二种萤火虫幼虫捕食行为及头部功能性结构观察比较

对短角窗萤Diaphanes sp.和胸窗萤Pyrocoelia pectoralis Olivier幼虫的捕食行为进行观察。发现短角窗萤捕食蚯蚓而胸窗萤则捕食蜗牛。利用扫描电镜对短角窗萤和胸窗萤幼虫的头部及口器进行观察比较。发现2种幼虫均具有1对侧单眼,1对发达的、左右对称的3节触角。2种幼虫口器非常发达,具1对锋利的、中空的镰刀状上颚,1对下颚须,1对下唇须,1对内颚叶。2种萤火虫口器最具特别的结构在于:短角窗萤上颚的2/3处内侧着生1个球形结构,上面着生1层齿状结构,而胸窗萤则在上颚基部内侧弯曲成齿状突起。     

北京地区六种叶甲幼虫形态比较研究

通过检索表把北京地区常见的6种叶甲：榆绿毛萤叶甲、褐背小萤叶甲、榆黄萤叶甲、柳圆叶甲、菜无缘萤叶甲、十星瓢萤叶甲的幼虫区分开来。然而利用幼虫侧面图、头部正面图、足的侧面图和幼虫背面图等形态比较,进一步深入体现出它们之间的异同。为农林植保工作者提供参考。     

武汉城区四种不同水质对雷氏黄萤幼虫呼吸行为的影响

选择武汉城区4种不同的水质作为影响因子,通过室内实验,研究武汉城区4种不同水质对雷氏黄萤Luciola leii Fu and Ballantyne幼虫呼吸行为的影响,探讨利用雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸指标作为监测多污染源混合废水的可行性。结果表明,Ⅲ类(东湖)、Ⅳ类(汤逊湖)、Ⅴ类(野芷湖)和劣Ⅴ类(南湖)四类水质与CK相比较,对雷氏黄萤幼虫昼夜的呼吸行为均有影响。雷氏黄萤幼虫刚接触Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水质均有明显反应。在劣Ⅴ类水质条件下,雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸持续时间和呼吸频率(FR)均高于Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水质,呼吸间隔时间(SI)均低于Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水质。提示雷氏黄萤幼虫的昼夜呼吸行为、呼吸持续时间、呼吸频率(FR)、呼吸间隔时间(SI)可作为多污染源混合废水的敏感生物学监测指标。     

雷氏黄萤幼虫呼吸系统和呼吸行为

研究雷氏黄萤Luciola leii Fu and Ballantyne幼虫的呼吸系统及其呼吸行为。结果表明:雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸系统中只有气管无气囊。前胸、中胸和后胸均分布有气门,无气管鳃,腹部1~8节分布有气门和气管鳃,气门腔基部和气管鳃基部相连,呈"√"状,气管鳃内气管与气门气管相连通。雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸行为分为3种:利用胸部气门呼吸、腹部气门呼吸和气管鳃呼吸,其中以腹部气门呼吸为主。     

中国萤火虫云南窗萤荧光素酶cDNA的克隆表达和序列分析(英文）

从一种来自中国日行性萤火虫（云南窗萤）发光器官mRNA中克隆、测序并表达了有功能的荧光素酶。云南窗萤荧光素酶的cDNA序列有1 647个碱基,编码548个氨基酸残基。从推测得到的氨基酸序列的比对分析得出：云南窗萤的荧光素酶与来自Lampyris noctiluca, L. turkestanicus和Nyctophila cf. caucasica三种萤火虫的荧光素酶有97.8%的序列一致性。从推测得出的氨基酸序列进行系统发育分析,其结果表明：云南窗萤和Lampyris+Nyctophila聚在一起, 与同属的发光强夜行性的萤火虫不形成的单系。云南窗萤荧光素酶在大肠杆菌中表达的条带大约70 kDa,并且在有荧光素存在时发出黄绿色荧光。对荧光素酶的结构模拟和分析表明,云南窗萤荧光素酶基因的氨基端和羧基端结构域之间的裂沟处存在这5个多肽环,这正是从其他荧光素酶推测得到的催化荧光反应时的底物结合位点。云南窗萤和窗萤属的其他3种萤火虫的荧光素酶相比,有13个不同氨基酸位点,位于模拟分子结构的表面。对于这些多肽环、不同氨基酸残基和晶体结构的进一步研究有利于解释日行和夜行性萤火虫荧光素酶的差异。     

