极端微生物及其适应机理的研究进展

极端微生物是生物对极端环境适应的特殊种类 ,研究极端微生物的特性对探索生命的起源、微生物的育种及开发利用等具有重要意义。从嗜热微生物、嗜冷菌和耐冷菌、极端嗜酸微生物、嗜碱微生物、嗜盐微生物、嗜压微生物等方面总结了极端微生物及其适应机理的多样性以及其研究进展 ,旨在为极端微生物的开发利用提供一定的参考依据。     

微生物对昆虫行为的影响研究进展

在漫长的进化过程中,微生物与昆虫形成了多种形式的互作关系.微生物的广泛分布为与昆虫接触并影响昆虫的行为提供了背景条件.为了深入探究微生物影响昆虫行为的现象和机制,本文综述了微生物影响昆虫行为方面的研究进展.微生物通过产生可被昆虫识别的化学信号物质、参与昆虫或寄主植物信息化合物的合成等方式可影响昆虫对其寄主的定位和选择....     

Filing of microorganism strains for patent claims in the Soviet Union

The modern state of depositing microorganisms with regard to patent procedure is considered. The main stages of depositing are described. Two questions of paramount importance for depositors are examined, i.e. what kind of microorganisms should not be deposited with regard to patent procedure, who and on what terms can get samples of deposited microorganisms from the collection. A number of recommendations for researchers potential depositors of microorganisms, are given.     

昆虫体外共生菌研究进展

昆虫体外共生菌是指能在体外与宿主发生互利共生关系的微生物。体外共生菌虽然不如肠道微生物那样普遍存在于昆虫中,但也在宿主生长发育过程中扮演着重要的角色。昆虫体外共生菌一般寄生于昆虫体表或体内特异器官(如储菌器),在特定时期转移到植物组织中。体外共生菌产生的挥发物能作为宿主定位寄主植物的信号物质,能为宿主提供生长发育所需的营养物质,还参与了宿主体外免疫。对昆虫体外共生菌的研究,不仅能进一步揭示昆虫与微生物之间的互作关系,丰富昆虫共生菌的研究,还能从共生菌的角度探索害虫引诱剂和昆虫免疫豁免机制。本文对昆虫体外共生菌寄生方式、传播途径、对宿主的影响等研究成果进行了综述,旨在为害虫综合防控提供新思路。     

Pathogenomics of non-pathogens

Analysing the genomes of non-pathogenic microorganisms, in addition to its basic and applied scientific interest, can also shed considerable light on the study of pathogenic microorganisms. Two of the three microorganisms described here are rarely pathogenic, but carry genetic determinants that have previously been identified as being important for the pathogenicity of other microorganisms. This underlines the growing understanding that many so-called 'virulence genes' are probably involved in more general interactions between the microorganism and the host or the environment.     

宏基因组学:土壤微生物研究的新策略

土壤中多数微生物不可培养,这限制了微生物资源的开发利用。宏基因组学方法在开发和利用不可培养微生物资源方面有巨大潜力,可以将其运用到土壤微生物学研究中。对土壤宏基因组DNA的提取、宏基因组文库的构建和筛选等方面的研究现状和进展进行了简要综述。     

Aerobiology: General and applied aspects in the conservation of art works

Summary In this review, sources of microbial contamination of air, factors affecting airborne spores survival, conditions that determine their composition and sampling methods are considered. The relation between airborne microorganisms and microorganisms colonizing surfaces of art works is also analyzed. Finally some advanced methods to detect and identify microorganisms responsible for alteration are suggested.     

工业微生物：创新与突破专刊序言(2021)

工业微生物及其产品广泛用于工业、农业、医药等诸多领域,相关产业在国民经济中具有举足轻重的地位。高效的菌株是提高生产效率的核心,而先进发酵技术和仪器平台对充分开发菌株代谢潜能也很重要。近年来,工业微生物领域的研究取得了快速进展,人工智能、高效基因组编辑技术和合成生物学技术逐渐广泛使用,相关产业应用也在不断扩展。为进一步促进工业微生物在生物制造等领域的应用,《生物工程学报》特组织出版专刊,从微生物菌株的多样性和生理代谢、菌株改造技术、发酵过程优化和放大,高通量微液滴培养装备开发以及工业微生物应用等方面,分别阐述目前的研究进展,并展望未来的发展趋势,为促进工业微生物及生物制造等产业的发展奠定基础。     

