遮荫处理对芍药幼苗生长和矿质营养积累的影响

遮荫是保护芍药幼苗生长的重要措施。本试验研究了不同遮荫处理对多伦芍药幼苗生长特性和矿质营养积累的影响,以便为多伦芍药幼苗栽培提供指导。采用盆栽试验,研究不遮荫(CK)、出苗一周后20%遮荫、40%遮荫、60%遮荫和80%遮荫5个处理的多伦芍药幼苗生长和矿质营养积累的变化。结果表明:与CK相比,遮荫处理显著提高了幼苗株高,增幅分别为19.9%、31.1%、52.9%、63.7%;显著降低了根生物量比和根冠比,降幅分别为21.5%、23.6%、29.2%、41.8%和40.6%、44.0%、50.9%、63.2%。40%遮荫、60%遮荫和80%遮荫显著提高了比叶面积,增幅分别为77.0%、84.1%、65.2%,显著增加了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增幅分别为92.3%、128.7%、98.1%和86.9%、113.1%、90.5%,显著降低了根生物量,降幅分别为61.4%、74.3%、78.6%。与CK、20%遮荫、40%遮荫和80%遮荫处理相比,60%遮荫显著提高了根中磷含量,增幅分别为245.7%、65.9%、40.5%、10.3%;60%遮荫处理的根中钾和镁含量显著高于其他处理,比CK、20%遮荫、40%遮荫和80%遮荫处理分别高102.9%、131.7%、57.0%、63.3%和131.3%、55.1%、40.4%、7.7%。本试验条件下,60%遮荫是多伦芍药幼苗生长适宜的光照条件。     

Studies on Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil from Leaves of Jiang-Zhang

Jiang-Zhang is a Physiological type of Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm. The essential oil of leaves of Jiang-Zhang can be extracted by steam distillation, with yields of 0.5–0.8%. It contained dtral (α-,β-citral) 64.11% and can be used in aromatic and medicinal industries. We used the methods of GC, IR, GC/MS/DS and prepared derivative and 47 chemical constituents were identified, as follows: α-thujene (0.06 %), α-pinene (2.42%), camphene (1.26%), sabinene (0.21%),β- pinene (1.38%) myrcene(0.38%), α-phellandrene (0.32%),△3-carene (0.01%), p-cymene(0.21%),α-limonene (1.57%), 1 8-cineole (0.82 % ), β-phellandrene (0.10 %), cis-linalool oxide(0.07 % ), linalool (8.43 % ) epicamphor(0.26 % ), camphor(1.10 %), borneol( 1.07 % ), β-citral (neral) (28.28 % ), geraniol (0.25%), nerol (0.47%), α-citral (geranial) (35.83%), methyl citronellate (0.12%), n-undecane (0.18), safrole (0.02), methyl geranate (0.23%), geranyl formate (0.09%), α-copaene (0.12%), trans-methyl cinnamate (0.02%), n-dodecane (0.20), β-elemene (0.12%), caryophyllene (4.67%), α-guaiene (0.04), β-guaiene (0.06%), β-selinene (0.97%), azulene (0.38%), β-cubebene (0.30%), n-pentadecane (0.05%), β-gurjunene (0.04 %), epi-β-santalene (0.46 %), aremophliene (0.05 % ), alloaromadendrene (0.03 % ), α-elemene (0.26%), trans-β-farnesene (0.04%), (z)-β-farnesene (0.30%), r-elemene (0.03%), β-bisaboiol(0.41%), cedrol (0.16%), respectively.     

