粗毛栓菌菌丝球非灭菌条件下对12种染料的脱色研究

以新型白腐真菌——粗毛栓菌Trametes gallica为材料,研究了优化后的该菌菌丝球在非灭菌条件下对直接染料、中性染料、三苯甲烷类染料以及蒽醌类染料共12种染料的脱色能力、脱色机制,以及pH、温度、染料初始浓度等参数对该菌菌丝球脱色效果的影响。结果表明,优化条件下制备的粗毛栓菌菌丝球脱色活力良好,4℃下保存20d后仍保持有原脱色活力的95%;活菌丝球比死菌丝球对染料具有更强的耐受性和更好的脱色效果;非灭菌条件下活菌丝球对12种染料的适宜脱色条件为pH 3.0–5.0、25℃、染料浓度为50mg/L、处理36–60h,该条件下粗毛栓菌菌丝球在60h内脱色率均在55%以上,其中粗毛栓菌菌丝球对亚甲基蓝脱色率最高可达到96.40%。紫外可见光谱分析和显微观察结果表明,48h内粗毛栓菌菌丝球在非灭菌条件下对12种染料的脱色是由吸附引起,无二次污染物的产生。粗毛栓菌的这些优良特性显示了其在工业染料废水处理中的广阔应用前景。     

霉菌菌丝球WL对孔雀绿染料脱色性能研究

研究了菌丝球WL对孔雀绿的脱色性能及对实际染料废水的脱色效果。结果表明,WL时孔雀绿具有很高的去除活性。30℃,90r/min,脱色48h,孔雀绿浓度分别为100、200、350、500mg/L时,其脱色率分别达100%、99.7%、96.1%、90.1%。在营养环境中,球WL对孔雀绿表现出良好的脱色效果;而在非营养条件下,WL对孔雀绿的脱色效果很差,最高脱色率只有18.3%。甘蔗汁可作为WL的良好碳源。当以甘蔗汁作碳源时,孔雀绿的脱色率为97.1%。豆浆和牛奶作氮源时,脱色效果也非常明显,脱色率分别达93.4和94.2%。活球的脱色率高达99.4%,而死球的脱色率只有1.9%。废牛奶可作为培养球的良好营养,用废牛奶培养的球具有较高的脱色活性。WL对实际染料废水的脱色率为90.3%,显示出了很好的应用前景。     

新月弯孢霉菌丝球对染料脱色作用的研究

研究了新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunata JQH-100液体培养时产生的菌丝球对多种染料的脱色能力。结果表明,多种染料在24h内的脱色率均达到80%以上,且菌丝球稳定性良好,可重复使用6次;以菌丝球对孔雀绿脱色效果为优化指标,正交实验优化获得制备菌丝球的最佳条件为:葡萄糖20g/L、硫酸铵5g/L、马铃薯200g/L、KH2PO43g/L、MgSO45mg/L、CuSO40.5mg/L、VB15mg/L及pH5、摇床转速120r/min。在上述优化后的基础培养基(不含MgSO4、CuSO4)中分别添加微量元素Cu2+、Mn2+、Mg2+或Ca2+制备的菌丝球,对孔雀绿脱色能力增强;添加Fe2+制备的菌丝球,对孔雀绿脱色能力下降;分别添加Zn2+、Al3+或Na+制备的菌丝球对孔雀绿脱色能力与对照相近。应用优化后培养条件制备的菌丝球处理含多种染料的混合废水,也获得了较好的脱色效果。     

东方栓孔菌菌丝体生物吸附剂对染料的脱色作用及其吸附机制研究

利用东方栓孔菌Trametes orientalis菌丝体制得的生物吸附剂,对刚果红、结晶紫、铬天青、亚甲基蓝和中性红5种染料进行了脱色试验,对脱色效果较好的染料进行了影响因子优化,并通过红外光谱分析、化学修饰等方法研究其吸附作用的机制。结果显示：东方栓孔菌菌丝体生物吸附剂对结晶紫有相对较好的脱色效果;在优化的影响因子中,0%–3.0%（m/v）浓度范围内,盐度对染料脱色有促进作用;表面活性剂促使脱色率增加,吐温60浓度为1.5%（v/v）时脱色率可达83.84%;温度为43℃、初始pH为3.0、振荡培养10d后吸附率最高达91.54%。红外光谱分析及化学修饰结果表明菌丝体对染料的吸附作用主要是由它们之间的静电作用力所致。     

