梨小食心虫成虫性比、日羽化节律及活动规律

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是我国重要的果树害虫,本文利用室内饲养观察、室外田间模拟、果园采集饲养等方法系统研究了梨小食心虫成虫的性比及日羽化节律;并利用性诱剂、糖醋液、黑光灯等诱集梨小食心虫成虫,研究了梨小食心虫成虫的活动规律。结果表明:1、田间采集调查表明,梨小食心虫成虫雌雄比例为1∶1.143,室内饲养雌雄比例为1∶1.708。2、梨小食心虫成虫羽化时间主要集中在4:00—10:00,其中以6:00—8:00羽化率最高;梨小食心虫在室外羽化时间比室内推迟2 h左右,室外梨小食心虫比室内普遍晚4 d羽化,这可能与室外温度和光照条件有关;雌虫羽化较雄虫早1² d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.12 d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.1¹.7,主要在早晨及上午羽化,雌虫较雄虫先羽化;在果园活动时间主要为晚上20:00—22:00。本结果可为梨小食心虫的田间性诱剂监测和诱捕、迷向防治提供指导。     

湖北老河口梨小食心虫成虫发生规律及综合防治效果

【目的】为了寻找湖北省老河口梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)的最佳防治时期,推广使用无公害防控技术,减少化学药剂的使用。【方法】分别调查了梨小食心虫在梨园及桃园的发生规律,释放赤眼蜂的生物防治效果,糖醋酒液、三角形诱捕器、黄板的物理防治效果,以及性信息素迷向防治效果。【结果】结果表明,桃园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在4月中下旬,梨园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在5月下旬、6月上旬、8月中旬前。防治效果上,释放赤眼蜂生物防治措施、配比为红糖∶白酒∶食用醋:水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液诱捕器的物理防治措施、迷向丝及迷向素的迷向措施均有替代化学防治措施的潜力。【结论】综合防治能够有效控制梨园梨小食心虫发生量,减少化学防治频次,为建立稳定的梨园生态系统及生产无公害水果提供了帮助。     

梨小食心虫和苹小卷叶蛾在桃园的发生规律与防治

通过对山西临汾桃园苹小卷叶蛾(以下简称苹小)Adoxophyes orana(Fischer von Rosslerstamm)、梨小食心虫(以下简称梨小)Grapholita molesta(Busck)的调查,明确山西临汾桃园苹小和梨小的发生规律,苹小和梨小均是临汾桃园的重要害虫,梨小和苹小不仅种群数量在年度间波动较大,而且种群动态的趋势在年度间也不一致。首次指明梨小的化蛹场所,梨小在树上寻找多种类型的隐蔽处化蛹。苹小对糖醋液的趋性显著强于对性诱剂的趋性,梨小对性诱剂的趋性显著强于对糖醋液的趋性,根据苹小梨小对糖醋液和性诱剂的趋性特点和他们各虫态的发育历期,对桃园苹小和梨小的防治提出较为合理的思路。     

梨小食心虫生物防治研究进展

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)是世界性分布的果树主要害虫之一,可危害多种果树。多年来,过度依赖化学农药防治梨小食心虫效果并不理想,且杀伤天敌、污染环境、导致农药残留。利用自然天敌防治梨小食心虫高效、无毒、无污染,符合当前社会对环保的要求。本文结合前人工作,从病原微生物、寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、性信息素、化学信息物质等方面,综述了梨小食心虫生物防治的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

梨小食心虫的产卵选择性

为了准确掌握梨小食心虫的产卵特性,研究模拟室外条件下该虫在不同寄主果树的叶片、桃枝不同部位及不同品种桃果上的产卵偏好.结果表明: 梨小食心虫成虫对7种寄主果树叶片的产卵偏好由高至低依次为:桃＞樱桃＞苹果＞李＞梨＞海棠＞杏.在桃树叶片上的产卵量占总产卵量的33.5%,平均单叶卵量达8.3粒;虫卵在不同寄主叶片正、反两面的分布有所差异,苹果和海棠叶片正面卵量多于背面,桃、李、梨、杏叶背面卵量多于正面,桃叶背面卵量是正面的3.3倍,樱桃叶两面卵量差异不明显;该虫在桃枝上产卵部位选择顺序为:叶片＞托叶＞叶柄＞枝条,叶片是其主要产卵部位,占总产卵量的88.7%;梨小食心虫在桃枝上主要选择靠近顶端未展叶的前10片桃叶背面产卵,前10叶卵量占总产卵量的725%,其中第3片叶上产卵最多,占9.3%;第25叶以后仅占总产卵量的1.1%;在不同类型桃果上的产卵偏好次序为:油桃＞蟠桃＞毛桃;绒毛疏密及其特点是影响梨小食心虫在寄主果树叶片和果实上产卵选择的首要因素.     

