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南方稻作区是我国重要的粮食生产区,在国家粮食安全保障中起着至关重要的作用,探明南方不同省份双季稻生产的碳足迹差异,对促进低碳稻作农业发展具有重要意义.本研究采用2004—2014年农作物种植面积、农资投入等统计数据,运用碳足迹理论和生命周期法系统评价我国南方双季稻生产碳足迹时空分布状况及其构成.结果表明: 南方稻区各个省份早晚稻生产碳足迹大部分表现为增加趋势,早稻生产碳足迹较晚稻大.2004—2014年,安徽省双季稻平均碳足迹最高(1000 kg CO2-eq·hm-2),而福建、湖北和湖南省相对较小(750 kg CO2-eq·hm-2).碳足迹构成中以肥料的生产、运输及使用占比最大,占水稻生产总碳足迹的60%;柴油投入碳足迹贡献量次之,为26%左右.逐步回归分析表明,双季稻生产碳足迹大小与柴油、复混肥和钾肥的投入呈正相关.净利润收益纳入分析表明,湖北省为低排放-高收益省份,有利于农业低碳可持续性发展.随着农村劳动力非农化和作物生产机械化的快速递增,未来水稻生产中柴油等机械化碳投入将快速增长.因此,提升化肥利用效率、灌溉效率和机械化作业效率将是发展南方稻作区低碳农业的关键途径. 相似文献
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为明确不同施肥模式对水稻生产碳足迹的影响,采取田间动态监测与室内分析相结合的方式,应用生命周期碳足迹的评价方法,研究了施用化肥(CF)、猪粪(ZM)、牛粪(NM)、鸡粪(JM)对稻田系统碳排放、碳增汇、水稻生产碳足迹及单位产量碳足迹的影响。结果表明:水稻种植过程中温室气体的排放是水稻生产碳排放的主要来源,与CF处理相比,施用有机肥可增加稻田碳排放,ZM、NM和JM处理分别增加34%、30%和65%,各处理均以稻田CO2排放贡献最大;施用有机肥处理的环境正效应高于施用化肥处理,ZM、NM和JM处理碳增汇分别是CF处理的3.3、3.8和2.9倍,可相应抵消76%、92%和55%的碳排放;施用不同有机肥对水稻生产碳足迹影响不一,但与CF处理相比均可降低单位产量的碳足迹,ZM、NM和JM处理分别降低了55%、83%和22%。综合考虑畜禽粪污处理、肥料生产与管理以及水稻种植各环节的碳排放与稻谷产量情况,有机培肥有利于降低水稻单位产量碳足迹,其中以施用牛粪处理效果最佳。 相似文献
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中国农作物生产碳足迹及其空间分布特征 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
基于中国1993—2013年的农业统计数据,采用生命周期评价、重心模型以及GIS等方法分析农作物生产碳排放及碳足迹的时序变化、碳足迹重心的移动轨迹、碳排放和碳足迹的空间分布特征以及影响碳排放的主导因素.结果表明: 研究期间,中国农作物生产碳排放量(GHGe)、单位播种面积碳足迹(CFs)和单位耕地面积碳足迹(CFc)均显著增加,而单位产量碳足迹(CFy)和单位产值碳足迹(CFv)显著减少.CFs重心一直分布在河南,且逐渐移向西南;CFc重心位于湖北或河南,并向西北方向移动;CFy重心位于陕西或河南,且整体移向东南;CFv重心始终在河南,并逐渐移向西南.GHGe和碳足迹存在显著的省域差异,GHGe具有南北低、中部高的特点,CFs是东西两翼高、中间低,CFc高值区主要集中在中部及东部沿海省份,CFy在西北-东南方向上表现为“高-低-高”,CFv在西北-东南方向上则是由高走低.农业生产过程中不同投入占农作物碳足迹的比例以化肥最为突出,化肥投入构成中以氮肥和复合肥所占比例较大.通过分析GHGe与各影响因素的关联度,得出化肥尤其是磷肥和氮肥、灌溉以及农田N2O排放是导致GHGe显著增加的主导因素,并据此提出发展低碳农业的对策建议. 相似文献
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农作物生产过程既是碳源,也是碳汇。研究作物生产过程中碳吸收、碳排放特征对区域农业碳减排具有重要意义。以陕北区域为例,采用高分辨率遥感数据,结合GEE遥感云平台和随机森林算法,获取了作物种植分布信息,并建立碳吸收排放测算模型,分析了陕北地区2021年农田作物的碳源/汇效应、碳足迹及其空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)陕北种植的粮食作物主要为玉米、稻谷、薯类、豆类,经济作物主要为蔬菜、苹果、枣树,这七类作物集中分布在延安南部河谷区域和榆林西北部区域。(2)除枣类外,陕北地区其余作物的碳吸收量均高于碳排放量,以碳汇功能为主,其中,玉米和苹果分别对该地区碳吸收、碳排放的贡献率最高,碳吸收、排放量分别达到了189.74×10~4 t和11.41×10~4 t,苹果、薯类和枣类碳足迹较高,分别达到了9.92×10~4 hm2、8.77×10~4 hm2和21.65×10~4 hm2,其余作物碳足迹处于0.26—1.49×10~4 hm2之间。(3)从空间上看,研究区单位面积农田碳吸收量呈现西北高、南部低的分布格局,而碳排放量、碳足迹分布正好相反,南部高、西北低。(4)研究区可通过培育高产品种、优化施肥量、控制农膜农药用量、调整作物种植结构等措施,提高作物固碳效应,促进农业生产碳减排。 相似文献