固定化乳白耙齿菌脱色茜素红的研究

利用海藻酸钙法对乳白耙齿菌进行固定化,检测固定化乳白耙齿菌（固定化菌）对几种染料的脱色能力。同时,考察pH值、染料浓度、金属离子、碳源种类、氮源种类、盐浓度对固定化菌脱色茜素红的影响。结果表明,固定化菌的优化条件为海藻酸钠3%、氯化钙5%、固定化时间6h、接菌量10g/100mL;固定化菌对6种染料均可脱色,其中对茜素红染料的脱色效果最为明显;固定化菌对茜素红的脱色率随染料浓度的增加而下降,当染料浓度高于250mg/L时,其脱色效果明显下降;固定化菌对茜素红脱色的适宜pH为7,适宜碳源为可溶性淀粉、适宜氮源为硝酸铵。另外,固定化菌对茜素红的脱色率随盐浓度的升高,呈下降趋势,当盐浓度高于3%时,脱色率下降明显;固定化菌于生理盐水中保存10d后,脱色率维持在较高水平,达94.20%;固定化菌重复利用5次后,脱色率仍高达88.70%。     

混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解条件研究

目的:探讨混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解的条件,为实际应用奠定一定基础.方法:利用4株细菌和4株丝状真菌组建了一真菌细菌混合物培养体系,考察了该混合培养体系对各单一依染料的脱色与降解情况,初步研究了其对混合染料脱色与降解的工艺条件,包括接种比例、处理时间、氧气供应、接种顺序等.结果:真菌与细菌同时接种,且接种比例为2:1,振荡培养到3h就达到很高的脱色率和降解率,12h时脱色率和降解率分别达到98.36%和89.89%;而且该混合培养体系对高浓度染料有较强的耐受性,在染料浓度高达320 mg/L时,脱色率和降解率仍高达97.03%和74.03%.结论:得到了该混合培养体系对染料脱色和降解的最佳工艺条件.     

三相鼓泡塔生物反应器培养云芝菌合成漆酶

为了提高云芝菌发酵生产漆酶的效率,提出了一种利用自絮凝菌丝球在三相鼓泡塔生物反应器中重复分批发酵产漆酶的新方法。在优化后的产酶条件下,考察维生素C的添加浓度对漆酶活力的影响,并通过在培养基中添加维生素C进行漆酶多批次培养。研究结果表明,维生素C的添加浓度为1.50mmol/L时,可使漆酶活力提高2.6倍。连续进行了10批培养,每批最大漆酶的活力均在1000 U/mL以上,最高酶活出现在第五批为1919.6 U/mL,总培养时间达25 d。此方法所得漆酶对染料靛蓝具有明显的脱色降解作用,在介体1-羟基苯并三唑（HBT）用量0.10%,漆酶用量100 U/L条件下作用40 min时,靛蓝脱色率达到96.7%。该方法采用的三相鼓泡塔生物反应器性能稳定、菌丝球可重复使用,该方法有利于漆酶的高效、规模化生产。     

禾本红酵母Y－5对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的吸附

研究了培养时间、初始pH、温度对禾本红酵母Y-5吸附结晶紫、孔雀石绿的影响,并对吸附剂的解吸和循环利用等进行考察.结果表明： 在染料浓度为50 mg·L^-1、pH 7.0、摇床转速150 r·min^-1、30 ℃、吸附10 h时,红酵母对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的吸附率分别达峰值,为93.8%和87.7%;解吸后的菌体对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的吸附率分别为85.5%和78.5%,说明菌体对染料的吸附是可逆的,循环利用效果良好,菌体可再生和循环利用;禾本红酵母Y-5对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的脱色机理为吸附作用,染料多被吸附在红酵母表面的羟基（-OH）上,其吸附染料快速、高效、可逆,在染料废水处理上具有潜在的应用价值.     

同步糖化发酵菊芋生产酒精

以黑曲霉A-15形成的菌丝球作为载体对酿酒酵母C-15进行固定化,研究各种因素对黑曲霉A-15菌丝球吸附率的影响。结果表明:在40℃、80 r/min、菌种个数混合比例为1∶10时,菌丝球对酵母的吸附可达到66.9%;以菊粉为底物,利用混合菌丝球进行同步糖化与发酵,30℃发酵48 h,发酵醪酒精体积分数达到12.8%,并且混合菌丝球可以耐受19%的酒精。     

土壤霉菌菌丝球的筛选、鉴定及固定化菌丝球的应用

从土壤中分离纯化真菌并鉴定为烟曲霉L-3。以菌株L-3作为固定化载体,将地衣芽孢杆菌固定在真菌上组成固定化体系。研究了混菌菌丝球,菌丝饼,发酵混合液,粗漆酶液对刚果红染料废水的降解情况并对染料废水进行毒性试验。结果表明,菌丝球对染料废水的降解效果最显著,降解率高达99.96%,菌丝饼仅用20 s降解率为91%,发酵混合液与粗漆酶液的处理效果并不显著。该体系对染料废水的去毒率较明显,尤其是菌丝球的去毒率可达到78%。可见,固定化体系对染料废水不但有较高的降解能力,也有较高的去毒率。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.