昆虫杆状病毒泛青基因研究进展

昆虫杆状病毒是目前已知唯一编码泛素（ubiquitin）的病毒。迄今,已克隆了8种该类病毒的泛素基因。与真核生物Uba52(80)相似,这些基因在一个泛素分子的C－末端都有不同长度的融合,其中余纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltMNPV）的ubiquitin-gp37基因是一个典型的融合基因。近年来,对苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Autographa california multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV）泛素的定位与功能研究取得了重要进展。     

利用双杂交系统对SeNPV泛素与抗细胞凋亡蛋白相互作用的研究

本文报道利用酵母双杂交系统研究甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒(SeNPV)的泛素(Ubiqutin)与抗细胞凋亡蛋白(IAP2,IAP3)相互作用的结果。使用Clontech公司的MACHMAKER GAL4 Two-hybrid system 3,以病毒ubiquitin基因与酵母GAL4的DNA结合域重组表达“诱饵”蛋白,以病毒iap2或iap3基因与DNA活化域重组表达“猎物”蛋白,在低严谨犁筛选培养基上均得到阳性克隆。这一结果表明,甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒泛素与IAP2或IAP3在体外能进行相互作用,这种作用利用了酵母内源性E1和E2。SeNPV的抗细胞凋亡蛋白(IAPs)可能是泛素一蛋白酶水解途径(UPP)中的泛素连接酶(E3),或者是泛素依赖性蛋白水解酶的靶底物。     

利用双杂交系统对SeNPV泛素与抗细胞凋亡蛋白相互作用的研究

本文报道利用酵母双杂交系统研究甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒(SeNPV)的泛素(Ubiqutin)与抗细胞凋亡蛋白(IAP2, IAP3)相互作用的结果.使用Clontech 公司的MACHMAKER GAL4 Two-hybrid system 3,以病毒ubiquitin基因与酵母GAL4的DNA结合域重组表达"诱饵"蛋白,以病毒iap2或iap3基因与DNA活化域重组表达"猎物"蛋白,在低严谨型筛选培养基上均得到阳性克隆.这一结果表明,甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒泛素与IAP2或IAP3在体外能进行相互作用,这种作用利用了酵母内源性E1和E2.SeNPV的抗细胞凋亡蛋白(IAPs)可能是泛素-蛋白酶水解途径(UPP)中的泛素连接酶(E3),或者是泛素依赖性蛋白水解酶的靶底物.     

甜菜夜蛾泛素延伸蛋白基因cDNA的3′RACE-PCR扩增及其克隆和表达

根据已知的草地夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的泛素延伸基因 5'端核苷酸序列设计引物,应用3'RACE-PCR技术,从甜菜夜蛾S. exigua脂肪体组织总RNA中反转录扩增泛素基因的cDNA片段。扩增得到的片段全长513 bp,3'末端有123 bp的非翻译区,翻译区编码一个长为129个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,预测分子量为14.8 kD。同源分析表明,此cDNA序列为ubiquitin-53aa extension protein(ubi-53) 基因,在泛素蛋白后融合了一个核糖体L40蛋白（ribosomal L40 protein）。用MagAlign和Genedoc软件对cDNA编码的氨基酸序列进行了同源性分析,结果表明： 甜菜夜蛾的ubi-53基因与真核生物家蚕Bombyx mori、草地夜蛾、果蝇Drosophila melanogaster和人Homo sapienes泛素的同源性分别为96.9%、98.5%、95.3%和93.0%,与甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒(SeNPV)泛素的同源性为78.8%,说明真核生物的泛素基因与核型多角体病毒的泛素基因可能存在不同的分子进化途径。将甜菜夜蛾的ubI-53基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a上,转化至BL21（DE3）中,用IPTG进行诱导表达,用异源泛素单克隆抗体进行Western blot检测,证明原核表达蛋白是目的蛋白。     