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全球气候变化是当今世界面临的最富挑战性的问题之一,旅游业是世界第一大产业,其碳排放(碳足迹)的测度和控制对全球减排目标的实现具有重大意义。对旅游业碳排放和旅游消费碳足迹相关领域的研究成果进行了深入梳理,探讨已有研究存在的不足之处和薄弱环节,并为进一步的研究指明方向。国内外关于旅游业碳排放和旅游消费碳足迹的研究已有较好基础,但已有研究的核算结果缺乏不确定性分析,信度、效度难以确定,旅游业和旅游消费的碳强度和生态效率尚未厘清,其原因在于,已有研究在概念内涵和外延、系统边界、核算口径、研究方法等方面还存在一些争议和值得探讨的领域。进一步的研究方向应有3个方面发展:明确界定概念内涵和外延、统一系统边界和核算口径以及构建旅游业碳排放和旅游消费碳足迹测度的方法体系。 相似文献
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土地利用变化的碳排放与碳足迹研究对了解人类活动对生态环境的扰动程度及其机理、制定有效的碳排放政策具有重要意义。采用1990—2010年四川省能源消费数据和土地利用数据,通过构建碳排放模型、碳足迹及其压力指数模型,对研究区20年来土地利用的碳排放及碳足迹进行了定量分析。结果表明:(1)土地利用变化的碳排放和能源消费碳的足迹呈显著增加趋势。碳排放增加5407.839×10~4t,增长率达143%;能源消费的碳足迹增加1566.622×10~4hm~2,四川全省的生态赤字达1563.598×10~4hm~2。(2)建设用地和林地分别为四川省最大的碳源与碳汇。20年间建设用地的碳排放增加5407.072×10~4t,增长率达126.27%,占碳排放总量的88%以上;林地的碳汇减少10.351×10~4t,但仍占四川省碳汇的96%以上。(3)土地利用碳排放、碳足迹和生态赤字存在明显区域差异。成都平原区碳排放、碳足迹压力最大,生态赤字严重,西部高山高原区和盆周山区碳排放、碳足迹最小,未出现生态赤字;成都、德阳、资阳和内江等地的碳排放、碳足迹压力最大,生态赤字最严重,甘孜、阿坝等地的碳排放、碳足迹最小,未出现生态赤字。(4)土地利用结构与碳排放、碳足迹存在一定的相互关系,趋高的碳源、碳汇比导致土地利用的碳源效应远大于碳汇效应。因此,四川省减排的重点应该在保持或增加现有的林地的同时,主要以降低建设用地的碳排放、碳足迹为主。 相似文献
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农田碳足迹研究对农田生态系统管理与农业可持续发展具有重要意义,也可表征农田扩展的生态影响程度。利用县域尺度统计数据与空间分析,对云南省农田生态系统近30年的碳足迹的时空演变进行研究。结果表明:1985—2015年期间,云南省农田生态系统碳排放年均增幅为13.9%,化肥施用引起的碳排放贡献率最大,为56%,2015年的化肥单位面积碳排放达到331.6kg/hm2。云南省农田生态系统碳吸收年均增幅为3.04%,稻谷的碳吸收比例最大,为41%,然而,玉米的碳吸收的增幅最大,为8.76%。云南省农田生态系统存在碳生态盈余,且碳足迹总体呈现增长趋势,年均增长率为16.8%,单位面积碳足迹随年份增加不断增长。从空间上看,云南省农田生态系统碳排放、碳吸收在空间上均呈东南高、西北低的分布格局,而碳足迹在空间上呈现东西部高、中部低的分布格局,三者的空间差异和变化幅度差异都较大。 相似文献
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在“双碳”目标背景下,定量评估与分析碳足迹的变化对碳排放“双控”具有重要意义。以京津冀地区为研究对象,基于2005—2021年土地利用数据、植被净初级生产力(NPP)数据以及碳排放数据对碳足迹进行测度,并分析其变化趋势及影响因素。研究发现:(1)研究期内京津冀地区碳排放的多年平均值为0.11 Pg C/a,平均增速为3.35%,且整体呈现出显著增长的趋势;NPP的多年平均值为0.35 Pg C/a,平均增速为0.25%,整体呈现出上下波动的态势;(2)研究期内京津冀地区的碳足迹和碳赤字总体表现出明显上升趋势,年均增长率分别为3.28%和1.27%,同时碳足迹的变动呈现“东北-西南”的空间分布格局,且存在明显的区域差异性,碳足迹压力指数表现出多极化趋势;(3)城镇化率是影响京津冀地区碳足迹变化的核心驱动因素,且其变动也受多因子共同作用,尤其是城镇化率与能源效率交互作用对碳足迹的影响最为显著。 相似文献
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碳排放引发的全球变暖给自然环境及人类社会都带来了显著影响,而碳足迹可以衡量自然生态系统对人类活动碳排放的响应。为研究自然-社会二元系统碳动态,基于MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)数据和统计资料计算2001—2009年中国陆地植被净初级生产力、能源消费碳排放、碳足迹和碳赤字;在GIS(Geographic Information System)技术支持下,运用空间自相关分析方法讨论其时空格局;据此划分生态经济区。结果表明:(1)2001—2009年全国植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Production,NPP)平均值为3.32 Pg C/a(1 Pg=1015g),呈西南地区东南沿海华中、华东地区东北、华北地区西北地区的空间格局;(2)2001—2009年全国能源消费碳排放逐年增加,年均增长率16.7%,多年平均值2.53 Pg C/a,呈东部中部西部的空间格局;(3)2001—2009年全国碳足迹逐年增加,年均增长率14.7%,多年平均值6.98×106km2;具有正碳赤字(即碳源)的省份为山西、环渤海地区各省、长三角地区各省、广东;相邻省份碳赤字的相对大小由于互相影响而改变;(4)全国分为中东部、南部、北部、西部四个生态经济大区。研究结果直观揭示了中国碳排放和碳足迹的时空动态,为实现自然-社会二元系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。 相似文献
