黄土高原长期培肥土壤团聚体中养分和酶的分布

土壤养分和生物酶是衡量土壤肥力的指标,土壤团聚体性质则决定了土壤物理结构的好坏,探讨不同培肥措施下土壤养分和生物酶在团聚体中的分布,对合理培肥和改善土壤性状具有重要的实际意义。对连续25a的长期有机培肥定位试验地进行测定,结果表明：培肥增加了大级别土壤团聚体、特征微团聚体的数量,显著地改善了土壤结构。培肥土壤团聚体平均重量直径、特征微团聚体C／F0.01较无肥对照土壤有显著增加。长期培肥增强了土壤化学、生物性质的“微域”变异性。相同培肥措施下土壤主要养分含量和酶活性均随土壤团聚体直径的增大而减小。除厩肥处理土壤碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶外,其它各培肥土壤的养分含量和酶活性均在〈0．01mm级别特征微团聚体中含量高、活性大。相同级别团聚体和特征微团聚体中,养分含量和酶活性在不同培肥土壤间基本表现出施厩肥处理〉施秸秆处理〉施化肥处理〉对照的规律性。将团聚体的含量和养分含量或酶活性在团聚体中的丰度结合考虑,发现〉5mm级别团聚体中养分含量或酶活性对土壤的贡献率最大。结果充分地显示着土壤性质在不同空间尺度下、不同管理措施下变异的复杂性和多样性。     

Long-term effect of mineral fertilizers and amendments on microbial dynamics in an alfisol of Western Himalayas

The microbial dynamics expressed in terms of culturable microbial populations i.e. bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and Azotobacter were measured after 33 years of continuous application of mineral fertilizers and amendments to an acid alfisol. The bacterial, fungal and Azotobacter populations were maximum in plots treated with mineral fertilizers and FYM (100%NPK+FYM) while actinomycetes population was maximum in mineral fertilizes and lime treated plots (100%NPK+Lime). The bacterial population decreased and fungal population increased with increasing levels of NPK i.e. from 50% to 150%NPK. Bacillus species of bacteria and Gliocladium, Aspergillus and Rhizopus species of fungi were the main dominating culturable microorganisms in all the treatments. The FYM and lime amended plots sustained crop productivity and microbial populations at higher levels than rest of the mineral fertilizer treatments. The nitrogenous fertilizers alone had the most deleterious effect on crop productivity and the biological soil environment.     

土壤水分胁迫与遮荫对生姜生长特性的影响

水分胁迫使生姜叶片叶绿素含量降低,叶片气孔密度及气孔面积减小,根系活力下降。根系伤流量减少,在相同土壤水分条件下,遮光使叶片叶绿素含量增加。气孔密度减小,叶片上表皮气孔变大,而下表皮气孔变小。根系活力增强,水分胁迫显著影响生姜的生长与产量,但不同水分条件下,光强对生姜生长与产量的影响不同,正常供水条件下,生姜在自然光照条件下生长较好,产量较高;水分胁迫条件下,生姜在遮荫条件下生长较好,产量较高。     

Effect of annual variation in soil pH on available soil nutrients in pear orchards

Soil pH is an important factor affecting the availability of soil nutrients that impact plant growth. Given the susceptibility of soil pH to excessive fertilization and the widespread use of manures, it is essential to examine the influence of soil pH on the distribution and availability of soil nutrients. We sampled and analyzed brown soils from pear orchards in thirteen towns in Wendeng county. Samples were obtained from areas along or between rows of trees at specified distances and depths. The results showed that the soil pH fluctuated from 4.06 to 6.59 in October 2008 and from 4.24 to 7.57 in April 2009. The quantity of soil samples with pH below 5.50 increased by 34.6%. Analysis of the soil pH for samples obtained along the rows of trees showed that the pH decreased as the depth increased (except for the range 5.5 to 6.0); soil pH in the samples obtained between the rows of trees demonstrated different trends. The average organic matter (O.M.) content as well as the N (NH₄⁺) and available P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents in the samples collected in October 2008 were higher than those observed in April 2009. Conversely, the values for other available nutrients were lower than those in the samples collected in April 2009. The available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) content in different pH ranges varied. The soil pH was significantly or very significantly correlated with N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-), available K, Cu, Fe, and exchangeable Ca for the October 2008 samples, while a significant or very significant correlation existed between N (NH₄⁺), available P, Zn, exchangeable Ca, and exchangeable Mg for the April 2009 samples. The correlations between soil pH and the amounts of available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) along the rows of trees in September 2009 were nearly consistent with those between the rows.     