以柞蚕NPV为载体在柞蚕蛹体内表达外源基因获得成功

辽宁省农科院大连生物技术研究所张春发等人利用柞蚕核型多角体病毒(ApNpV)组建成转移载体,并以此载体携带外源基因(人白细胞介素-4、DE糖蛋白)在草地贪夜蛾Sf9昆虫细胞、柞蚕卵巢细胞以及柞蚕蛹活体中表达成功。实验表明,表达产物的确以非融合蛋白形式出现,从而建立了柞蚕NpV载体—柞蚕蛹活体宿主表达系统。这是继菌苜蓿纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(AcNpV)—Sf9细胞载体表达系统和家蚕核多角体病毒(BmNpV)——家蚕幼虫载体表达系统以后又一个昆虫杆状病毒载体达表系统。由于该系统是利用柞蚕蛹活体为宿主     

杆状病毒DNA解旋酶

ＤＮＡ解旋酶 (ｈｅｌｉｃａｓｅ)是ＤＮＡ复制过程中一类重要的酶 ,负责打开ＤＮＡ双链 ,并参与新生链的合成 ,在ＤＮＡ修复和重组过程中都发挥着必不可少的作用。杆状病毒ＤＮＡ解旋酶除了参与ＤＮＡ复制外 ,对于晚期基因的转录、关闭宿主蛋白质合成及决定杆状病毒宿主域方面都有重要的作用。1.杆状病毒解旋酶的结构目前已有 5种杆状病毒的ＤＮＡ解旋酶基因得到克隆并测序 ,分别是苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(ＡｃＭＮＰＶ) ,黄杉毒蛾核多角体病毒 (ＯｐＭＮＰＶ) ,家蚕核多角体病毒 (ＢｍＮＰＶ) ,甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒(ＳｅＭＮＰＶ)及粉…     

甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒泛素基因的克隆及原核表达

甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒(Spotoptera exigua multi-nucleopolyhedrovirus,SeMNPV)泛素基因ubiquitin被克隆和序列分析,该基因编码区全长243bp,编码80个氨基酸残基,预计蛋白质分子量为9.4kDa.将这一ubiquitin基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a上,转化至BL21(DE3)中,用IPTG进行诱导表达,对表达的条件进行了优化.用异源的泛素单克隆抗体检测目的蛋白,Western blot实验证明所表达的蛋白是泛素蛋白.同时,我们制备了特异性的抗体,为以后的研究工作做了基础.通过计算机软件Gendoc对不同来源的泛素进行分析,结果显示,病毒中的泛素与真核细胞中的泛素相比较,泛素的氨基酸序列有较大的变化,杆状病毒的泛素基因在分子进化上可能有比较独特的途径.     

斜纹夜蛾泛素基因的克隆及表达

泛素介导的蛋白质降解途径对脑内蛋白的选择性降解起着重要作用。设计一对简并引物,从斜纹夜娥(Spodoptera litura)细胞中克隆了泛素基因的编码区,CenBank登录号AF436066。序列分析表明,该编码区的长度为228bp,编码由76个氨基酸组成的、分子质量为8．56kD的蛋白,其等电点为6．56。同源性比较发现,斜纹夜峨泛素基因不仅与其它真核生物的泛素基因在氨基酸水平上具有96％以上的相似性,而且与斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltMNPV)泛素基因的同源性为84％。RT—PCR分析发现,泛素基因在所检测的斜纹夜蛾幼虫多种组织,尤其是脂肪体中均有表达。采用构建的原核表达载体pQEUB,在大肠杆菌M15中诱导并高效表达出了带有His—tag的重组融合蛋白,薄层扫描分析得知靶蛋白约占总蛋白的37％。利用Ni—NTA亲和层析胶纯化得到重组融合蛋白,经SDS—PAGE鉴定为单一区带,为进一步研究S．litura泛素在SpltMNPV感染中的作用打下了基础。     

含外源类蜗牛毒素基因的AcMNPV的虫体感染性研究

类蜗牛毒素基因(conotoxinlike,ctl)是在一些杆状病毒基因组中存在的与蜗牛毒素类似的一类基因,其功能尚不清楚.本文利用苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角病毒(AcMNPV)bacmid表达系统构建了含油桐尺蠖核多角体病毒(BusuNPV)ctl基因的重组病毒AcBac-ph-ctl.在细胞水平上对ctl基因的RT-PCR分析表明,该基因转录出mRNA.在甜菜夜蛾体内进行了生物活性测定,结果表明AcBac-ph-ctl与对照野生型AcMNPV的LC50,ST50无显著性差异,表明在此系统中,外源的CTL无杀虫增效性能.     