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碳足迹是指由企业、组织或个人引起的碳排放的集合。参照PAS2050规范并结合生命周期评价方法对上海市水稻生产进行了碳足迹评估。结果表明:(1)目前上海市水稻生产的碳排放为11.8114 t CO2e/hm2,折合每吨水稻生产周期的碳足迹为1.2321 t CO2e;(2)稻田温室气体排放是水稻生产最主要的碳排放源,每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.9507 t CO2e,占水稻生产全部碳排放的77.1%,其中甲烷(CH4)又是最主要的温室气体,对稻田温室气体碳排放的贡献率高达96.6%;(3)化学肥料的施用是第二大碳排放源,每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.2044 t CO2e,占水稻生产总碳排放的16.5%,其中N最高,排放量为0.1159 t CO2e。因此,上海低碳水稻生产的关键在降低稻田甲烷的排放,另外可通过提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮肥施用等方法减少种植过程中碳排放。 相似文献
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MARCELO VALADARES GALDOS CARLOS CLEMENTE CERRI RATTAN LAL† MARTIAL BERNOUX‡ BRIGITTE FEIGL CARLOS EDUARDO P. CERRI§ 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2010,2(1):37-44
Biofuels are both a promising solution to global warming mitigation and a potential contributor to the problem. Several life cycle assessments of bioethanol have been conducted to address these questions. We performed a synthesis of the available data on Brazilian ethanol production focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon (C) sinks in the agricultural and industrial phases. Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuels, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from sources commonly included in C footprints, such as fossil fuel usage, biomass burning, nitrogen fertilizer application, liming and litter decomposition were accounted for. In addition, black carbon (BC) emissions from burning biomass and soil C sequestration were included in the balance. Most of the annual emissions per hectare are in the agricultural phase, both in the burned system (2209 out of a total of 2398 kg Ceq), and in the unburned system (559 out of 748 kg Ceq). Although nitrogen fertilizer emissions are large, 111 kg Ceq ha?1 yr?1, the largest single source of emissions is biomass burning in the manual harvest system, with a large amount of both GHG (196 kg Ceq ha?1 yr?1). and BC (1536 kg Ceq ha?1 yr?1). Besides avoiding emissions from biomass burning, harvesting sugarcane mechanically without burning tends to increase soil C stocks, providing a C sink of 1500 kg C ha?1 yr?1 in the 30 cm layer. The data show a C output: input ratio of 1.4 for ethanol produced under the conventionally burned and manual harvest compared with 6.5 for the mechanized harvest without burning, signifying the importance of conservation agricultural systems in bioethanol feedstock production. 相似文献