中国萤火虫云南窗萤荧光素酶cDNA的克隆表达和序列分析

从一种来自中国日行性萤火虫(云南窗萤)发光器官mRNA中克隆、测序并表达了有功能的荧光素酶.云南窗萤荧光素酶的cDNA序列有1647个碱基,编码548个氨基酸残基.从推测得到的氨基酸序列的比对分析得出:云南窗萤的荧光素酶与来自Lampyris noctiluca,L.turkestanicus和Nyctophila cf.caucasica三种萤火虫的荧光素酶有97.8%的序列一致性.从推测得出的氨基酸序列进行系统发育分析,其结果表明:云南窗萤和Lampyris Nyctophila聚在一起,与同属的发光强夜行性的萤火虫不形成的单系.云南窗萤荧光素酶在大肠杆菌中表达的条带大约70kDa,并且在有荧光素存在时发出黄绿色荧光.对荧光素酶的结构模拟和分析表明,云南窗萤荧光素酶基因的氨基端和羧基端结构域之间的裂沟处存在这5个多肽环,这正是从其他荧光素酶推测得到的催化荧光反应时的底物结合位点.云南窗萤和窗萤属的其他3种萤火虫的荧光素酶卡目比,有13个不同氨基酸位点,位于模拟分子结构的表面.对于这些多肽环、不刚氨基酸残基和晶体结构的进一步研究有利于解释日行和夜行性萤火虫荧光素酶的差异.     

云南窗萤的形态学及其生物学特性（鞘翅目：萤科）

研究了云南窗萤卵到成虫不同发育阶段的形态学。根据野外观察和实验室饲养结果,记录了其生物学特性。卵、幼虫、蛹和雌成虫可发弱光,但雄成虫仅在受刺激时才发出更弱的光,云南窗萤可归属于昼行性萤火虫,而化学信号则是其雌雄在求偶时的主要识别方式。     

条背萤幼虫水生适应性形态与游泳行为研究

研究了条背萤Luciolasubstriata幼虫的形态特征及其对游泳行为的适应。形态及扫描电镜观察发现,条背萤幼虫存在二态现象。1～2龄幼虫虫体扁平,多毛。有7对呼吸鳃,分别位于腹部第1～7节。3～6龄幼虫虫体扁平呈船形,无呼吸鳃,靠气管呼吸。二者均具有扁平桨状的足、燕尾状尾节及位于尾节末端的圆柱形粘附器官。条背萤幼虫游动时身体腹面朝上,呈仰泳姿态,足向后划水。3～6龄幼虫仰泳时足共有8种摆动姿势。幼虫仰泳时足摆动1个周期所需时间为(0.611±0.16)s。腹部末端可上下左右摆动,当幼虫向前游动时,尾部上下摆动1个周期所需时间为(1.795±0.44)s。幼虫的游泳速度为(0.85±0.16)mh。仰泳中的幼虫改变方向时,头部和尾部同时向身体的一侧弯曲,当头部与尾部呈近90°时,幼虫用力将尾部伸直,此时水产生一个反作用力继续推动幼虫转向,幼虫转向的范围为0～90°。条背萤2种类型幼虫呼吸系统的不同决定着幼虫外部形态的差异及游泳行为的不同,而导致这种呼吸系统、形态及运动行为不同的原因很可能是条背萤对环境的适应性进化。     

窗胸萤生物学特性及其幼虫肠道细菌种类的研究

对一种陆栖萤火虫窗胸萤(Pyrocoelis analis Fabricius)的生物学特性及其幼虫的肠道细菌进行了研究。结果表明:窗胸萤在24℃下从卵发育到成虫平均(349.50±8.15)d,其卵期、幼虫期、蛹期及成虫期分别为(117.22±0.90)d、(184.92±18.56)d、(12.65±1.09)d和(15.60±3.85)d;在其5龄幼虫中分离纯化出埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、金色单胞菌属(Chryseomonas)、放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)、摩根氏菌属(Morganella)、李斯特菌属(Listeria)、金杆菌属(Aureobacterium)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、地杆菌属(Terrabacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和黄杆菌属(Flavibacterium)共10个细菌菌株。     

