γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗多胺代谢的影响

以‘西域一号’甜瓜为试验材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了低氧胁迫下外源添加γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对甜瓜幼苗多胺代谢的影响.结果表明：与通气对照相比,低氧胁迫处理的甜瓜幼苗谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)活性和GABA含量显著提高,同时多胺合成酶活性提高诱导多胺含量显著增加,但二胺氧化酶(DAO)和多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性也显著提高;根系精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)活性提高幅度较大,导致根系游离态腐胺含量较高,而叶片鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性提高幅度较大,导致叶片游离态亚精胺(Spd)含量较高;根系游离态DAO和PAO活性显著低于叶片,其细胞壁结合态PAO活性显著高于叶片.与低氧胁迫处理相比,低氧胁迫下外源添加GABA处理的甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系中GABA和谷氨酸含量均显著提高,而GAD活性显著降低;精氨酸、鸟氨酸、甲硫氨酸含量的提高促使多胺合成酶活性显著提高,从而诱导多胺含量显著增加,DAO和PAO活性显著降低.     

γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用营养液水培方法,研究了低氧胁迫下外源γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对甜瓜幼苗光合色素含量、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明：低氧胁迫导致甜瓜幼苗光合色素含量显著下降,光合作用降低;外源GABA能显著提高正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、CO₂羧化效率、最大光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数、表观光合电子传递速率和PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率,而气孔限制值、初始荧光和非光化学猝灭系数显著降低,GABA在低氧胁迫下的提高效果更明显;同时添加GABA和GABA转氨酶抑制剂γ-乙烯基-γ-氨基丁酸（VGB）处理显著降低了低氧胁迫下GABA对甜瓜幼苗光合特性的缓解效果.     

γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗多胺代谢的影响

以‘西域一号’甜瓜为试验材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了低氧胁迫下外源添加γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对甜瓜幼苗多胺代谢的影响.结果表明:与通气对照相比,低氧胁迫处理的甜瓜幼苗谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)活性和GABA含量显著提高,同时多胺合成酶活性提高诱导多胺含量显著增加,但二胺氧化酶(DAO)和多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性也显著提高;根系精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)活性提高幅度较大,导致根系游离态腐胺含量较高,而叶片乌氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性提高幅度较大,导致叶片游离态亚精胺(Spd)含量较高;根系游离态DAO和PAO活性显著低于叶片,其细胞壁结合态PAO活性显著高于叶片.与低氧胁迫处理相比,低氧胁迫下外源添加GABA处理的甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系中GABA和谷氨酸含量均显著提高,而GAD活性显著降低;精氨酸、鸟氨酸、甲硫氨酸含量的提高促使多胺合成酶活性显著提高,从而诱导多胺含量显著增加,DAO和PAO活性显著降低.     

γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用营养液水培方法,研究了低氧胁迫下外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对甜瓜幼苗光合色素含量、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:低氧胁迫导致甜瓜幼苗光合色素含量显著下降,光合作用降低;外源GABA能显著提高正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、CO2羧化效率、最大光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数、表观光合电子传递速率和PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率,而气孔限制值、初始荧光和非光化学猝灭系数显著降低,GABA在低氧胁迫下的提高效果更明显;同时添加GABA和GABA转氨酶抑制剂γ-乙烯基-γ-氨基丁酸(VGB)处理显著降低了低氧胁迫下GABA对甜瓜幼苗光合特性的缓解效果.     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以甜瓜品种‘西域一号’幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方法,设置正常通气(对照)、正常通气+GABA(5mmol.L-1)、低氧胁迫、低氧胁迫+GABA(5mmol.L-1)4个处理,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:与正常通气处理相比,低氧胁迫处理导致甜瓜幼苗体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量显著增加,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量显著提高。低氧胁迫下外源GABA能显著提高甜瓜幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、APX、GR等酶活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低了植株体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量;而正常通气条件下添加外源GABA处理对甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响较小,仅CAT、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量显著提高,而H2O2、MDA含量显著降低。结果证明,添加外源GABA可以通过显著提高低氧胁迫下抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来降低甜瓜幼苗活性氧积累,维持其细胞膜结构稳定性,从而有效减轻低氧胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的伤害。     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗NO3--N同化的影响