Eicosanoid synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mammary tumors of rats fed varying levels and types of N-3 and/or N-6 fatty acids

Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats (50 days of age) were administered a single intragastric 10 mg dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA). Three weeks later they were placed on diets containing either 20% corn oil (CO), 20% primrose oil (PO), 20% black currant seed oil (BCO), 20% borage oil (BO), 15% menhaden oil plus 5% corn oil (15% MO + 5% CO), 10% menhaden oil plus 10% corn oil (10% MO + 10% CO), 5% menhaden oil plus 15% corn oil (5% MO + 15% CO) or 10% menhaden oil plus 10% borage oil (10% MO + 10% BO). Incidences of mammary tumors at 16 weeks post-DMBA were 80% in rats fed the CO diet, 84% in rats fed PO diet, 67% in rats fed BCO diet, 88% in rats fed BO diet, 60% in rats fed 15% MO + 5% CO diet, 67% in rats fed 10% MO + 10% CO diet, 83% in rats fed 5% MO + 15% CO diet, and 92% in rats fed 10% MO + 10% BO diet. Tumor multiplicity was lowest in PO-fed rats and highest in BO-fed rats. The tumor burden per tumor-bearing rat was lowest in rats fed the 15% MO + 5% CO, and 10% MO + 10% CO, diets and highest in those fed 20% BCO diet. Although body weight at 16 weeks post DMBA was not significantly different among the dietary groups, food intake was significantly greater in rats fed a diet containing 20% BO, or 5% MO + 15% CO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

贵州省布依族和仡佬族的皮纹研究

本文报告了450例布依族和410例仡佬族的12项皮纹正常值测定,在左右手间和男女性间进行了比较,并以汉族作为对照。     

血流感染患者表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的分布与耐药性分析

目的比较血流感染患者表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性差异,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法对贵州医科大学第三附属医院2011年6月至2014年11月血流感染标本中分离出的表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌共140株进行比较分析,按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行微生物鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,药敏结果按美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)的标准判断,数据采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。结果血流感染标本共分离出表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌140株,其中表皮葡萄球菌分离出88株,占62.86%;金黄色葡萄球菌分离出52株,占37.14%。血流感染表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、克林霉素、红霉素、阿奇霉素、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、利福平、呋喃妥因、头孢噻吩、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、麦迪霉素、复方新诺明等耐药率分别为81.82%,45.15%;35.23%,15.38%;20.45%,5.77%;47.73%,26.92%;76.14%,51.92%;69.32%,50.00%;64.77%,9.62%;54.55%,28.85%;14.77%,0.00%;10.23%,0.00%;39.77%,3.85%;11.36%,0.00%;54.55%,28.85%;67.05%,5.77%;79.55%,32.69%;表皮葡萄球菌耐药率明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌,差异有性统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血流感染中表皮葡萄球菌的感染率与耐药率不断上升,耐药率明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌,应引起重视。     

Is diabetes mellitus related to undernutrition in rural Tanzania?

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the relation between undernutrition and diabetes. DESIGN--Survey of glucose tolerance in rural Tanzania. SETTING--Eight villages in three widely separated regions of Tanzania. SUBJECTS--8581 people aged 15 and above: 3705 men and 4876 women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Oral glucose tolerance, body mass index, height, and low haemoglobin and cholesterol concentrations. RESULTS--In the eight villages 42.7-56.9% of all men and 30.0-45.2% of all women had a body mass index below 20 kg/m2; the lowest quintile was 18.2 kg/m2 in men and 18.6 kg/m2 in women. The prevalence of diabetes did not change significantly from the lowest to the highest fifths of body mass index in men (lowest 1.6% (95% confidence interval 0.8% to 2.9%) v highest 1.3% (0.7% to 2.5%)) or women (1.1% (0.6% to 2.1%) v 0.5% (0.2% to 1.2%)). In men and in women prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was greater in the lowest fifths of height (8.2% (6.3% to 10.6%), and 11.1% (9.2% to 13.3%)) respectively and body mass index (9.6% (7.5% to 12.1%), and 8.4% (6.7% to 10.5%)) than in the highest fifths (impaired glucose tolerance 4.7% (3.4% to 6.5%); and 5.1% (3.9% to 6.7%); body mass index 5.1% (3.7% to 7.0%), and 7.7% (6.2% to 9.6%). CONCLUSION--Rates of diabetes were not significantly associated with low body mass index or height, but overall rates were much lower than those in well nourished Western populations. Increased impaired glucose tolerance in the most malnourished people may reflect the larger glucose load per kilogram weight. The role of undernutrition in the aetiology of diabetes must be questioned.     