Effect of annual variation in soil pH on available soil nutrients in pear orchards

Soil pH is an important factor affecting the availability of soil nutrients that impact plant growth. Given the susceptibility of soil pH to excessive fertilization and the widespread use of manures, it is essential to examine the influence of soil pH on the distribution and availability of soil nutrients. We sampled and analyzed brown soils from pear orchards in thirteen towns in Wendeng county. Samples were obtained from areas along or between rows of trees at specified distances and depths. The results showed that the soil pH fluctuated from 4.06 to 6.59 in October 2008 and from 4.24 to 7.57 in April 2009. The quantity of soil samples with pH below 5.50 increased by 34.6%. Analysis of the soil pH for samples obtained along the rows of trees showed that the pH decreased as the depth increased (except for the range 5.5 to 6.0); soil pH in the samples obtained between the rows of trees demonstrated different trends. The average organic matter (O.M.) content as well as the N (NH₄⁺) and available P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents in the samples collected in October 2008 were higher than those observed in April 2009. Conversely, the values for other available nutrients were lower than those in the samples collected in April 2009. The available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) content in different pH ranges varied. The soil pH was significantly or very significantly correlated with N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-), available K, Cu, Fe, and exchangeable Ca for the October 2008 samples, while a significant or very significant correlation existed between N (NH₄⁺), available P, Zn, exchangeable Ca, and exchangeable Mg for the April 2009 samples. The correlations between soil pH and the amounts of available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) along the rows of trees in September 2009 were nearly consistent with those between the rows.     

Effects of wind erosion on the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in two desert grassland communities

Wind is known to affect the spatial heterogeneity of soil resources in arid and semiarid systems, but multi-year, quantified observations are largely absent. We studied the effects of wind erosion on the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and other soil nutrients at the Jornada Experimental Range, in southern New Mexico. Enhanced wind erosion was encouraged by grass cover reduction in a Sporobolus-mesquite dominated site (SM) and a Bouteloua-mesquite dominated site (BM). The scale and magnitude of spatial dependence for the soil analytes were quantified using geostatistical analyses. Results of this study show that soil organic matter related analytes such as SOC, TN, N_avail, and SO₄ ^2- are among the first to be eroded and redistributed; cations such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ may not be removed and redistributed significantly; and other ions such as K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ showed no discernible pattern of change. Geostatistics show that wind appeared to increase the scale of spatial autocorrelation, but decrease the scale of spatial dependence of most soil analytes over 2–3 windy seasons. In the wind enhanced plot of the SM site, up to 99% of the spatial dependence of SOC was autocorrelated at the distance of 1.45 m before the initiation of wind erosion, but the spatial dependence dropped significantly to only 60% at a larger autocorrelation distance of 2.76 m after three windy seasons. Similar but less significant changes were observed for SOC in the BM site. Despite the differential effects of wind on the soil analytes, we conclude that the overall results of wind on the grass cover reduction plots are the disappearance of small, strong fertile islands, which may be related to grasses; and the reinforcement of large fertile islands, which are likely related to mesquite shrubs. In addition, the change of the spatial patterns of SOC and other soil nutrients induced by enhanced wind erosion may persist and reinforce soil islands associated with shrubs, thus allowing a positive feedback for further desertification in this arid grassland.     

黄土半干旱区坡地土壤水分、养分及生产力空间变异

通过田问取样,分析黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡面土壤水分、养分及其生产力空间变异性及其相关关系．结果表明,坡面0～20cm土层土壤各养分含量均不同程度地高于20～40cm土层,但变异程度却明显低于20～40cm土层,且除全磷外,土壤养分变异程度均明显高于水分．20～40cm土层土壤养分沿坡面向下逐渐增大,而0～20cm沿坡面纵向差异较小．坡面浅沟沟槽处的土壤水分、养分条件最优,但其地上生物量却低于坡顶．虽然纵向坡度(35°～45°)明显大于横向(5°～10°),但横向坡位对土壤养分的影响却明显大于纵向(除20～40cm土层速效磷含量除外),而对水分的影响纵向大于横向．相关分析表明,0～120cm土壤水分与20～40cm土壤养分以及土壤养分之间(0～20cm速效磷除外)均呈极显著相关．坡位对土壤水分、养分及地上生物量有很大影响,但土壤水分、养分对生物量影响不显著．     

Multi-scale variability in tropical soil nutrients following land-cover change

The effects of land-cover change on soil properties have reached regional proportions in the southwestern Amazon, and can be detected in their patterns at the scale of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. Spatial analysis of an extensive soil profile database revealed four nested spatial scales at which different patterns in soil properties occur: <3, <10, <68, and >68 km. The shortest scales account for the majority of the spatial variability in the biogeochemically important properties (phosphorus, nitrogen, organic carbon), while the longest scales explain the most for pedologic properties (pH, aluminum, percent clay and sand). The magnitude and sign of correlations among soil properties changed with scale, indicating major shifts in distribution and soil dynamics depending on the scale of observation and analysis. Precipitation, substrate composition, topography, and biological influences vary over large areas, leading to variable distribution of soil properties, and complicating the evaluation of the effect of deforestation on biogeochemical cycling. We modeled the relationships among scale-specific patterns in soil properties and the soil forming state factors to tease out the relative impact of changing land cover. Soil property short-scale variability corresponded with the distribution of land cover and terrain attributes, medium scale variation with geology and state soil map classifications, and long scale with geology and precipitation. The strength of these relationships may be partially attributable to the resolution of the maps used as proxies for the soil forming factors. Land-cover change has already left a discernable imprint on broad-scale soil nutrient patterns, although it is still not the dominant process.     

