2007第四届中国青年女科学家奖获得者及提名奖获得者简介

2007年12月17日下午,第四届中国青年女科学家奖颁奖典礼在北京钓鱼台国宾馆隆重举行。诞生于1998年的欧莱雅。联合国教科文组织“为投身于科学的女性”计划,是当今世界唯一一项在全球范围内奖励和资助从事生命科学和基础科学领域所有女性的奖项,由欧莱雅和联合国教科文组织共同创立。“中国青年女科学家奖”于2004年7月21日成立,作为“为投身于科学的女性”计划在中国的延伸和发展,评选活动的目的在于表彰那些在科学研究和科学应用领域取得重大科技成果的青年女科学家,激励更多的年轻女性投身到新时期我国科技事业的发展中来。本届评选的学科领域为生命科学。     

布达佩斯第28届国际生理科学大会概况

第28届国际生理科学大会于本年7月13～19日在匈牙利首都布达佩斯举行。出席大会的科学家来自60多个国家和地区共六千多人,这是国际生理科学界的空前盛会。我国生理科学工作者冯德培、张香桐、王志均、胡旭初和王泰安5人出席了这次大会。国际生理科学大会已有九十余年的历史。1953年曾组织了一个国际生理科学联合会(International     

魏格纳格陵兰遇难记

大陆漂移学说的创立者——魏格纳,1880年11月1日生于德国柏林,1930年在对格陵兰大陆冰盖的科学考察中,为了营救战友,被严寒过早地夺去了生命,英年早逝,享年50周岁。魏格纳是一位不知疲倦的科学家,在他生命的50年中,创立了大陆漂移学说,震动了当时的科学界。在他去世后,带来了地球科学一场深刻的革命——诞生了板块构造学说。魏格纳文科中学毕业后,在海德尔堡和因斯布鲁克渡过了他的大学时代。他主要学习天文学,但在大学时代就已经同时致力于研究地质学和气象学。1905年他获得天文学博士学位,从而结束了他的大学生涯。毕业后到林登贝格的普鲁…     

弗雷德里克·桑格

自1900年诺贝尔奖设奖以来, 许多科学家获得这一科学上的最高奖, 但能两次摘取诺贝尔奖桂冠的科学家少之又少, 弗雷德里克·桑格就是这样的杰出科学家。桑格于1955年完成了第一个蛋白质——牛胰岛素化学结构的测定, 获得1958年的诺贝尔化学奖;1977年, 他的研究小组成功地测定了第一个噬菌体ΦX174全基因组5 386碱基对的核苷酸序列, 并发明快速测定DNA序列的新方法。因此, 与美国分子生物学家伯格(P. Berg)和吉尔伯特(W. Gilbert)分享1980年诺贝尔化学奖。     

梅花香自苦寒来--纪念裴文中教授诞辰100周年(上)

裴中,闻名遐尔,他发现了中国猿人第一个头盖骨,其事写入历史教科书．成为妇孺皆知的事;他的科学业绩．使他的知名度可与20世纪最伟大的科学家比肩。     

献身科学造福人类的一代巨匠──巴斯德百年祭

献身科学造福人类的一代巨匠──巴斯德百年祭程光胜（中国微生物学会,中国科学院微生物研究所,北京１０００８０）微生物学的奠基人,伟大的科学家路易·巴斯德已经逝世整整一个世纪了。然而,全世界并没有忘记他,包括我国在内的许多国家的科学家们在今年举行了丰富多...     

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖1999-2003英雄录

1999年的获奖者是美国科学家甘特·布洛贝尔。他发现了蛋白质内控制蛋白质在细胞内传输和定位的信号。2000年的获奖者是瑞典科学家阿尔维德·卡尔松、美国科学家保罗·格林加德和埃里克·坎德尔,他们在研究脑细胞间信号的相互传递方面获得了重要发现。2001年的获得者是美国科学家     

甄朔南先生荣获中国自然科学博物馆学会成立30周年“终身荣誉奖”

甄朔南先生是九三学社中国科学院委员会第六支社的优秀代表,是位已有32年社龄的老社员、老科学家。在他60多年的科学生涯中,在科研方面,他是继中国古脊椎动物学之父杨钟健之后,在中国恐龙足迹学研究方面的一位重要开创者,完成相关科学论文40余篇;在科普工作方面,他撰写了大量恐龙科普文章,     

弗朗西斯·高尔顿

在科学史上,很少有像弗朗西斯·高尔顿那样特立独行、知识渊博而又毁誉不一的科学家了.他那传奇式的经历和科学活动令人眼花缭乱;他涉猎科学范围之广被称为"维多利亚女王时代最博学的人";对于他的某些遗传科学理论,赞扬者称之为"人类追求自身完美这一崇高目标的化身",贬低者则说他是"种族主义者和法西斯蒂的精神领袖和鼻祖".高尔顿究竟是怎样一个人?他的科学活动在科学史上占有怎样的地位?笔者想在这篇短文中做一扼要介绍.     

解开生命的结构——中国科学家解析出线粒体膜蛋白复合物Ⅱ精细结构

2005年7月1日出版的《细胞》杂志上发表了中国科学家解析出线粒体膜蛋白复合物Ⅱ精细结构的文章。结构决定功能,这个精细的三维结构除了科学上勿庸置疑的成就,还会给我们带来什么样的惊喜或者期待呢?线粒体上的呼吸链线粒体在细胞内拥有很独特的地位,它是细胞的"能量工厂",普     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.