三叶虫萤各龄期幼虫形态描述

本文详细描述了三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri各龄期幼虫的外部形态,并初步研究了幼虫的蜕皮过程。三叶虫萤幼虫共8龄,随龄期增大,体色会逐渐加深,体表从3龄开始长出刚毛并逐渐变得硬而尖锐,发光器逐渐变得清晰至突出于体表,臀足着生的多节纤毛逐渐变得长而密,且颜色逐渐变深。幼虫会依附辅助物蜕皮,蜕皮后的幼虫体色由浅粉色逐渐鞣化固定。本文为三叶虫萤的养殖和产业化应用提供了基础数据。     

三种瘤背豆象幼虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究

本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板型电泳法 ,分析了 3种瘤背豆象属豆象 :绿豆象 Callosobruchuschinensis L.、灰豆象 C.phaseoli ( Gyllenhal)、鹰嘴豆象 C.analis ( Fabricius)幼虫的酯酶同工酶。从酶谱的酶带数、迁移率、酶活性强弱 (酶带染色深浅 )、酶含量 (酶带宽窄 )等方面的比较发现 ,3种瘤背豆象属豆象幼虫的酯酶同工酶酶谱具有明显的差异。由此探讨利用酯酶同工酶电泳法鉴别豆象的可能性     

云南星云湖长臀云南鳅两性异形及其生境适应性

云南鳅属鱼类是云贵高原及邻近区域特有鱼类,其独特两性异形现象可能是对喀斯特高原特定生境的一种重要适应。本文对云南星云湖特有鱼类长臀云南鳅两性异形、个体繁殖力及与之关联的雌雄摄食分化问题进行了研究,以揭示其两性异形特征并探讨其与生境的关系。结果表明: 长臀云南鳅两性异形指数为0.23,表明它是偏向于雌性体型较大的两性异形类型。同时,雌雄外部形态存在明显的色斑差异,雌鱼体侧密布横向色斑,而雄鱼体侧则有一明显的纵向条纹,横向色斑稀少或缺乏。单因素方差分析、主成分分析、判别分析及单因素相似性分析(ANOSIM)等进一步证实长臀云南鳅雌雄形态性状明显分离,全长、叉长、体长、头宽/头长、腹鳍起点-胸鳍起点(JK)/体长等对两性形态差异起主导作用。雌鱼繁殖力为(1364.5±489.3)粒,变化幅度为470~2430粒,其繁殖力随体长的增长而增大。食物分析显示,长臀云南鳅以摇蚊幼虫、蜉蝣稚虫为主要食物,食性较为狭窄。雌雄长臀云南鳅食物组成较为相似,但两者具有统计学意义上的显著差异。繁殖力选择压力、食物分化等可能对星云湖长臀云南鳅两性异形的形成起重要驱动作用,而两性异形的出现是长臀云南鳅对喀斯特贫营养龙潭生境的一种重要适应。     

Morphological aspects of the third instar larva of Haematobia irritans

The main morphological features of the cephalic region of the larva of Haematobia irritans (L.) are the oral grooves, tripartite labium and the antennomaxillary protuberances that have the dorsal, terminal and ventral sensory organs. The total number of sensilla that are found on the terminal organ differs from other cyclorrhaphous-fly larvae. The fan-shaped anterior spiracles usually consist of seven bulbous digits that are unequal in length. The creeping welts consist of notched, convex plates that split into two separate plates as they approach the midline of the venter. This characteristic has not been described previously for this species or other, higher, dipterous larvae. There are two posterior spiracles with an ecdysial scar, four fan-shaped and branching spiracular hairs and irregularly-shaped spiracular openings. The longitudinal anal opening is situated in the cuticular band that is known as the anal organ.     