金华北山区部分绿色蔬菜的营养成分和有害物质测定

对马铃薯、菜豆、萝卜和番茄等４种绿色蔬菜进行营养成分和有害物质的全面测定。结果表明：绿色蔬菜具有高营养、无毒的特点。（１）４种绿色蔬菜的含钙量分别为一般蔬菜同一品种的２４０％、１９８．５％、１６３．７％和１５７．８％,含铁量分别为１７．４倍、８．７倍、１０．７倍和１２．７倍,含磷量分别为１１８．２％、１０２％、１６３．６％和１７７．８％,并具有较高的镁、锌、铜和锰等元素的含量。（２）４种绿色蔬菜的镉、砷、汞、氟、六六六、ＤＤＴ、敌敌畏、乐果、马拉硫磷、对硫磷、甲胺磷、杀螟硫和倍硫磷等１３项有害物质全部符合绿色食品标准。（３）４种绿色蔬菜的ＶＢ１含量分别增加２０％、２２．２％、１６．７％和６％,ＶＢ２分别增加３０％、１２％、１３５％和２６．７,Ｖc分别增加８．６％、６８．９％、１２．１％和１８．１％,胡萝卜素分别为一般同种蔬菜的１６倍、２．９倍、１３．５倍和４．５倍。（４）其蛋白质含量也分别增加１８．５％、１３．９％、７．５％和３０％,灰分分别为２．０８倍、３．１５倍、２．８５倍和２．９６倍,总糖分别为一般同种蔬菜的９１％、１０１．１％、１９１．３％和９５．２％,粗纤维分别为１１３．３％、８９．２％、８６．７％和１０５％。     

转人t-PA指形区缺失基因的山羊体细胞核移植及其继代核移植

为了探索转基因体细胞核经连续核移植后的发育潜力,以转人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)指形区缺失基因的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体,MII期的卵母细胞质为核受体,利用胞质内注射法构建原代核移胚胎(G0),并进行了原代核移植胚胎的继代核移植研究。比较原代和继代核移植胚胎在体外发育能力上的差异;在G1、G2代核移植试验过程中,比较了供体胚胎细胞的发育阶段对核移植胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明,原代核移植胚胎的卵裂率(76.45%±1.17%)与继代核移植胚胎的卵裂率(72.18%±1.97%,76.05%±2.38%,75.99%±2.84%)无显著性差异(P>0.05)。但原代核移植胚胎的桑葚胚率(47.20%±2.93%)、囊胚率(11.00%±1.42%)显著高于G1、G2、G3代核核移植胚胎的桑葚胚率(34.99%±2.66%,28.23%±2.00%,23.34%±1.99%)、囊胚率(3.87%±0.67%,2.08%±1.66%,0);在G1、G2中,当用16-细胞期核移植胚胎作为核供体时的桑葚胚率(29.57%±1.53%,24.43%±1.87%)、囊胚率(1.96%±1.31%,2.01%±1.34%)低于用32~64-细胞时期的核移植胚胎的桑葚胚率(34.32%±1.31%,29.76%±1.66%)、囊胚率(3.86%±1.03%,3.48%±0.34%),但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。由此得出结论:转基因体细胞核移植胚胎不宜进行多代克隆;胞质内注射法构建核移植胚胎,用32~64-细胞期的胚胎作为核供体构建的核移植胚胎的体外发育率高于用16-细胞期的胚胎作为核供体构建的核移植胚胎的体外发育率。     

Influence of personal characteristics of individual women on sensitivity and specificity of mammography in the Million Women Study: cohort study