梨小食心虫迷向液剂的制备及应用研究

【目的】解决梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)迷向丝和迷向管在田间防治使用时悬挂数量多、人工费时等问题,并实现梨小食心虫性信息素在整个防治区域均匀释放。【方法】采用相分离法制备获得了稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂,并参考《农药田间使用准则》进行了田间应用技术研究。【结果】在6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂后,150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理区的平均蛀果率分别为0.17%和0.13%,对照处理的平均蛀果率为1.75%,而未施药果园的平均蛀果率为5.04%。梨小食心虫迷向液剂150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理对梨小食心虫的防治效果显著好于对照处理和未施药处理。【结论】相分离法可制备稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂。6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂150²00 g/667m2对梨小食心虫成虫进行防治,可获得良好的迷向和防治效果,梨小食心虫迷向液剂的成功制备对于生产无公害和有机水果具有较好的经济和社会效益。     

我国梨小食心虫综合防治研究进展

近年来,由于农业产业结构的调整,我国北方果树栽培种类日益增多、种植面积不断扩大。重要果树害虫梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)为害大幅回升、危害逐年增加。针对这一情况,在西北、东北和华北3个北方果树生产代表区域建立50余个监测示范点,开展了梨小食心虫的生物生态学规律及综合防治技术的研究、集成与示范。研究结果表明,气候变化和种植结构对梨小食心虫发生规律有显著影响。全球气候变暖条件下,梨小食心虫年发生世代呈增加趋势;在果树混栽区域,晚熟桃为梨小食心虫的主要越冬场所。防治技术方面,在对梨小食心虫常规农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治技术组装配套的基础上,重点开展了高效节水诱捕器、国产迷向产品研发及标准化应用技术、优势天敌饲养及释放技术、专用农药研发及农药减量化技术等研究工作。前瞻性地研发了植物源诱捕剂及迷向新剂型等贮备技术。最后针对当前梨小食心虫防治工作中存在的问题和不足,确定了下一步的研究方向:(1)全球气候变暖对梨小食心虫发生动态的影响;(2)梨小食心虫成虫不同寄主间的转移规律;(3)梨小食心虫的抗性监测技术和快速诊断试剂盒研制;(4)梨小食心虫的抗性分子机理与抗性治理技术。     

福建桃、梨果蛀虫及梨小食心虫初步研究

本文报道福建省桃、梨果蛀虫概况及梨小食心虫的初步研究和防治意见。     

不同光周期处理蛹对梨小食心虫羽化及交配繁殖的影响

【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)是世界性的蛀果类害虫,发生期和危害范围的分布较广。在不同分布区和发生期内接受的光周期均不同。实验室前期研究结果显示,梨小食心虫具有明显的节律性,具体表现在其羽化和交配行为的发生时间随接受光照时长而波动。为了探究不同光周期刺激蛹对梨小食心虫羽化以及对随后交配繁殖的影响。【方法】本实验分别设置L:D为0:24、2:22、4:20、8:16、12:12、15:9、16:8、20:4、22:2、24:0共10种比例的光周期,对梨小食心虫的蛹进行处理,并将成功羽化的成虫置于自然环境下配对,观察并记录蛹历期、交尾日龄、交配持续时间、交配率、繁殖量和成虫寿命。【结果】试验结果表明:对梨小食心虫蛹进行处理,除繁殖量无显著差异外,其他指标均有显著差异。在8L:16D时蛹期最短,交配率和繁殖量在全暗时最低,交尾日龄在全光时最高。雌虫寿命在12L:12D时最长,雄虫寿命在2L:22D时最长。【结论】蛹接受不同光周期刺激后,不仅对羽化产生显著影响,而且对其交配繁殖也产生显著影响。这种影响方式会带来不同分布区世代数、世代周期和发生量上的差异,并且与纬度关系密切。在自然环境中,光周期除带来温度变化间接影响梨小食心虫的发生外,同样可以对其发生进行直接调节,并且梨小食心虫对这种变化具有一定的预判性。     

