硝酸甘油消化道吸收后在动物体内的代谢研究

目的　观察硝酸甘油 (glyceryltrinitrate ,GTN)经消化道吸收后的分解代谢机理。方法　以实验兔为动物模型 ,应用电生理监测仪动态检测血压 ,血气分析仪检测高铁血红蛋白 (MetHb) ,全自动生化分析仪检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT) ,比色法检测硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)。结果　GTN经消化道吸收后代谢产生亚硝酸盐 ,实验动物血压、红细胞GSH降低 ,MetHb、ALT未见明显变化。结论　机体内GTN分解代谢过程中可消耗还原性巯基和产生亚硝酸盐 ,对血红蛋白和肝脏功能无明显影响。     

The Alimentary Canal of a Freshwater Copepoda,Macrocyclops albidus,and some Other Cyclopoida

Structural and ultrastructural studies on the gut of a freshwater Cyclopoida, Macrocyclops albidus (Crustacea, Copepoda) during its post-naupliar development show constant morphological and cytological characteristics. The alimentary canal is composed of three parts: oesophagus, gut and rectum. Three zones are described from the gut, which forms the major part of the alimentary canal. The median part, or midgut, is the more interesting, characterized by its vacuolar cells. All cells of the gut have constant features. An hypothesis on the digestive function is given in relation to behavioral observations and histological and biochemical data.     

圈养华南虎食物通过消化管时间的初步测定

采用苹果皮作标记物 ,对 4只圈养成年健康华南虎的食物通过消化管的时间进行试验性测定 ,结果平均值为 18 36± 3 5 8h (13 83～ 2 2 5 7h) ,其中 9∶30投喂的为 2 1 97± 0 74h ,16∶4 0投喂的为 15 2 0± 0 87h ,牛肉、混合饲料间和虎个体间差异均不显著。     

Similar Associations of Tooth Microwear and Morphology Indicate Similar Diet across Marsupial and Placental Mammals

Low-magnification microwear techniques have been used effectively to infer diets within many unrelated mammalian orders, but the extent to which patterns are comparable among such different groups, including long extinct mammal lineages, is unknown. Microwear patterns between ecologically equivalent placental and marsupial mammals are found to be statistically indistinguishable, indicating that microwear can be used to infer diet across the mammals. Microwear data were compared to body size and molar shearing crest length in order to develop a system to distinguish the diet of mammals. Insectivores and carnivores were difficult to distinguish from herbivores using microwear alone, but combining microwear data with body size estimates and tooth morphology provides robust dietary inferences. This approach is a powerful tool for dietary assessment of fossils from extinct lineages and from museum specimens of living species where field study would be difficult owing to the animal’s behavior, habitat, or conservation status.     

Ultrastructure of the Alimentary Canal in Five-Month-Old Pentactulae of the Holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix

Five-month-old pentactulae (juveniles) of the holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrixpossess a well-developed alimentary canal comprising an esophagus, a stomach, an intestine, and a rectum. The intestine in turn consists of five parts. The esophagus, stomach, and rectum are lined with a cuticular epithelium. The intestinal lining lacks a cuticle and is composed of mainly polyfunctional vesicular enterocytes. Granular enterocytes are less abundant; their cytoplasm contains electron-dense granules, which are probably zymogenic. The gut connective tissue consists of electron-lucent ground substance with collagen fibers and embedded coelomocytes. The gut mesothelium is composed of myoepithelial and peritoneal cells and contains the neurons of the hyponeural nerve plexus.     

Piscivorous behavior of a temperate cone snail, Conus californicus

Most of the more than 500 species of predatory marine snails in the genus Conus are tropical or semitropical, and nearly all are thought to be highly selective regarding type of prey. Conus californicus Hinds, 1844, is unusual in that it is endemic to the North American Pacific coast and preys on a large variety of benthic organisms, primarily worms and other molluscs, and also scavenges. We studied the feeding behavior of C. californicus in captivity and found that it regularly killed and consumed live prickleback fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister spp.). Predation involved two behavioral methods similar to those employed by strictly piscivorous relatives. One method utilized stings delivered by radular teeth; the other involved engulfing the prey without stinging. Both methods were commonly used in combination, and individual snails sometimes employed multiple stings to subdue a fish. During the course of the study, snails became aroused by the presence of live fish more quickly, as evidenced by more rapid initiation of hunting behavior. Despite this apparent adaptation, details of prey-capture techniques and effectiveness of stings remained similar over the same period.     

A Study of the Alimentary Canal of the Brachyopterygian Fish Polypterus senegalus with Electron Microscopy and Immunohistochemistry

The gastro-intestinal tract of Polypterus senegalus was investigated by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Cilia-bearing cells can be observed over the whole length of the intestine. All enterocytes along the intestinal tract are characterized by apical pinocytotic vesicles. However, a typical intestinal region, which in other fish is characterized by large supranuclear vacuoles, is lacking. By means of electron microscopy, four types of endocrine cells and three types of nerve cell processes can be identified. By means of immunohistochemistry, endocrine cells with immunoreactivity for bombesin-, enkephalin-, G/CCK-, 5-HT-, somatostatin- and substance P-antisera can be found. Nerve cell processes show immunoreactivity for bombesin-, enkephalin-, 5-HT-, substance P- and VIP-antisera. The number of immunoreactive endocrine cells, nerve cells and nerve cell processes is different for each part of the gut.     

Cormorant Catch Concerns for Fishers: Estimating the Size-Selectivity of a Piscivorous Bird

Conflict arises in fisheries worldwide when piscivorous birds target fish species of commercial value. This paper presents a method for estimating size selectivity functions for piscivores and uses it to compare predation selectivities of Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis L. 1758) with that of gill-net fishing on a European perch (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) population in the Curonian Lagoon, Lithuania. Fishers often regard cormorants as an unwanted “satellite species”, but the degree of direct competition and overlap in size-specific selectivity between fishers and cormorants is unknown. This study showed negligible overlap in selectivity between Great Cormorants and legal-sized commercial nets. The selectivity estimation method has general application potential for use in conjunction with population dynamics models to assess fish population responses to size-selective fishing from a wide range of piscivorous predators.     

桃小食心虫幼虫的消化道和马氏管的显微结构观察

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,在形态学和组织学水平上研究_『桃小食心虫 Carposina sasakii 幼虫消化道和屿氏管的结构.桃小食心虫幼虫消化道由前肠、中肠和后肠组成.前肠细短,肌肉层薄.前肠与中肠交界处有突出的胃盲囊.中肠长且粗大,内有围食膜,肠壁细胞较大,外层为发达的环肌和纵肌.后肠上皮细胞内陷很深.6根念珠状的马氏管位于中、后肠分界处.