口腔未培养微生物分离培养策略的研究进展

口腔微生物是人体微生物组的重要组成部分,其群落组成丰富且独特。现有研究显示,口腔微生物与龋病、牙周炎等口腔健康问题有直接的联系,因而具有重要的研究价值。随着高通量测序技术的发展,人们对口腔中未培养微生物多样性的认识不断加深,这进一步催生对微生物分离培养技术需求的增加。为此,本文将围绕口腔未培养微生物及其分离培养策略的研究进展,首先介绍口腔中未培养微生物的研究现状;其次分析口腔微生物分离培养中可能的限制因素;最后综述微生物分离培养技术发展及其在口腔未培养微生物研究中的应用。全文旨在为口腔未培养微生物的分离培养提供思路和技术参考。     

羧酶体的组成、结构、功能和检测及其在脱氮细菌中的意义

羧酶体(Carboxysome)是一种具有CO2浓缩功能的"类细胞器",它存在于自养型脱氮细菌中,可增强细菌的自养生长能力。硝化细菌、厌氧氨氧化细菌和部分反硝化细菌都是重要的自养型脱氮细菌,探明其羧酶体的组成、结构和功能,将有助于揭示自养型脱氮菌的生长规律,进而强化生物脱氮过程。基于文献阅读和相关研究,本文对自养型细菌中羧酶体在组成、结构、功能和检测等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为自养生物脱氮过程的深入理解和优化改进提供参考。     

Impact of radioactive elements on microbial complexes in cryogenic soils of Yakutia

It has been found that microorganisms in cryogenic soils of Yakutia are resistant to the long-term impact of cesium and thorium. The number of microorganisms in the studied ecological–trophic groups does not depend on the concentrations of radioactive elements. Differences in the number of microorganisms are determined by the physicochemical conditions that are created in different horizons of the soils studied. The long-term impact of radiation (for 36 and 66 years) on microorganisms inhabiting the permafrost soils of Yakutia has developed their adaptive capacity to high concentrations of these radioactive elements.     

Simultaneous P-solubilizing and biocontrol activity of microorganisms: potentials and future trends

Phosphate (P)-solubilizing microorganisms as a group form an important part of the microorganisms, which benefit plant growth and development. Growth promotion and increased uptake of phosphate are not the only mechanisms by which these microorganisms exert a positive effect on plants. Microbially mediated solubilization of insoluble phosphates through release of organic acids is often combined with production of other metabolites, which take part in biological control against soilborne phytopathogens. In vitro studies show the potential of P-solubilizing microorganisms for the simultaneous synthesis and release of pathogen-suppressing metabolites, mainly siderophores, phytohormones, and lytic enzymes. Further trends in this field are discussed, suggesting a number of biotechnological approaches through physiological and biochemical studies using various microorganisms.     

Yeast-like microorganisms in the scale insect Kermes quercus (Insecta,Hemiptera, Coccomorpha: Kermesidae). Newly acquired symbionts?

Scale insects, like other plant sap-consumers, are host to symbiotic microorganisms which provide them with the substances missing from their diet. In contrast to most scale insects, Kermes quercus (Linnaeus) was regarded as asymbiotic. Our histological and ultrastructural observations show that in the body of the feeding stages of K. quercus collected in two locations (Warsaw and Cracow), numerous yeast-like microorganisms occur. These microorganisms were localized in the cytoplasm of fat body cells. The yeast-like microorganisms were observed neither in other organs of the host insect nor in the eggs. These microorganisms did not cause any damage to the structure of the ovaries and the course of oogenesis of the host insect. The females infected by them produced about 1300 larvae. The lack of these microorganisms in the cytoplasm of eggs indicates that they are not transmitted transovarially from mother to offspring. Molecular analyses indicated that the microorganisms which reside in the body of K. quercus are closely related to the entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps, which belong to the Sordariomycetes class within the Ascomycota. The role of yeast-like microorganisms to their host insects remains unknown; however, it has been suggested that they may represent newly acquired symbionts.     