颜色对梨小食心虫产卵选择性的影响

梨小食心虫(Grapholitha molesta Busck)是一种重要的果树害虫,早春产卵喜在桃嫩梢叶上,为探明寄主颜色在其产卵选择中的作用,利用彩色卡纸模拟寄主颜色,室内比较了红、粉红、浅粉、橙黄、深黄、浅黄、青绿、深绿、浅绿、蓝、紫、褐色等12种不同颜色基质对其成虫产卵选择性的影响。结果发现:基质颜色对梨小食心虫的产卵选择性有显著影响,其产卵偏嗜浅黄和浅绿色,白色和黑色参比时其产卵选择率分别依次为68.9%、63.8%和64.1%、65.5%,蓝和浅粉色则表现一定的拒避作用,白色和黑色参比时其产卵选择率分别依次为47.7%、40.4%和47.2%、42.7%,且参比色对其产卵选择性影响差异显著。基质颜色对其产卵量亦有显著性影响,无论黑或白色参比,黄、绿颜色上的产卵量均较多,尤其是深黄、深绿和青绿色。基质颜色对1—7日龄梨小食心虫成虫的产卵选择性均有显著影响。白色参比时,2、3日龄蛾对浅绿和浅黄色的产卵选择率显著高于其他颜色;黑色参比时,2日龄时明显偏嗜浅绿色(79.7%),6日龄时明显偏嗜浅黄色(74.8%)。表明寄主颜色在梨小食心虫产卵场所选择中具有重要作用,为其卵期监测和防控中颜色应用乃至进一步揭示其产卵寄主选择机理提供了依据和参考。     

梨小食心虫化学通信中的信息物质

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta Busck是我国北方果区发生的重要害虫。当前对该虫的防治主要依赖化学农药, 但引起的害虫抗药性、 杀伤天敌和环境污染等问题非常严重。食心虫自身的信息素、 寄主/非寄主的他感化学物质对于调节其配偶选择和寄主定位起着至关重要的作用, 基于信息化学物质的害虫管理策略为果园食心虫的治理提供了新的途径。本文综述了国内外有关梨小食心虫化学信息物质研究进展, 包括雌蛾释放的性信息素组分及对雄、 雌两性的引诱, 雄蛾释放的信息素, 利用性信息素的迷向研究, 寄主植物挥发性引诱物质的鉴定和筛选, 以及梨小食心虫寄主转换机制等方面的研究现状和存在的问题。具体来说, 雌蛾的性信息素包括顺-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、反-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇和十二碳-1-醇, 各个组分的比例在地理种群间存在变异。在室内, 通过行为试验证实两种醋酸酯对雄蛾的引诱是必不可少的, 微量的顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇对二元组分起到增效作用。在田间, 上述3种物质组成的诱芯具有较强的活性; 由此开发的性信息素迷向技术（人工迷向丝、 可喷施的微胶囊和蜡滴）被用于梨小食心虫交配干扰, 取得了很好的效果。梨小食心虫最主要的寄主植物桃梢挥发物包括22种化合物, 其中绿叶挥发物占到50%, 行为生测证实6~8个碳原子的物质是主要的活性化合物。顺-3-己烯丁酸酯、顺-3-己烯醇、反-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛和苯甲腈的五组分混合物, 其引诱力与天然桃梢挥发物相当。通过钙成像试验证实, 尽管苯甲腈在桃梢天然挥发物中仅占0.14%, 但雌蛾对含有该物质的混合物有显著趋性, 该物质对梨小食心虫成功识别寄主具有重要意义。最后对梨小食心虫信息化学物质下一步的研究和应用前景进行了探讨。     