杆状病毒AcMNPV p35基因的克隆表达及多抗制备

用PCR方法扩增得到苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Autographa californic anucleopolyhedrovirus,AcM N-PV)p35基因,将其克隆至质粒pET-32a( )上,构建得到重组质粒pET-p35,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,表达了1条约为55 ku的蛋白带。以Ni2 -NTA偶连抗体检测证明所表达的蛋白为带有组氨酸的融合蛋白。采用割胶回收的方法纯化融合蛋白,以纯化的融合蛋白制备多克隆抗体,效价为1/1 024。免疫印迹分析表明,该抗血清能与感染苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的细胞蛋白样品发生特异性反应。     

柞蚕核型多角体病毒PstI-B、C片段克隆及序列分析

克隆并测序分析了柞蚕核型多角体病毒(Antheraea pernyinucleopolyhedrovirus,ApNPV)PstI-B和C片段。结果表明:ApNPVPstI-B片段长7406bp,编码7个开放阅读框(open readingframes,orf),包括p87、he65、pnk/pnl、odv-ec43基因及黄杉毒蛾核型多角体病毒(Orgyiapseudotsugatamulticapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,OpMNPV)orf107、orf108同源区。ApNPVPstⅠ-C长6663bp,编码11个orf,包括pk-1、orf1629、polh、lef-2、ptp-2、ctl-1、ptp-1基因及OpMNPVorf5、orf7、orf8和orf11同源区。在鉴定的18个杆状病毒基因中,he65和orf1629基因分化较大;polh和lef-2基因较保守。ApNPV是已知的第3个编码pnk/pnl基因、第4个同时编码ptp-1和ptp-2两个基因的杆状病毒。     

柞蚕核型多角体病毒PstⅠ-B、C片断克隆及序列分析

本研究克隆并测序分析了柞蚕核型多角体病毒(Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus,ApNPV) PstⅠ-B和C片断。结果表明：ApNPV PstⅠ-B片断长7406 bp,编码7个开放阅读框(open reading frames, orf),包括p87、he65、pnk/pnl、odv-ec43基因及黄杉毒蛾核型多角体病毒病毒(Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,OpMNPV) orf107、orf108同源区。ApNPV PstⅠ-C长6663 bp,编码11个orf,包括pk-1、orf1629、polh、lef-2、ptp-2、ctl-1、ptp-1及OpMNPV orf5、orf7、orf8和orf11同源区。ApNPV是已知的第三个编码pnk/pnl、第四个同时编码ptp-1和 ptp-2基因的杆状病毒。     

Sequence and organization of the Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedrovirus genome

All fully sequenced baculovirus genomes, with the exception of the dipteran Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus (CuniNPV), have previously been from Lepidoptera. This study reports the sequencing and characterization of a hymenopteran baculovirus, Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeleNPV), from the redheaded pine sawfly. NeleNPV has the smallest genome so far published (81,755 bp) and has a GC content of only 33.3%. It contains 89 potential open reading frames, 43 with baculovirus homologues, 6 identified by conserved domains, and 1 with homology to a densovirus structural protein. Average amino acid identity of homologues ranged from 19.7% with CuniNPV to 24.9% with Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus. The conserved set of baculovirus genes has dropped to 29, since NeleNPV lacks an F protein homologue (ac23/ld130). NeleNPV contains 12 conserved lepidopteran baculovirus genes, including that for DNA binding protein, late expression factor 11 (lef-11), polyhedrin, occlusion derived virus envelope protein-18 (odv-e18), p40, and p45, but lacks 21 others, including lef-3, me53, immediate early gene-1, lef-6, pp31, odv-e66, few polyhedra 25k, odv-e25, protein kinase-1, fibroblast growth factor, and ubiquitin. The lack of identified baculovirus homologues may be due to difficulties in identification, differences in host-virus interactions, or other genes performing similar functions. Gene parity plots showed limited colinearity of NeleNPV with other baculoviruses, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that NeleNPV may have existed before the lepidopteran nucleopolyhedrovirus and granulovirus divergence. The creation of two new Baculoviridae genera to fit hymenopteran and dipteran baculoviruses may be necessary.     