组学技术在产油微生物中的应用

微生物油脂是未来燃料和食品用油的重要潜在资源。近年来,随着系统生物学技术的快速发展,从全局角度理解产油微生物生理代谢及脂质积累的特征成为研究热点。组学技术作为系统生物学研究的重要工具被广泛用于揭示产油微生物脂质高效生产的机制研究中,这为产油微生物理性遗传改造和发酵过程控制提供了基础。文中对组学技术在产油微生物中的应用概况进行了综述,介绍了产油微生物组学分析常用的样品前处理及数据分析方法,综述了包括基因组、转录组、蛋白(修饰)组及代谢(脂质)组等在内的多种组学技术,以及组学数据基础上的数学模型在揭示产油微生物脂质高效生产机制中的研究,并对未来发展和应用进行了展望。     

植物根际微生物群落构建的研究进展

植物根际是指植物根系与土壤的交界面,是根系自身生命活动和代谢对土壤影响最直接、最强烈的区域,其物理、化学和生物性质不同于土体土壤。在这个区域里,与植物发生相互作用的大量微生物,被称为根际微生物。根际微生物在植物的生长发育和植物病虫害的生物防治等方面都具有十分重要的意义。本文总结了根际微生物群落构建的研究现状,介绍了根际微生物的经典和最新的研究方法,包括根箱法、同位素技术以及高通量测序、菌群定量分析、高通量分离培养等方法在根际微生物研究中的应用,讨论了植物根系分泌物(碳水化物、氨基酸、黄酮类、酚类、激素及其信号物质)和土壤物理化学性质对根际微生物群落的影响,概述了根际微生物-植物的互作机制,以及根际微生物群落对植物的促生作用、提高植物抗逆性和抑制作用,并对根际微生物群落研究中存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了展望。     

PCR-DGGE as a supplemental method verifying dominance of culturable microorganisms from activated sludge

To verify the dominance of microorganisms in wastewater biological treatment, PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) was performed as a supplementary support method for screening of the dominant microorganisms from activated sludge. Results suggest that the dominant microorganisms in activated sludge are primarily responsible for strengthening its effectiveness as a biological treatment system, followed by the non-main dominant microorganisms, whereas the non-dominant microorganisms showed no effects. The degree of microbial abundance present on the profile of PCR-DGGE was in line with the treatment efficiency of augmented activated sludge with isolated cultures, suggesting that PCR-DGGE can be used as an effective supplementary method for verifying culturable dominant microorganisms in activated sludge of coking wastewater.     

制约蓝藻种群的生态因子

藻类和微生物作为水体生态系统中的成员,它们之间的相互影响是关系生态平衡不容忽视的重要因素之一。本文报道了不同类型的11株抑制或溶解蓝藻的微生物,描述了它们的溶藻特点及其它生物学特性。它们在分类上分别属于粘球菌、溶解杆菌、屈挠杆菌、鞘丝菌、芽孢杆菌及链霉菌等6个属,其中包括直孢鞘丝菌、中华屈挠杆菌两个本文作者发表的新种。鞘丝菌能溶藻是第一次记载。研究结果进一步揭示了对蓝藻起制约作用的微生物类群的多样性;为了解此类生态系统中微生物类群提供了新的信息。     

微生物分子生态学技术及其在环境污染研究中的应用

较为系统地概述了核酸探针检测技术、利用引物的PCR技术、DNA序列分析技术和电泳分离及显示技术在国内外的研究进展,并探讨了这些技术在环境污染研究中的应用及其方向。结果表明,这些被认为是重要的微生物分子生态学技术,在探索微生物与污染环境之间的相互关系中发挥了重要作用。促进了污染环境的微生物遗传适应进化机制的研究,污染物的微生物降解有关基因的定位及微生物工程菌的构建等方面的工作,从而推进了污染环境微生物修复的分子生态学的发展。     

Alpine microorganisms: useful tools for low-temperature bioremediation

Cold environments, including polar and alpine regions, are colonized by a wide diversity of microorganisms able to thrive at low temperatures. There is evidence of a wide range of metabolic activities in alpine cold ecosystems. Like polar microorganisms, alpine microorganisms play a key ecological role in their natural habitats for nutrient cycling, litter degradation, and many other processes. A number of studies have demonstrated the capacity of alpine microorganisms to degrade efficiently a wide range of hydrocarbons, including phenol, phenol-related compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons, and the feasibility of low-temperature bioremediation of European alpine soils by stimulating the degradation capacity of indigenous microorganisms has also been shown.