印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的防控效果研究

【目的】探索0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta的控制效果。【方法】根据梨小食心虫的生物习性,采用浸渍法和浸虫法对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄、5日龄的卵和3龄、5龄幼虫进行了杀虫活性测定,采用药膜法对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫进行毒力测定,并通过田间试验测定0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的控制效果。【结果】0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄和5日龄卵的致死中量分别为6.5195、4.5789、6.6268 mg/L,对初孵幼虫的致死中量为6.0495 mg/L,效果较好,而对3龄和5龄幼虫几乎没有杀伤作用。使用有效成分为2.0 mg/kg~3.0 mg/L的印楝素乳油在田间进行梨小食心虫防治试验时,药后5 d和10 d的防治效果在63.18%~76.22%之间,至药后15 d时,防效则下降到27%以下,果实受害明显,表明该药剂已失去控制作用。【结论】印楝素乳油不能作为防治梨小食心虫的专用药剂,仅可在其发生危害的初期,防治其他害虫时,作为兼治的药剂来使用。     

Morphology,distribution, and ultrastructural differences of sensilla trichodea and basiconica on the antennae of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

Three types of sensilla trichodea and 2 types of the shorter sensilla basiconica were identified on the antennae of Grapholitha molesta (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae). All possess a non-flexible base and cuticular pores. The 3 types of s. trichodea (A, B, and C) have similar dimensions and surface sculpturing, but differ in their ultrastructure and in being located in either the scale-covered or scale-free regions of the antennae. The 2 types of, s. basiconica (I and II) differ from one another in length, surface sculpturing, and location. Ultrastructural differences in wall thickness, number of neurons, number of dendrites and their branches and in the electron density of dendrites between the 3 types of s. trichodea and s. basiconica type I are described.All s. trichodea in the scaled region and 5 – 6% of those in the scale-free region were type A, while types B and C occurred only in the scale-free regions. Males had a significantly greater number of s. trichodea than females (P < 0.001). The increased number occurred mainly in the scale-covered regions of the antennae, where males had 2200 more s. trichodea (all of type A) than females. In the scale-free region however, males only had 700 more s. trichodea (mainly types B and C) than females. Type A s. trichodea in the scale-covered region of the flagella of male G. molesta is a most likely sensilla for tests to confirm its role in the perception of female produced pheromone.     

The effects of pheromone concentration on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta

ABSTRACT. Male oriental fruit moths, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Tortricidae), flew at lower overall and net ground velocities when they flew toward higher concentration pheromone sources. Turning frequency was greater with increased pheromone concentration, while the distance of turns from the plume axis back towards the axis decreased. Turning magnitude and inter-reversal track angles remained constant at all concentrations tested. Concomitant with the changes in ground velocity but constant inter-reversal angles, were decreases in airspeed, decreases in the moths' course angles and increases in their drift angles. The significance of these changes is discussed in relation to their possible role in a longitudinal chemoklinotactic programme of turning operating in conjunction with anemotaxis to allow location of a pheromone source in wind.     

Molecular and functional characterization of three odorant binding proteins from the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricide)

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) act in recognizing odor molecules and their most well‐studied functions are transporting odors across the sensillum lymph to olfactory receptor neurons within the insect antennal sensillum. The adults of Grapholita molesta highly depend on olfactory cues in locating host plants and selecting oviposition sites, in which OBPs play an important role in perceiving and recognizing host plant volatiles. Exploring the physiological function of OBPs could facilitate our understanding of their importance in insects’ chemical communication. In this study, three OBP genes were cloned and named GmolOBP4, GmolOBP5, and GmolOBP10. Quantitative real‐time PCR results indicated that GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 were predominantly expressed in adult antennae and GmolOBP5 was expressed in multiple tissues, including head, legs, and wings in addition to antennae. The binding affinities of the three recombinant GmolOBPs (rGmolOBPs) with four sex pheromone components and twenty‐nine host plant volatiles were measured using 1‐N‐Phenyl‐naphthylamine as a fluorescence probe. The three rGmolOBPs exhibited specific binding properties to potential ligands, GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 bound to minor sex pheromone components, such as (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl alcohol and dodecanol, respectively. rGmolOBP4 showed intermediate binding ability with hexanal, benzyl alcohol, and pear ester, rGmolOBP5 had a weak affinity for benzaldehyde, pear ester and, methyl jasmonate, and rGmolOBP10 showed strong binding capacity toward hexanol, decanol, and α‐ocimene. We speculate that the GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 have dual functions in perception and recognition of host plant volatiles and sex pheromone components, while GmolOBP5 may serve other function(s).     

