度和分子量增大,富里酸、腐殖酸类物质逐渐增多,可降解的简单芳烃蛋白(如酪氨酸)逐渐减少.在分解初期,DOM主要由亲水中性和酸性部分组成,易分解、易迁移,对表层土壤DOC影响不显著;在分解后期,DOM主要为腐殖酸和富里酸类物质,吸附性强,表层土壤DOC浓度显著下降.     

可溶性有机碳在土壤剖面淋溶过程中的分馏

选取中亚热带两种不同类型土壤为研究对象,采集0～10、10～20、20 ～ 40、40～60、60～80、80～ 100 cm土层土壤样品,提取米槠新近凋落物的可溶性有机碳(DOC)溶液为初始DOC,研究其在土样中淋溶时的分馏现象和截留特征.结果表明:初始DOC在土柱中淋溶时,其浓度随深度增加呈逐层下降的趋势,而且化学结构更为简单,被土壤截留的DOC中主要是疏水性组分,但随着土层深度增加,亲水性DOC的截留量呈上升趋势;红外光谱显示含有芳环的疏水性物质最易被吸附,而烷烃和简单的碳水化合物则最有可能随土壤溶液进入下层土壤;由于到达下层土壤的DOC中易被吸附组分含量的减少,限制了其吸附能力的发挥,因此主要的吸附过程发生在40 cm以上土层,表明DOC本身的化学性质比土壤性质更能影响其吸附行为;不同类型土壤的截留量具有显著差异,这与土壤黏粒和铁铝氧化物的含量呈显著正相关.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence as a tool for investigating the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in the Lake Biwa watershed

Quantitative and qualitative characterizations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were carried out at the watershed level in central Japan by measuring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and the three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (3-D EEM). DOC concentration was low (mean 37 ± 19 µM C) in the upstream waters, whereas, in general, it increased toward the downstream areas (mean 92 ± 47 µM C). Significant variations in DOC concentration were detected among rivers and channels. DOC concentration in the epilimnion of Lake Biwa increased during the summer period and decreased during the winter period. The lake hypolimnion has lower DOC concentration (mean 87 ± 7 µM C) compared with the epilimnion (107 ± 15 µM C). Fulvic acid (FA)-like substances in the DOM were directly characterized by 3-D EEM. The fluorescence peak for upstream DOM was found in regions with longer wavelengths (excitation/emission 386 ± 6/476 ± 5 nm) compared with downstream and lake DOM (351 ± 12/446 ± 15 nm and 341 ± 6/434 ± 6 nm, respectively). The DOC concentration is correlated with fluorescence peak intensity of FA-like substances in DOM in river waters. Such a relationship was not found in lake DOM. A blueshift of the fluorescence peak from upstream to lake DOM was observed. A decrease in fluorescence intensities was also detected during the summer period. These results may suggest that the degradation of FA-like substances in DOM occurs from natural solar irradiation. Protein-like fluorescence was significantly detected in the lake epilimnion during the summer period. A linear relationship between DOC concentration and protein-like fluorescence indicated that an autochthonous input of DOM gave rise to the increase in DOC concentration in the lake epilimnion during the summer. These results may suggest that the 3-D EEM can be used as a tool for the investigation of DOM dynamics at the watershed level with concurrent measurement of DOC concentration and the fluorescence properties of fulvic acid-like and protein-like substances.     

Net production and consumption of fluorescent colored dissolved organic matter by natural bacterial assemblages growing on marine phytoplankton exudates

An understanding of the distribution of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the oceans and its role in the global carbon cycle requires a better knowledge of the colored materials produced and consumed by marine phytoplankton and bacteria. In this work, we examined the net uptake and release of CDOM by a natural bacterial community growing on DOM derived from four phytoplankton species cultured under axenic conditions. Fluorescent humic-like substances exuded by phytoplankton (excitation/emission [Ex/Em] wavelength, 310 nm/392 nm; Coble's peak M) were utilized by bacteria in different proportions depending on the phytoplankton species of origin. Furthermore, bacteria produced humic-like substances that fluoresce at an Ex/Em wavelength of 340 nm/440 nm (Coble's peak C). Differences were also observed in the Ex/Em wavelengths of the protein-like materials (Coble's peak T) produced by phytoplankton and bacteria. The induced fluorescent emission of CDOM produced by prokaryotes was an order of magnitude higher than that of CDOM produced by eukaryotes. We have also examined the final compositions of the bacterial communities growing on the exudates, which differed markedly depending on the phytoplankton species of origin. Alteromonas and Roseobacter were dominant during all the incubations on Chaetoceros sp. and Prorocentrum minimum exudates, respectively. Alteromonas was the dominant group growing on Skeletonema costatum exudates during the exponential growth phase, but it was replaced by Roseobacter afterwards. On Micromonas pusilla exudates, Roseobacter was replaced by Bacteroidetes after the exponential growth phase. Our work shows that fluorescence excitation-emission matrices of CDOM can be a helpful tool for the identification of microbial sources of DOM in the marine environment, but further studies are necessary to explore the association of particular bacterial groups with specific fluorophores.     