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Annie Levasseur Pascal Lesage Manuele Margni Réjean Samson 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2013,17(1):117-128
A growing tendency in policy making and carbon footprint estimation gives value to temporary carbon storage in biomass products or to delayed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Some life cycle‐based methods, such as the British publicly available specification (PAS) 2050 or the recently published European Commission's International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook, address this issue. This article shows the importance of consistent consideration of biogenic carbon and timing of GHG emissions in life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint analysis. We use a fictitious case study assessing the life cycle of a wooden chair for four end‐of‐life scenarios to compare different approaches: traditional LCA with and without consideration of biogenic carbon, the PAS 2050 and ILCD Handbook methods, and a dynamic LCA approach. Reliable results require accounting for the timing of every GHG emission, including biogenic carbon flows, as soon as a benefit is given for temporarily storing carbon or delaying GHG emissions. The conclusions of a comparative LCA can change depending on the time horizon chosen for the analysis. The dynamic LCA approach allows for a consistent assessment of the impact, through time, of all GHG emissions (positive) and sequestration (negative). The dynamic LCA is also a valuable approach for decision makers who have to understand the sensitivity of the conclusions to the chosen time horizon. 相似文献
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再生稻田温室气体排放特征及碳足迹 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究中国东南区域不同稻作方式对水稻生产过程中稻田温室气体排放特征及其碳足迹的影响,对促进水稻可持续生产有重要意义。本研究以当前推广的常规稻‘佳辐占'和杂交中稻‘甬优2640'为材料,构建4种适合福建不同生态类型区的稻作模式: 1) 双季稻,早稻和晚稻均种植佳辐占(D-J);2) 早熟再生稻,头季稻和再生季稻均种植佳辐占(R-J);3) 中熟再生稻,头季稻和再生季稻均种植甬优2640(R-Y);4) 单季晚稻,与中熟再生季稻同期抽穗的单季晚稻,种植甬优2640(S-Y)。采用密闭静态暗箱观测法和气相色谱法分别收集并检测稻田土壤温室气体排放量,借用生命周期法对不同稻作方式产生的直接和间接温室气体排放总量(即碳足迹)进行数据采集与比较分析。结果表明: 不同稻作方式稻田温室气体排放特征均表现为生育前期排放量较低,到孕穗期前后达到高峰后又下降,即全生育期呈前高后低的双峰曲线,其中早稻或头季稻达到的第1个峰值较相应晚稻或再生季稻的第2个峰值高。