Objectives To examine how lifestyle, hormonal, and other factors influence the sensitivity and specificity of mammography.Methods Women recruited into the Million Women Study completed a questionnaire about various personal factors before routine mammographic screening. A sample of 122 355 women aged 50-64 years were followed for outcome of screening and incident breast cancer in the next 12 months. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated by using standard definitions, with adjustment for potential confounding factors.Results Breast cancer was diagnosed in 726 (0.6%) women, 629 in screen positive and 97 in screen negative women; 3885 (3.2%) were screen positive but had no subsequent diagnosis of breast cancer. Overall sensitivity was 86.6% and specificity was 96.8%. Three factors had an adverse effect on both measures: use of hormone replacement therapy (sensitivity: 83.0% (95% confidence interval 77.4% to 87.6%), 84.7% (73.9% to 91.6%), and 92.1% (87.6% to 95.0%); specificity: 96.8% (96.6% to 97.0%), 97.8% (97.5% to 98.0%), and 98.1% (98.0% to 98.2%), respectively, for current, past, and never use); previous breast surgery v no previous breast surgery (sensitivity: 83.5% (75.7% to 89.1%) v 89.4% (86.5% to 91.8%); specificity: 96.2% (95.8% to 96.5%) v 97.4% (97.3% to 97.5%), respectively); and body mass index < 25 v ≥ 25 (sensitivity: 85.7% (81.2% to 89.3%) v 91.0% (87.5% to 93.6%); specificity: 97.2% (97.0% to 97.3%) v 97.4% (97.3% to 97.6%), respectively). Neither sensitivity nor specificity varied significantly according to age, family history of breast cancer, parity, past oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, physical activity, smoking, or alcohol consumption.Conclusions The efficiency, and possibly the effectiveness, of mammographic screening is lower in users of hormone replacement therapy, in women with previous breast surgery, and in thin women compared with other women.     

The steam volatile oil of Wollemia nobilis and its comparison with other members of the Araucariaceae (Agathis and Araucaria)

The leaf essential oil of Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) has been investigated and compared with other members of the family Araucariaceae. All araucaroids examined yielded steam volatile oils in low yields. The oil from Wollemia nobilis was composed mainly of (+)-16-kaurene (60%), together with alpha-pinene (9%) and germacrene-D (8%). Oils from Agathis species endemic to Australia were high in monoterpenes, in contrast to those isolated from extra-Australian species. The major constituents of A. atropurpurea oil were phyllocladene (13%) and 16-kaurene (19%), followed by alpha-pinene (8%) and delta-cadinene (9%). A. microstachya yielded oil in which alpha-pinene (18%) was the major component; the only other components in excess of 5% were myrcene (7%), bicyclogermacrene (6%) and delta-cadinene (6%). A. robusta oil contained spathulenol (37%) and rimuene (6%). Approximately 40% of the oil was unidentified sesquiterpenes. A. australis oil contained 16-kaurene (37%), sclarene (5%) and an unidentified oxygenated diterpene K (12%) as major components; the only other compound in excess of 5% was germacrene-D (9%). 5,15-Rosadiene (60%), and 16-kaurene (7%) were the major constituents of A. macrophylla oil. A. moorei oil was rich in sesquiterpenes, but the only compounds in excess of 5% were allo-aromadendrene (6%), germacrene-D, delta-cadinene (10%), an unidentified sesquiterpene (12%) and 16-kaurene (6%). In A. ovata oil the most significant compounds were caryophyllene oxide (15%) and phyllocladene (39%). Araucaria angustifolia contained germacrene-D (9%) and the diterpenes hibaene (30%) and phyllocladene (20%) as major components of its essential oil. Oils of A. bidwillii, A. columnaris and A. cunninghamii were all low in mono- and sesquiterpenes and high in diterpenes. In the first, hibaene (76%) was the major constituent; the second contained hibaene (9%), sclarene (6%), luxuriadiene (13-epi-dolabradiene)(23%) and two unidentified diterpene hydrocarbons (B) (33%) and (E) (10%). In the last, 16-kaurene (53%) was the most significant component followed by hibaene (29%). A. heterophylla was unusual in that over half the oil was made up of the monoterpenoid alpha-pinene (52%), with phyllocladene (32%) being the only other compound of significance. alpha-Pinene (18%) was a significant component of A. hunsteinii oil; sclarene (11%) and germacrene-D (5%) were the only other compounds present in concentrations of more than 5%. A. luxurians oil was composed of 5,15-rosadiene (20%) and luxuriadiene (13-epi-dolabradiene) (66%), previously unreported from natural sources. The major components of A. montana were phyllocladene (61%) and 16-kaurene (23%). Sclarene (20%), luxuriadiene (19%) and the unidentified diterpene hydrocarbons (B) (25%) and (E) (10%) were the most important constituents of A. muelleri oil. A. scopulorum contained large amounts of 16-alpha-phyllocladanol (41%) as well as luxuridiene (10%) and delta-cadinene and alpha-copaene, both at 6%.     