梨小食心虫自动监测识别计数系统研制

针对果园梨小食心虫监测中存在的人工计数调查费力且欠准确的问题,本研究设计了一种基于性诱的害虫自动监测装置,通过构建配套的图像处理系统实现了害虫自动识别计数。应用诱芯与粘虫板相结合进行害虫诱捕;机器视觉定时采集粘虫板图像;基于Visual C#与Matlab混合编程,构建害虫自动识别计数系统。并在桃园应用研制的性诱害虫自动监测系统对梨小食心虫监测结果进行比较。结果显示:自动监测装置的平均诱捕率为89. 58%;梨小食心虫平均识别准确率为94. 11%。表明该自动监测系统的害虫诱捕率和识别准确率均高,提高了害虫监测识别的效率,在害虫监测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Mating disruption barriers in pome fruit for improved control of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) in stone fruit under mating disruption

Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is a very important pest in commercial orchards in Victoria, Australia. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption (MD) applied in stone fruit orchards successfully controlled OFM populations for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit at the edge of peach blocks located adjacent to pear blocks under insecticide treatments has become problematic. To improve protection of stone fruit against edge damage and outbreaks of OFM, all orchards were treated with sex pheromone dispensers for MD on an area‐wide basis. Area‐wide MD treatment, including all pome and stone fruit orchards in a discrete area, successfully controlled edge infestations of OFM, but was expensive. To reduce the cost of OFM control, sex pheromone dispensers for MD were applied as barrier treatments to 54–60 m of neighbouring pears adjacent to peaches under MD. Detailed monitoring of the OFM population, shoot tip and fruit damage assessments indicated that application of MD barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches. This MD barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks, with damage to shoot tips and fruit giving similar results to MD treatment of the whole neighbouring pear block. Extending the MD treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighbouring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in MD‐treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.     

Dual pheromone dispenser for combined control of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. and oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in pears

Codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM) are very important orchard pests worldwide, and particularly in Victoria, Australia, where both species damage pome fruit. Individually CM and OFM have been controlled successfully by pheromone‐mediated mating disruption, but treatment of pome fruit with full registered rates of two individual hand‐applied dispensers for CM and OFM could be uneconomical for growers. Field trials conducted over three seasons in plots sprayed with insecticides consistently demonstrated that dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers, designed to disrupt both CM and OFM, were as effective as Isomate CTT and Isomate OFM Rosso dispensers applied individually in pears for control of CM and OFM respectively. The dual‐ and individual‐species dispensers reduced moth catches and fruit damage to a similar degree. The results suggest that combined control of CM and OFM in pears by applying dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers at the full‐recommended rate of 500 dispensers per hectare will be more economical than use of individual species dispensers, because the price and application cost of dual dispenser is about half that for individual dispensers.     

果园梨小食心虫越冬幼虫与成虫发生的关系

【目的】探明梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)在果园中的越冬场所及越冬幼虫与越冬代成虫发生的关系, 为更好地防治梨小食心虫提供科学依据。【方法】选取山东省不同地区（济南、泰安、肥城、广饶、莱芜）6个代表性的果园进行系统调查, 刮树皮调查记录梨小食心虫越冬幼虫在树体上的分布和存活情况, 利用封闭纱网调查土壤中梨小食心虫越冬幼虫数量, 同时利用性诱集和糖醋液对越冬代成虫发生量进行监测, 分析同园越冬幼虫与成虫发生的关系。【结果】梨小食心虫幼虫平均越冬成活率高达62.99%; 不同果园间梨小食心虫的越冬幼虫数量差异显著（P<0.001）。 越冬场所选择更倾向于树体下部（45.10%）和中部（46.28%）以及相应的主干（28.48%）和主枝（44.24%）, 而位于树体上部(8.62%)及相应的侧枝(27.28%)的相对较少; 对树枝方位的选择没有显著差异（P>0.05）（东27.57%, 西26.13%, 南23.76%, 北22.54%）。同园越冬幼虫数量与越冬代成虫诱集数量无显著相关性。【结论】梨小食心虫以老熟幼虫在果树中、下部主干和主枝及树干周围的土壤中越冬。梨小食心虫在果园调查获得的越冬幼虫数量不能作为该果园翌年越冬代成虫发生和防治的依据, 发生危害情况还需根据周围环境情况做综合考虑。