不同稻作模式稻田温室气体排放总量差异显著。各种植模式全球增温潜势(GWP)表现为:R-Y>D-J>S-Y>R-J,温室气体排放强度(GHGI)表现为:D-J>S-Y>R-Y>R-J;与双季稻模式相比,佳辐占再生稻模式GWP和GHGI分别降低26.1%和14.1%;与同期抽穗的单季晚稻相比,甬优2640再生季稻稻田GWP和GHGI分别降低74.3%和56.7%。不同稻作模式下水稻单位产量碳足迹为0.38~1.08 kg CO2-eq.·kg-1,其中双季稻模式下最高,再生稻模式下甬优2640的单位产量碳足迹最低。不同稻作模式产生的碳足迹主要来源于CH4,其贡献率高达44.2%~71.5%。可见,再生稻种植模式能显著降低水稻全球增温潜势和碳排放强度。选用高产低碳排放的水稻优良品种并配套科学栽培技术,是有效降低稻田CH4排放量和碳足迹、促进再生稻生产可持续发展的关键。 相似文献
16.
Fulu Tao Zhao Zhang Wenjiao Shi Yujie Liu Dengpan Xiao Shuai Zhang Zhu Zhu Meng Wang Fengshan Liu 《Global Change Biology》2013,19(10):3200-3209
Based on the crop trial data during 1981–2009 at 57 agricultural experimental stations across the North Eastern China Plain (NECP) and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLRYR), we investigated how major climate variables had changed and how the climate change had affected crop growth and yield in a setting in which agronomic management practices were taken based on actual weather. We found a significant warming trend during rice growing season, and a general decreasing trend in solar radiation (SRD) in the MLRYR during 1981–2009. Rice transplanting, heading, and maturity dates were generally advanced, but the heading and maturity dates of single rice in the MLRYR (YZ_SR) and NECP (NE_SR) were delayed. Climate warming had a negative impact on growth period lengths at about 80% of the investigated stations. Nevertheless, the actual growth period lengths of YZ_SR and NE_SR, as well as the actual length of reproductive growth period (RGP) of early rice in the MLRYR (YZ_ER), were generally prolonged due to adoption of cultivars with longer growth period to obtain higher yield. In contrast, the actual growth period length of late rice in the MLRYR (YZ_LR) was shortened by both climate warming and adoption of early mature cultivars to prevent cold damage and obtain higher yield. During 1981–2009, climate warming and decrease in SRD changed the yield of YZ_ER by ?0.59 to 2.4%; climate warming during RGP increased the yield of YZ_LR by 8.38–9.56%; climate warming and decrease in SRD jointly reduced yield of YZ_SR by 7.14–9.68%; climate warming and increase in SRD jointly increased the yield of NE_SR by 1.01–3.29%. Our study suggests that rice production in China has been affected by climate change, yet at the same time changes in varieties continue to be the major factor driving yield and growing period trends. 相似文献
17.