落叶松人工林施肥对土壤酶和微生物的影响

以落叶松(Larix gmelinii)二代1年、一代14年和34年人工林为研究对象,对林地进行了不同施肥实验处理．结果表明,施肥能不同程度地促进或抑制土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量,尤其是对根际土壤生理活性影响效果更为明显．相同处理对不同发育阶段土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响效果不同．二代1年生幼林地最佳施肥方案是处理9,其土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蛋白酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、微生物总量、细菌数量、放线菌数量和真菌数量分别比对照提高413.49％、22．10％、20．56％、220．00％、49．46％、238．88％、247．24％、106．70％和366．67％;一代34年生最佳施肥方案是处理5。根际与非根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性、微生物总量、细菌数量、真菌数量分别比对照提高30．44％、16．91％、0．22％、43．06％、124．18％、119．92％、87．66％、17．57％、24．55％、77．01％、168．62％、251．85％、183.33％、250．0％、38．24％和128．57％;一代14年生幼龄林需要适量的氮肥和有机无机混合肥,较理想的施肥方案为处理2和处理9,处理2根际与非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性分别比对照提高44．39％、94．83％、4．62％、13.98％、10．70％和129．76％．处理9根际与非根际土壤微生物总量、细菌数量、真菌数量分别比对照增加176．49％、266．63％、198．04％、275．56％、66.67％和143．75％．     

Chemical composition of the essential oils of two Alpinia species from Hainan Island, China

The essential oils of two Alpinia species, ie. A. hainanensis and A. katsumadai, from Hainan Island, China were analyzed by using GC-MS. The major constituents in the leaf oil of A. hainanensis were ocimene (27.4%), beta-pinene (10.1%), 9-octadecenoic acid (6.5%), n-hexadecanoic acid (5.8%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (5.4%), and terpinen (4.3%). The oil constituents obtained from the flowers of A. hainanensis were ocimene (39.8%), beta-pinene (17.7%), terpinene (5.5%), p-menth-1-en-ol (4.9%), caryophyllene (4.9%), and phellandrene (4.4%). In A. katsumadai, the major constituents in the leaf oil were p-menth-1-en-ol (22.0%), terpinen (19.0%), 4-carene (9.1%), 1,8-cineole (8.3%), and camphor (5.6%). The major constituents in the flower oil were p-menth-1-en-ol (21.3%), 1,8-cineole (20.2%), terpinen (12.6%), phellandrene (7.0%), 4-carene (6.4%), and beta-pinene (5.2%).     

Effect of slope farmland soil and water and soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss based on different crop and straw applications and ridge patterns in the basin of the main stream of the Songhua River