以盐敏感型甜瓜品种‘一品天下208’为试材,用80 mmol·L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂模拟设施土壤盐渍化,采用深液流水培,研究外源 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下甜瓜幼苗硝态氮(NO₃^--N)同化的影响.结果表明: Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫显著降低了甜瓜幼苗体内硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性,增强了谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,导致铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和游离氨基酸含量增加,NO₃^--N和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,植株生长和光合作用受到严重抑制.Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,外源喷施GABA有效促进了甜瓜根系对NO₃^--N的吸收及其向地上部的转运,并通过增强NR、GS和GOGAT活性提高了甜瓜幼苗对NH₄⁺的同化力;通过抑制GDH脱氨作用减少了甜瓜幼苗体内NH₄⁺的释放量,从而缓解了盐诱导产生的NH₄⁺-N积累所造成的氨毒害作用;外源喷施GABA也能调节甜瓜组织中氨基酸代谢途径,促进蛋白质的合成.表明外源GABA能增强甜瓜幼苗对NO₃^--N的同化能力,调控氨基酸代谢,进而有效缓解Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的盐伤害作用.     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗NO3——N同化的影响

以盐敏感型甜瓜品种‘一品天下208’为试材,用80 mmol·L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂模拟设施土壤盐渍化,采用深液流水培,研究外源 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下甜瓜幼苗硝态氮(NO₃^--N)同化的影响.结果表明: Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫显著降低了甜瓜幼苗体内硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性,增强了谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,导致铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和游离氨基酸含量增加,NO₃^--N和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,植株生长和光合作用受到严重抑制.Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,外源喷施GABA有效促进了甜瓜根系对NO₃^--N的吸收及其向地上部的转运,并通过增强NR、GS和GOGAT活性提高了甜瓜幼苗对NH₄⁺的同化力;通过抑制GDH脱氨作用减少了甜瓜幼苗体内NH₄⁺的释放量,从而缓解了盐诱导产生的NH₄⁺-N积累所造成的氨毒害作用;外源喷施GABA也能调节甜瓜组织中氨基酸代谢途径,促进蛋白质的合成.表明外源GABA能增强甜瓜幼苗对NO₃^--N的同化能力,调控氨基酸代谢,进而有效缓解Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的盐伤害作用.     

亚低温条件下外源褪黑素对甜瓜幼苗氮代谢及渗透调节物质的影响

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’幼苗为试材,利用人工气候室进行亚低温处理(昼/夜18 ℃/ 12 ℃)6 d,研究外源褪黑素（MT）对亚低温条件下甜瓜幼苗叶片氮代谢酶\[硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)\]活性、叶片总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,亚低温处理降低了甜瓜总氮、硝态氮及硝酸还原酶活性,增加了铵态氮含量,抑制了甜瓜幼苗的生长.外源MT可显著提高亚低温下甜瓜幼苗氮代谢酶的活性,尤其可显著提高叶片GS和GOGAT活性,从而有效降低铵态氮含量;外源MT还可以提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的含量,进而降低了亚低温对细胞膜的伤害,表现为甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量较低.总之,在亚低温条件下,外源MT在一定程度上可通过降低甜瓜叶片铵态氮含量和促进渗透调节物质的积累,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增加其对亚低温的适应性.     

外源Spd对盐碱胁迫下番茄幼苗氮代谢及主要矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培方法,研究了盐碱与Spd处理对两品种番茄（中杂9号和金棚朝冠）幼苗氮代谢及主要矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明： 盐碱胁迫下,番茄幼苗干生物量显著减少,植株生长受到抑制;叶片和根系硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性及硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、全N、全K、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量显著降低,铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、Na⁺含量显著增加;两品种叶片及中杂9号根系谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性显著升高,金棚朝冠根系GDH活性变化不显著;叶片全P含量显著降低,根系全P含量显著升高（金棚朝冠）或无显著变化（中杂9号）.Spd处理通过增强NR、GS、GOGAT活性提高了植株对NH₄⁺的同化利用率,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫导致的氮代谢紊乱,进而促进不同器官对P、K、Ca、Mg、Na的吸收、释放或转运,在一定程度上维持了各元素之间的相对平衡,从而增强植株对逆境的适应能力.此外,盐碱对中杂9号的抑制作用及外源Spd对其氮代谢紊乱和营养失衡的缓解作用高于金棚朝冠.     