马尾松与芒萁鲜叶及凋落物水溶性有机物的溶解特征和光谱学特征

为探讨福建省三明市马尾松人工林淋溶液中水溶性有机物(DOM)的溶解特征和光谱学特征,以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)鲜叶、未分解层(L层)和半分解层(F层)凋落物为研究对象进行室内淋溶,对淋溶液中的水溶性有机碳(DOC)、水溶性有机氮(DON)与水溶性有机磷(DOP)含量和紫外光谱(SUVA)、荧光光谱指标和红外光谱(FTIR)等特征进行研究。结果表明,在24 h内,随着淋溶时间的延长,DOM含量呈现有波动的上升趋势;芒萁除鲜叶的DOC含量显著高于马尾松外(P0.01),其余DOM含量均小于马尾松。两植物F层DOM的SUVA值和腐殖化指标(HIX)都显著高于鲜叶和L层(P0.05),表明F层的芳香性化合物含量和腐殖化程度越来越高。DOM的同步荧光峰值显示淋溶液中含有类蛋白和类富里酸荧光团。两植物的红外光谱显示有5个相似的吸收谱带,强度最大的吸收来自于H键键合的-OH的伸缩振动,同一植物3种样品之间红外吸收的差异证明从鲜叶-L层-F层凋落物的共轭体系逐渐增大,结构更复杂。因此,随分解进程两植被DOM的化学结构越来越复杂;马尾松较芒萁含有更多的DON和DOP,这一方面为微生物提供了更多的养分,另一方面又增加了底物分解的难度。     

植被恢复对侵蚀红壤可溶性有机质含量及光谱学特征的影响

为了解植被恢复对侵蚀红壤可溶性有机质含量及结构特征的影响, 以福建省长汀县河田镇植被恢复后的侵蚀红壤及对照裸地为研究对象, 对两试验地0-60 cm深土壤中可溶性有机质的含量及光谱学特征进行了比较研究。结果表明: 侵蚀红壤植被恢复后, 土壤可溶性有机碳含量显著提高, 在土表到60 cm深度的6个10 cm土层中, 植被恢复土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别提高为对照裸地相应土层的5.6、4.7、4.6、3.1、2.4及2.2倍。可溶性有机氮含量在两试验地之间的差异在各土层中不一致。植被恢复各土层侵蚀红壤可溶性有机质的芳香化指数显著高于对照裸地, 荧光发射光谱腐殖化指数略高于对照裸地, 植被恢复后的侵蚀红壤与对照裸地间荧光同步光谱腐殖化指数无明显差异。荧光同步光谱图中, 两试验地侵蚀红壤可溶性有机质的吸收主要为类蛋白质及芳香性脂肪族荧光基团的吸收。傅里叶红外光谱结果显示, 与对照裸地相比, 植被恢复后的侵蚀红壤土壤可溶性有机质中官能团种类更多, 且含有更多芳香碳及羧基碳。两试验地土壤可溶性有机质均表现为芳香化及腐殖化程度随土层的加深而降低。相关性分析显示, 土壤可溶性有机质的芳香化及腐殖化指数与土壤碳氮总量有极显著正相关关系。总之, 侵蚀红壤经植被恢复后, 土壤可溶性有机碳含量及可溶性有机质的芳香化指数显著提高, 可溶性有机质的腐殖化指数略有增大, 可溶性有机质结构更复杂, 更不易被分解, 因此有利于土壤肥力的恢复。     

Spectroscopic characterization and molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic matter in sediment porewaters from Lake Erhai, Southwest China

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sediment porewaters from Lake Erhai, Southwest China was investigated using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, UV absorbance, fluorescence and molecular weight distribution. DOC exhibited a high concentration at the sediment–water interface with a rapid decrease to the oxic–anoxic interface at approximately 7 cm, and then increased with depth. Similar trends were also found for the UV absorption coefficients at 254 and 280 nm in the porewaters. DNA in the sediment was also measured, which confirmed the high abundance of aerobic bacteria in the upper layer of the sediment. Both humic-like (peaks A and C) and protein-like (peaks B and D) fluorescence were observed in the porewater DOM, and their fluorescence intensities exhibited a similar porewater profile as DOC concentration. A strong correlation was found between the peak fluorescence intensity ratio r(A, C) and r(D, B). Both the fluorescence index and UV absorption coefficient at 254 nm suggested a dramatic increase in aromaticity of porewater DOM across the oxic–anoxic interface. Porewater DOM exhibited a multimodal distribution of molecular weight with a relatively low polydispersity. The results of this study offer significant insight into the nature and properties of DOM in freshwater ecosystems.     

胶州湾滨海湿地土壤溶解性有机质的三维荧光特性

为了了解滨海湿地土壤中溶解性有机质的结构特征及来源,2014年1月在胶州湾采集光滩、碱蓬、芦苇和大米草湿地的土壤样品,测定土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)含量,利用三维荧光技术进行光谱分析.结果表明: 胶州湾4种湿地类型土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量表现为大米草湿地＞光滩＞碱蓬湿地＞芦苇湿地,垂直剖面上随土层深度的增加DOC含量均呈减少的趋势.经光谱分析,胶州湾湿地土壤DOM的三维荧光光谱(3DEEMs)中出现了B、T、A、D和C等5种荧光峰,分别代表类酪氨酸、类色氨酸、类富里酸、类可溶性微生物副产物和类腐殖酸5种组分.利用荧光区域积分(FRI)法对5种组分进行定量分析,类色氨酸、类富里酸和类酪氨酸在DOM各组分含量中居前3位,类可溶性微生物副产物和类腐殖酸的含量次之,二者含量差异不显著.DOM的5种组分相互之间均呈显著正相关,与DOC含量呈显著正相关,与总磷、有效磷、总氮有不同程度的相关性.胶州湾4种湿地类型土壤DOM主要由生物相互作用内源产生,且腐殖化程度较低.