The Spectral Distribution of Firefly Light. II

The in vivo peak emission wavelengths of bioluminescence are reported for 15 species of American fireflies. A spectrophotometric study of the dorsal light organs of 155 specimens of the Jamaican firefly Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus showed three distinct color distributions with peak emission wavelengths at 550.1 ± 1.5 mµ, 556.8 ± 1.4 mµ, and 562.4 ± 1.0 mµ. Similar spectral measurements of 35 ventral light organs of the same insects gave peak emission wavelengths ranging from 547 through 594 mµ. This is a wider distribution than the total range of all 34 species of firefly studied to date. There was no obvious correlation between the colors of the ventral and dorsal light organs. It appears that P. plagiophthalamus is a special case in which the luciferase enzyme is not only different among members of the same species, but it may be different for the dorsal and ventral light organs in a single individual. A minimum of six different luciferase molecules for P. plagiophthalamus ventral light organs is proposed. The statistical precision in making these spectrophotometric measurements is discussed.     

Description of Paeon asymboli n. sp. (Copepoda: Sphyriidae), parasitic on Asymbolus spp. (catsharks) and a new host record for P. australis Kabata, 1993

Paeon asymboli n. sp. (Copepoda: Sphyriidae) is described and illustrated from two female specimens taken from the gills of a grey spotted catshark Asymbolus analis (Ogilby) and an orange spotted catshark A. rubiginosus (Last, Gomon & Gledhill) (Scyliorhinidae) from off southeastern Queensland, Australia. The key features for identification are: a pear-shaped trunk, longer than it is wide, along with a cephalothorax characterised by two large ventral papillae, projecting laterally and supporting a number of secondary lobes; a single mid-line, sub-conical papilla located antero-dorsal to the ventral papillae; an anterior surface bearing two prominent stalked papillae; and an absence of posterolateral lobular processes. P. australis Kabata, 1993 is recorded for the first time from the eastern shovelnose ray Aptychotrema rostrata (Shaw & Nodder) (Rhinobatidae).     

Heavily exploited but poorly known: systematics and biogeography of commercially harvested pythons (Python curtus group) in Southeast Asia

More than 100000 blood pythons (brongersmai) and short-tailed pythons (curtus and breitensteini) are taken from Borneo and Sumatra each year for the commercial leather trade. Traditionally, all have been treated as a single polytypic species (Python curtus) , with three subspecies differing in colour, size and geographic distribution. Analyses of DNA sequences and morphological data clarify the phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy and biogeography of this group. The lineage is monophyletic, and each of the three subspecies differs from the other two both morphologically and genetically. Given the morphological and genetic distinctiveness of each taxon, we here elevate the three subspecies to full species status. Python brongersmai is the most distinctive in terms of colour (of the three, only brongersmai has colour-morphs that are red or orange), size (it grows to 2.6 m, vs. approx. 2.0 m for the other taxa), and scalation (e.g. brongersmai has <166 ventral scales, vs. <166 in the other taxa and has two supralabials over each orbit, vs. one supralabial for the other two taxa). In terms of cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA sequence data, brongersmai is almost as distant genetically from the short-tailed pythons (8.9% divergence) as is the reticulated python (P. reticulatus: 10.3% divergence). The other two taxa (P. breitensteini from Kalimantan and P. curtus from western and southern Sumatra) are closely related (3% divergence), despite their disjunct distribution (separated by P. brongersmai). Sea-level fluctuations provide a plausible biogeographic scenario to explain phylogenetic divergence within this lineage. Given the distinctiveness of the component taxa, and the ease with which even dried skins can be identified to species level (based on ventral counts), the managers of this important commercial resource should no longer treat the P. curtus group as a single biological taxon.     

Petasiger oschmarini n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in the grebes Podiceps grisegena (Bod.) and P. auritus (L.) (Aves: Podicipedidae) from Kamchatka,Russia

A re-examination of three sets of trematodes collected in two species of grebes, Podiceps grisegena and P. auritus, from the Kamchatka region of eastern Russia, previously identified as Petasiger neocomense, revealed that they actually represent a new species, which is named Petasiger oschmarini. Characteristic morphological features of the new species include: a head collar possessing a constant number of 19 spines; a large cirrus-sac comparable in size to the ventral sucker, containing a bipartite seminal vesicle and a well-developed pars prostatica; a large bulb-like cirrus similar in size to the testes; a long forebody; a long oesophagus; testes situated obliquely or symmetrically; and lateral vitelline fields which are not confluent in the forebody. The new species is distinguished from all Palaearctic and Nearctic members of Petasiger which possess 19 collar spines. The material described by Oschmarin (1950) as P. neocomense is considered to be conspecific.