亚低温条件下外源褪黑素对甜瓜幼苗氮代谢及渗透调节物质的影响

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’幼苗为试材,利用人工气候室进行亚低温处理(昼/夜18℃/12℃)6 d,研究外源褪黑素(MT)对亚低温条件下甜瓜幼苗叶片氮代谢酶[硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)]活性、叶片总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,亚低温处理降低了甜瓜总氮、硝态氮及硝酸还原酶活性,增加了铵态氮含量,抑制了甜瓜幼苗的生长.外源MT可显著提高亚低温下甜瓜幼苗氮代谢酶的活性,尤其可显著提高叶片GS和GOGAT活性,从而有效降低铵态氮含量;外源MT还可以提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的含量,进而降低了亚低温对细胞膜的伤害,表现为甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量较低.总之,在亚低温条件下,外源MT在一定程度上可通过降低甜瓜叶片铵态氮含量和促进渗透调节物质的积累,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增加其对亚低温的适应性.     

Contribution of Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) to salt stress responses of Nicotiana sylvestris CMSII mutant and wild type plants

Plants accumulate high levels of Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in response to different environmental stresses and GABA metabolism has different functions such as osmotic and pH regulation, bypass of tricarboxylic acid cycle, and C:N balance. The cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) II mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris has a deletion in the mitochondrial gene nad7 which encodes the NAD7 subunit of complex I which causes increased leaf respiration, impaired photosynthesis, slower growth and increased amino acid levels. In this study we aimed to elucidate the role of GABA and GABA metabolism in different genotypes of the same plant system under salt stress (100mM NaCl) in short (24h) and long (7, 14 and 21 days) terms. We have investigated the differences in leaf fresh and dry weights, relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency (F(v)/F(m)), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.4) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) enzyme activities, GABA content and GAD gene expression profiles. GDH activity showed variations in CMSII and wild type (WT) plants in the first 24h. GAD gene expression profiles were in good agreement with the GAD enzyme activity levels in CMSII and WT plants after 24h. In long-term salinity, GAD activities increased in WT but, decreased in CMSII. GABA accumulation in WT and CMSII plants in short and long term was induced by salt stress. Variations in GDH and GAD activities in relation to GABA levels were discussed and GABA metabolism has been proposed to be involved in better performance of CMSII plants under long term salinity.     

NaCl对水稻谷氨酸合酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的胁迫作用

在ＮａＣｌ的胁迫下,水稻幼苗根和叶的谷氨酸合酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的活性随着营养液中的ＮａＣｌ浓度的升高而降低;游离ＮＨ４＾＋在叶中积累,在根中未见明显变化。与根相比,叶对ＮａＣｌ的胁迫作用更为敏感。叶的ＮＡＤＨ－ＧＯＧＡＴ和ＮＡＤＨ－ＧＤＨ活性在ＮａＣｌ胁迫降低的程度明显大于根。无论是否有ＮａＣｌ存在,根的ＮＡＤＨ－ＧＤＨ活性明显高于叶。ＧＳ／ＧＤＨ比值分析提示,对对照下,根中的ＮＨ４＾存在,根的ＮＡ     

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Modulates Nitrate Concentrations and Metabolism in the Leaves of Pakchoi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica campestris</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">chinensis</Emphasis> Makino) Treated with a Nitrogen-Rich Solution

Pakchoi plants were grown in 32 mM NO₃^? nutrient solution with or without 2.5 mM γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to investigate metabolite changes, gene and protein expression levels, and the activities of key enzymes related to nitrate metabolism in the leaves over a period of 0–12 days. High-nitrogen treatment enhanced plant growth and the NO₃^?, NO₂^?, NH₄⁺, Gln, and Glu contents in the leaves; promoted the gene and protein expression of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD); and increased the activities of NR, nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and GAD. The endogenous GABA concentration in the leaves was enhanced in parallel with the increase in GAD activity. The GABA-treated leaves displayed the greatest increases in the gene and protein expression levels of NR and GAD and in the activities of NR, NiR, GS, GOGAT, and GAD. In addition, accelerated rates of nitrate reduction and assimilation were detected, and these changes occurred concurrently with the observed increases in gene or protein expression and enzyme activity. As a result, the concentrations of NH₄⁺, Gln, Glu, and endogenous GABA were significantly elevated, and the NO₃^? and NO₂^? contents were significantly decreased, in GABA-treated leaves compared with plants exposed to nitrogen-rich conditions. Our results reveal a potential positive that GABA may act as a nitrogen source to improve the plant growth and the most prominent effect of decreasing nitrate contents by accelerating NO₃^? reduction and assimilation. Exogenous GABA plays an important role in reducing the NO₃^? content of leaves, and thereby improves the ability to harvest leafy vegetables containing higher levels of endogenous GABA.