For soil and water erosion control in slope farmland, field experiments consisting of corn?+?no straw application?+?longitudinal ridge (CNL-CK), corn?+?stubble standing?+?cross ridge (CSSC), corn?+?straw application?+?cross ridge (CSC), soybean?+?straw application?+?cross ridge (SSC) and alfalfa?+?straw application?+?cross ridge (ASC) were conducted. Compared with the traditional CNL cropping pattern, soil loss in CSSC, CSC, SSC, and ASC was decreased 43.6%, 48.6%,58.2% and 62.1%, respectively, soil nitrogen loss load was decreased 53.8%, 50.8%, 62.1% and 66.2%, respectively, and soil phosphorus loss load was decreased 50.7%, 50.7%, 60.0%, and 66.7%, respectively. Runoff volume was decreased 42.4%, 52.3%, 54.6% and 61.0%, runoff nitrogen loss load was decreased 52.8%, 56.8%, 46.1% and 50.2%, respectively, and runoff phosphorus loss load was decreased 46.9%, 78.2%, 67.2%, and 62.7%, respectively. Soil and water erosion control of soybean and alfalfa were better than that of corn. Soil loss was decreased 19.2% and 26.7%, soil nitrogen loss load was decreased 22.9% and 31.3% respectively, soil phosphorus loss load was decreased 18.9% and 32.4% respectively, runoff volume was decreased 4.8% and 18.4% respectively, runoff nitrogen loss load was decreased ?24.9% and ?15.3% respectively, and runoff phosphorus loss load was decreased ?50.4% and ?71.2% respectively. Though runoff volume of SSC and ASC were lower than CSC, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in SSC and ASC runoff liquid were higher than CSC, so the runoff nitrogen and phosphorus of SSC and ASC were increased. The runoff nitrogen and phosphorus loss load could be negligible because the soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss load were large. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus of all treatment runoff liquid was less than the environmental quality standards for class III surface water, so the runoff from slope farmland did not influence the water quality of the Songhua River.     

A Preliminary Study on the Chemical Constituents of Head Space of Jasminum sambac (L.) Alt

The flowers of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. are noted for their fresh and delicate pleasant fragrance. We used the XAD-4 (Robin and Haas Co.) hydrophobic resin to absorb the fragrance released from the flowers and had a satisfied result. The Head Space was analysed by means of capillary GC/MS/DS combination and 37 constituents were identified. They are ethyl acetate (0.22%), 3-methyl cyclopentene (0.13%), 2-methyl hexane ( 0.09 % ), 2, 2, 3, 4-tetramethyl petane (0.07 % ), n-heptane (0.03 % ), phenyl- 2-propanone (0.05%), 2-methyl butate (0.03 % ), 3-methyl heptane (0.02%), butyl acetate (0.12 % ), 2-methyl propen-2-1y acetate (0.04 % ), n-hexen-l-ol ( 1.06% ), 6-methyl-2-hepta- none (0.18%), 6-methyl 5-hepten-2-one (0.12%), carbamyl benzoate (0.42%), β-pinene ( 0.53 % ), 3- hexenyl acetate ( 13.80 % ), limonene ( 0.12 % ), benzaldehyde ( 1.13 % ), ocimene ( 0.06 % ), methyl benzoate ( 6.27 % ), linalool ( 25.01% ), trans-linalool oxide ( 0.32 % ), benzyl acetate (23.71%), 3-hexenyl butate ( 1.72% ), methyl salicylate (2.55%), cyclohexyl formate (0.10%), indole ( 1.83% ), 2, 6-dimethyl 5-heptenal (0.05%), methyl anthranilate (1.56%), 2, 6-dimethyl heptenal (0.53%), β-caryophyllene (0.32%), β-farnsene (0.10%), humulene ( 0.21% ), γ -cadinene (0.62%), cis-caryophyllene ( 13.67% ), trans, trans-farnsol (0.35%), cyclohexyl benzoate ( 3.37% ), respectively.     

Comparison of methods to identify individuals at increased risk of coronary disease from the general population

Objectives To evaluate the guidelines on measurement of cholesterol in the national service framework for coronary heart disease and to compare alternative strategies for identifying people at high risk of coronary disease in the general population.Design Comparison of methods (national service framework criteria, Sheffield tables, age threshold of 50 years, estimated risk assessment using fixed cholesterol values) for identifying people with a 10 year coronary event risk of 15% or greater.Setting Health survey for England 1998.Subjects 6307 people aged between 30 and 74 years with no history of myocardial infarction, stroke, or angina.Main outcome measures Proportion of the total population selected for measurement of cholesterol and proportion of people at 15% or greater risk identified.Results The national service framework guidelines selected 43.4% (95% confidence interval 42.2% to 44.6%) of the study population for cholesterol measurement and identified 81.2% (80.2% to 82.2%) of those at 15% or greater risk. The Sheffield tables selected 73.1% (72.0% to 74.2%) for cholesterol measurement and identified 99.91% (99.83% to 99.99%) of those at 15% or greater risk. An age threshold of 50 years selected 46.3% (45.1% to 47.5%) for cholesterol measurement and identified 92.8% (92.1% to 93.4%) of those at 15% or greater risk. Estimated risk assessments using fixed cholesterol values selected 17.8% (16.8% to 18.7%) for cholesterol measurement and identified 75.9% (74.8% to 76.9%) of those at 15% or greater risk.Conclusion Measuring the cholesterol concentration of everyone aged 50 years and over is a simple and efficient method of identifying people at high risk of coronary disease in the general population.     