Temporal aspects have traditionally not been recognized adequately in life cycle assessment (LCA). The dynamic LCA model recently proposed offers a significant step forward in the dynamic assessment of global warming impacts. The results obtained with dynamic LCA are highly sensitive to the choice of a time horizon. Therefore, decision making between alternative systems can be critical because conclusions are dependent on the specific time horizon. In this article, we develop a decision‐making methodology based on the concept of time dominance. We introduce instantaneous and cumulative time dominance criteria to the dynamic LCA context and argue why the dominance of an alternative should also imply preference. Our approach allows for the rejection of certain alternatives without the determination of a specific time horizon. The number of decision‐relevant alternatives can thereby be reduced and the decision problem facilitated. We demonstrate our methodology by means of a case study of end‐of‐life alternatives for a wooden chair derived from the original authors of dynamic LCA and discuss the implications and limitations of the approach. The methodology based on time dominance criteria is supplementary to the dynamic LCA model, but does not substitute it. The overall value of this article stretches beyond LCA onto more general assessments of global warming, for example, in policy where the choice of a time horizon is equally significant. 相似文献
18.
YORAM YOM-TOV SHLOMITH YOM-TOV GORDON JARRELL 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,93(4):701-707
Using museum specimens, we studied recent changes in skull size of the American marten Martes americana , in continental Alaska. In Alaska, global warming has resulted in milder winters that may contribute to an improved food supply in the wild. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that body size of the marten had increased during the second half of the 20th century, in response to global warming. We found that skull size, and by implication body size, increased significantly during the second half of the 20th century, possibly due to an improved food supply and/or lower metabolic demands in winter. Improved food availability in winter may result from the improved nutritional conditions for prey, and/or from increased access to prey resulting from a longer snow-free season. Longitude had a significant positive effect on skull size and a significant negative effect on teeth size. In Alaska, the climate is milder along the western coast and becomes harsher inland. Hence, the milder climate was associated with larger body size providing further support for our prediction that body size of the American marten was influenced by food availability and reduced energy expenditure. The negative relationship between longitude and teeth size may indicate a trend towards a larger prey in inland marten populations, but we have no data to support or refute this hypothesis. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 701–707. 相似文献
19.
Jeremy Aditya Prananto Budiman Minasny Louis‐Pierre Comeau Rudiyanto Rudiyanto Peter Grace 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(8):4583-4600
Tropical peatlands are vital ecosystems that play an important role in global carbon storage and cycles. Current estimates of greenhouse gases from these peatlands are uncertain as emissions vary with environmental conditions. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of managed and natural tropical peatland GHG fluxes: heterotrophic (i.e. soil respiration without roots), total CO2 respiration rates, CH4 and N2O fluxes. The study documents studies that measure GHG fluxes from the soil (n = 372) from various land uses, groundwater levels and environmental conditions. We found that total soil respiration was larger in managed peat ecosystems (median = 52.3 Mg CO2 ha?1 year?1) than in natural forest (median = 35.9 Mg CO2 ha?1 year?1). Groundwater level had a stronger effect on soil CO2 emission than land use. Every 100 mm drop of groundwater level caused an increase of 5.1 and 3.7 Mg CO2 ha?1 year?1 for plantation and cropping land use, respectively. Where groundwater is deep (≥0.5 m), heterotrophic respiration constituted 84% of the total emissions. N2O emissions were significantly larger at deeper groundwater levels, where every drop in 100 mm of groundwater level resulted in an exponential emission increase (exp(0.7) kg N ha?1 year?1). Deeper groundwater levels induced high N2O emissions, which constitute about 15% of total GHG emissions. CH4 emissions were large where groundwater is shallow; however, they were substantially smaller than other GHG emissions. When compared to temperate and boreal peatland soils, tropical peatlands had, on average, double the CO2 emissions. Surprisingly, the CO2 emission rates in tropical peatlands were in the same magnitude as tropical mineral soils. This comprehensive analysis provides a great understanding of the GHG dynamics within tropical peat soils that can be used as a guide for policymakers to create suitable programmes to manage the sustainability of peatlands effectively. 相似文献