Pseudotyping Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV): F proteins from group II NPVs are functionally analogous to AcMNPV GP64

GP64, the major envelope glycoprotein of budded virions of the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), is involved in viral attachment, mediates membrane fusion during virus entry, and is required for efficient virion budding. Thus, GP64 is essential for viral propagation in cell culture and in animals. Recent genome sequences from a number of baculoviruses show that only a subset of closely related baculoviruses have gp64 genes, while other baculoviruses have a recently discovered unrelated envelope protein named F. F proteins from Lymantria dispar MNPV (LdMNPV) and Spodoptera exigua MNPV (SeMNPV) mediate membrane fusion and are therefore thought to serve roles similar to that of GP64. To determine whether F proteins are functionally analogous to GP64 proteins, we deleted the gp64 gene from an AcMNPV bacmid and inserted F protein genes from three different baculoviruses. In addition, we also inserted envelope protein genes from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Thogoto virus. Transfection of the gp64-null bacmid DNA into Sf9 cells does not generate infectious particles, but this defect was rescued by introducing either the F protein gene from LdMNPV or SeMNPV or the G protein gene from VSV. These results demonstrate that baculovirus F proteins are functionally analogous to GP64. Because baculovirus F proteins appear to be more widespread within the family and are much more divergent than GP64 proteins, gp64 may represent the acquisition of an envelope protein gene by an ancestral baculovirus. The AcMNPV pseudotyping system provides an efficient and powerful method for examining the functions and compatibilities of analogous or orthologous viral envelope proteins, and it could have important biotechnological applications.     

杆状病毒转移载体的构建及绿色荧光蛋白在斜纹夜蛾幼虫中的表达

为构建斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒 （SpltMNPV）的重组病毒,以该病毒日本C3株基因组DNA为PCR扩增模板,根据GenBank SpltMNPV中国G2株基因序列,设计了两对引物分别扩增多角体蛋白基因的5′端侧翼序列（含启动子）和3′端侧翼序列（含终止子）,将这两个片段依次克隆于pUC18质粒载体后,再将绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因亚克隆到上述载体的多角体蛋白基因启动子和终止子之间,获得转移载体pSplt-gfp。将pSplt-gfp与野生型SpltMNPV 基因组DNA共转染Spli细胞,通过同源重组和有限稀释法筛选,获得了以gfp基因替代多角体蛋白基因的重组病毒SpltMNPV-gfp。SpltMNPV-gfp感染Spli细胞和斜纹夜蛾幼虫,分别在感染24h和48h后可发现绿色荧光蛋白的表达。该重组病毒的获得,为建立斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒表达体系奠定了基础。     

Highly passage of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera litura</Emphasis> cell line causes its permissiveness to baculovirus infection