生物炭对岩溶区石灰土性质及作物生长的影响

以玉米(迪卡008)和大豆(开鲜9号)为供试材料,通过野外盆栽实验,设置5个处理,每个处理蔗渣生物炭材料分别以土壤质量百分比0(CK)、0.5%(T1)、1%(T2)、2%(T3)、5%(T4)添加,研究蔗渣生物炭对岩溶区石灰土性质及农作物生长的影响。结果表明:生物炭对石灰土p H和碱解氮均无显著影响,土壤容重显著降低,提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量;与对照相比,玉米组和大豆组T2、T3、T4处理的土壤有机碳含量分别显著增加了53.01%、96.77%、237.03%和32.66%、107.84%、256.46%,速效磷分别显著增加了32.26%、34.78%、85.37%和34.85%、35.60%、81.71%,速效钾分别显著增加了41.93%、82.49%、155.15%和69.77%、116.58%、206.91%;T3、T4处理土壤全氮分别显著增加了5.68%、25.57%和9.04%、19.77%,T3、T4处理玉米棒干重分别显著增加了11.51%、16.41%;T1、T2、T3、T4处理大豆豆荚干重分别显著增加了11.07%、11.24%、35.14%、24.89%。可见,蔗渣生物炭作为土壤改良剂,在一定程度上改善了石灰土的养分状况,促进了玉米和大豆生长。     

泌尿生殖道支原体培养及耐药性差异分析

目的检测本地区人群泌尿生殖道溶脲脲原体（Uu）和人型支原体（Mh）感染的发生率;分析其对9种抗生素的药物敏感性差异,用以指导临床的抗生素治疗。方法采用法国生物梅里埃Mycoplasma IST2试剂盒对支原体进行分离培养鉴定和药物敏感性试验;分析2008—2013年本地区支原体感染患者耐药性的差异。结果在本地区8168例疑似NGU的患者中检出支原体2564例,阳性检出率为31．39％,其中仅uu感染的患者1833例（22．44％）,Uu和Mh混合感染的患者623例（7．63％）,仅Mh感染的患者108例（1．32％）。仅uu感染的患者对PRI、JOS、DOT、TET、CLA、AZI、ERY、OFL和CIP九种抗生素的敏感率分别为99．8％、99．4％、96．3％、91．9％、90．O％、89．7％、69．7％、4．O％和0．5％;Uu和Mh混合感染的患者对9种抗生素的敏感率分别为96．3％、96．1％、94．8％、79．5％、12．0％、11．7％、1．4％、1．0％和0．3％;仅Mh感染的患者对9种抗生素的敏感率分别为100％、100％、100％、90．7％、0％、0％、O％、14．8％和13．9％。结论本地区泌尿生殖道支原体感染以Uu感染最为常见,Uu和Mh混合感染次之,Mh感染最为少见;对支原体的抗生素治疗首选PRI、JOS、DOT;TET、AZI、CLA可适当使用,而ERY、OFL、CIP则不宜选用。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区抗侵蚀植物叶表皮的生态适应性