It is well known that the characteristics of cell lines possibly alter when cell lines are at high-passage number because of the environmental selection. We do not know whether non-permissive or low-permissive cell lines could become permissive or more permissive to virus infection after over-high passage. In the present studies, the alteration of the permissiveness of Spodoptera litura cell line Sl-zsu-1 to three baculovirus infection was investigated after over-high passage, and the possible mechanisms are also investigated. Vigorous apoptosis in Sl-zsu-1 cells was induced by both the recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus AcMNPV-GFP-actin and the celery looper Anagrapha falcifera multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus AfMNPV, suggesting the replication of the two viruses was blocked by apoptosis. However, the cells infected by S. litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus SpltMNPV did not undergo apoptosis, but the SpltMNPV titre of the supernatant was not detectable, suggesting this cell line was low-permissive for this virus infection and other factor(s) involved in blockage of the virus replication except apoptosis. However, when Sl-zsu-1 cells had been subcultured continuously for more than 4 years (high-passage cell), which was named as Sl-HP cell line afterwards, no significant apoptosis was induced by the three baculovirus in Sl-HP cells, and many replicated virions or nucleocapsids were observed in the cells. But the permissiveness of Sl-HP cells to the three viruses was very different according to the titre of viruses in the cell cultures. Interestingly, the DNA extracted from SpltMNPV could induce vigorous apoptosis of Sl-HP cells. Altogether, Sl-zsu-1 cell line becomes more permissive to baculovirus infection after over-high passage and multiple paths can block the baculovirus infectivity.     

The BIR and BIR-like domains of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus IAP2 protein are required for efficient viral propagation

The baculovirus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) possesses two genes, iap1 and iap2, which encode inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. We previously showed that although both genes are dispensable for viral propagation, iap2 is required for efficient viral propagation in cultured cells. BmNPV IAP2 contains three putative functional domains: a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR), a BIR-like (BIRL) domain, and a RING finger domain. To identify the domain affecting viral growth, we generated a series of BmNPV bacmids expressing iap2 derivatives lacking one or two domains, or possessing a single amino acid substitution to abolish IAP2 ubiquitin ligase activity. We examined their properties in both cultured cells and B. mori larvae. We found that either the BIR or BIRL domain of IAP2 plays an important role in BmNPV infection, and that the RING finger domain, which is required for ubiquitin ligase activity, does not greatly contribute to BmNPV propagation. This is the first study to identify functional domains of the baculovirus IAP2 protein.     

Growth, metabolism and baculovirus production in suspension cultures of an Anticarsia gemmatalis cell line

The UFL-AG-286 cell line, established from embryonic tissue of the lepidopteran insect Anticarsia gemmatalis, has been identified as a good candidate to be used as a cellular substrate in the development of a process for in vitro production of the Anticarsia gemmatalis multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, a baculovirus widely used as bioinsecticide. In order to characterize the technological properties of this cell line and evaluate its feasibility to use it for the large-scale production of Anticarsia gemmatalis multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, UFL-AG-286 cells were adapted to grow as agitated suspension cultures in spinner-flasks. Batch suspension cultures of adapted cells in serum-supplemented TC-100 medium grew with a doubling time of about 29 h and reached a maximum cell density higher than 3.5 × 10⁶ viable cells ml⁻¹. At the end of the growth period glucose was completely depleted from the culture medium, but l-lactate was not produced. Amino acids, with the exception of glutamine, were only negligibly consumed or produced. In contrast to other insect cell lines, UFL-AG-286 cells appeared to be unable to synthesize alanine as a metabolic way to dispose the by-product ammonia. The synchronous infection of suspension cultures with Anticarsia gemmatalis multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus in the early to medium exponential growth phase yielded high amounts of both viral progenies per cell and reduced the specific demands of UFL-AG-286 cells for the main nutrients.     

Identification and characterization of a baculovirus from Lonomia obliqua (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

A baculovirus has been isolated from larvae of Lonomia obliqua, a Saturniidae of medical importance due to a potent toxin found in their spines. Electron Microscopy analysis of the occlusion body obtained from diseased larvae showed polyhedra of approximately 1 microm in diameter containing multiple nucleocapsids per envelope. This baculovirus was thus named Lonomia obliqua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LoobMNPV). Restriction endonuclease profiles of viral DNA digested with three restriction enzymes were obtained and the genome size was estimated to be 95.52 +/- 2.3 kbp. The polyhedrin gene of LoobMNPV was identified and its DNA sequence was determined. Phylogenetic analysis of the polyhedrin gene showed that the LoobMNPV polyhedrin belongs to group I NPV and that it is closely related to the polyhedrin of the NPV of Amsacta albistriga.