采用叶表皮临时装片法研究了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土壤侵蚀环境沟间地、沟谷地和沟间人工刺槐林地6种抗侵蚀植物叶表皮组成细胞的形态特征.结果表明: 沟间地抗侵蚀植物叶的上表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛〖JP2〗密度和表皮细胞密度分别比沟谷地提高93.8%、66.8%、17.9%、36.4%、42.3%、199.4%和46.5%,下表皮分别提高90.4%、76.6%、9.8%、47.1%、43.9%、98.2%和50.1%;沟间人工刺槐林地叶上表皮各形态指标分别比沟谷地提高66.7%、20.5%、11.9%、37.9%、19.8%、113.1%和10.8%,叶下表皮分别提高106.7%、45.8%、11.9%、41.3%、21.2%、52.2%和28.1%.沟间地植物叶上、下叶表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短58.8%和29.7%,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少40.3%和37.0%.沟间人工刺槐林地叶上、下表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短25.0%和23.6%,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少22.2%和19.2%.抗侵蚀植物通过增加叶表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛密度、表皮细胞密度和减少表皮毛长度、表皮细胞面积来适应较强的土壤侵蚀环境.     

A large seroprevalence survey of brucellosis in cattle herds under diverse production systems in northern Nigeria

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate the status of brucellosis in cattle under various management systems in Adamawa, Kaduna and Kano states, northern Nigeria. Using multi-stage sampling, serum samples of 4,745 cattle from 271 herds were tested using the Rose-Bengal plate-agglutination test (RBPT) and positives were confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). RESULTS: Prevalence estimates were calculated by adjusting for sampling weights and where possible for test sensitivity and specificity. Thirty-seven percent of all animals were RBPT positive, and after confirmation with c-ELISA the overall animal-level prevalence, adjusted for sampling weights, was 26.3% (95% CI, 22.1%-31.0%). Of the herds sampled, 210 (77.5%; 95% CI, 68.6%-84.5%) had at least one animal positive to both tests; this did not differ significantly between states (P = 0.538). Mean within-herd seroprevalence in positive herds was 30.2% (95% CI, 25.3%-35.1%) and ranged from 3.1% to 85.7%. Overall animal-level seroprevalences of 29.2% (95% CI, 22.5%-36.9%) (n = 1827), 23.3% (95% CI, 18.9%-28.3%) (n = 1870) and 26.7% (95% CI, 18.8%-36.7%) (n = 1048) were observed in Adamawa, Kaduna and Kano states, respectively (P = 0.496). A significantly higher seroprevalence was found in males (38.2%; 95% CI, 31.7%-45.2%) than in females (24.7%; 95% CI, 20.4%-29.5%) (P < 0.001) and in non-pregnant females (27.8%; 95% CI, 22.9%-33.5%) than in pregnant females (17.2%; 95% CI, 13.6%-21.5%) (P < 0.001). Seroprevalence increased with increasing age (P < 0.001), from 13.5% (95% CI, 8.9%-19.9%) in cattle <4 years to 35.0% (95% CI, 28.5%-42.3%) in cattle >7 years. Seroprevalence also varied between management systems (P < 0.001): pastoral systems 45.1% (95% CI, 38.6%-51.9%), zero-grazing systems 23.8% (95% CI, 6.8%-59.2%), agro-pastoral systems 22.0% (95% CI, 17.3%-27.8%), and commercial farms 15.9% (95% CI, 9.5%-25.5%). Seroprevalence did not differ significantly between breeds or lactation status. CONCLUSION: This is the first large study to assess the prevalence of bovine brucellosis over a wide geographic area of northern Nigeria, in a variety of management systems and using accurate tests. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was high, and higher than results of previous studies in northern Nigeria. The pastoral management systems of the traditional Fulanis may be encouraging the dissemination of the disease. Public enlightenment of the farmers about the disease, vaccination and appropriate national control measures are recommended.     

山鸡椒根部精油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏、气相层析、标准品加入和归一法等综合技术鉴定出山鸡椒根部精油含α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、1.8-桉叶素、对聚伞花素、香草醛、甲基庚烯酮、异胡薄荷醇、香叶醇甲酸酯、α-松油醇、香草醇,柠檬醛a,b、香叶醇、丁香酚十三个成分。