Impact of Parthenium hysterophorus L. invasion on plant species composition and soil properties of grassland communities in Nepal

Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) is a noxious plant that is considered one of the most invasive species in the world. We studied changes in the composition of plant species and soil properties related to the invasion of P. hysterophorus in three grassland communities of central Nepal. We collected vegetation and soil data along transects that were established in densely invaded to non-invaded areas within homogenous grassland stands. We found significant differences between invaded, transitional and non-invaded plots in species composition and soil properties. There were fewer species in non-invaded than transitional and invaded plots. By P. hysterophorus invasion both native and non-native species were supported or replaced, respectively. The concentrations of soil nitrogen and organic matter were significantly higher in transitional and invaded plots than in non-invaded plots. Soil pH, phosphorus and potassium were highest in the invaded plots, lowest in the non-invaded and intermediate in the transitional plots. Due to changes in above-ground vegetation and below-ground soil nutrient contents, P. hysterophorus invasion is likely to have an overall negative effect on the functioning of the entire ecosystem. Therefore, management of noxious P. hysterophorus is necessary to prevent future problems.     

Seasonal drought and dry‐season irrigation influence leaf‐litter nutrients and soil enzymes in a moist,lowland forest in Panama

Abstract Climatic conditions should not hinder nutrient release from decomposing leaf‐litter (mineralization) in the humid tropics, even though many tropical forests experience drought lasting from several weeks to months. We used a dry‐season irrigation experiment to examine the effect of seasonal drought on nutrient concentrations in leaf‐fall and in decomposing leaf‐litter. In the experiment, soil in two 2.25‐ha plots of old‐growth lowland moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama, was watered to maintain soil water potential at or above field capacity throughout the 4‐month dry season. Wet‐season leaf‐fall had greater concentrations of nitrogen (N, 13.5 mg g^?1) and calcium (Ca, 15.6 mg g^?1) and lower concentrations of sulfur (S, 2.51 mg g^?1) and potassium (K, 3.03 mg g^?1) than dry‐season leaf‐fall (N = 11.6 mg g^?1, Ca = 13.6 mg g^?1, S = 2.98 mg g^?1, K = 5.70 mg g^?1). Irrigation did not affect nutrient concentrations or nutrient return from forest trees to the forest floor annually (N = 18 g m^?2, phosphorus (P) = 1.06 g m^?2, S = 3.5 g m^?2, Ca = 18.9 g m^?2, magnesium = 6.5 g m^?2, K = 5.7 g m^?2). Nutrient mineralization rates were much greater during the wet season than the dry season, except for K, which did not vary seasonally. Nutrient residence times in forest‐floor material were longer in control plots than in irrigated plots, with values approximately equal to that for organic matter (210 in control plots vs 160 in irrigated plots). Calcium had the longest residence time. Forest‐floor material collected at the transition between seasons and incubated with or without leaching in the laboratory did not display large pulses in nutrient availability. Rather, microorganisms immobilized nutrients primarily during the wet season, unlike observations in tropical forests with longer dry seasons. Large amounts of P moved among different pools in forest‐floor material, apparently mediated by microorganisms. Arylsulfatase and phosphatase enzymes, which mineralize organically bound nutrients, had high activity throughout the dry season. Low soil moisture levels do not hinder nutrient cycling in this moist lowland forest.     

The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production

Compounds from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, commonly called ginger, have been purported to have anti-inflammatory actions. We have used an in vitro test system to test the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from ginger rhizome. U937 cells were differentiated and exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (1 microg/ml) in the presence or absence of organic extracts or standard compounds found in ginger (6-, 8-, 10-gingerol or 6-shogaol) for 24 h. Supernatants were collected and analyzed for the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by standard ELISA assays. Predominant compounds in the organic extracts were identified as 6-, 8- 10-gingerols and 6-, 8-, 10-shogaols. Organic extracts or standards containing gingerols were not cytotoxic, while extracts or standards containing predominantly shogaols were cytotoxic at concentrations above 20 microg/ml. Crude organic extracts of ginger were capable of inhibiting LPS induced PGE(2) (IC(50)<0.1 microg/ml) production. However, extracts were not nearly as effective at inhibiting TNF-alpha (IC(50)>30 microg/ml). Thirty three fractions and subfractions, prepared by column chromatography, were analyzed for bioactivity. Extracts containing either predominantly gingerols or shogaols (identified by HPLC) were both highly active at inhibiting LPS-induced PGE(2) production (IC(50)<0.1 microg/ml), while extracts that contained unknown compounds were less effective (IC(50)<3.2 microg/ml). Extracts or standards containing predominantly gingerols were capable of inhibiting LPS-induced COX-2 expression while shogaol containing extracts had no effect on COX-2 expression. These data demonstrate that compounds found in ginger are capable of inhibiting PGE(2) production and that the compounds may act at several sites.     

秸秆和生草覆盖对桃园土壤养分含量、微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

以秸秆(覆盖重量分别为小麦(Triticum aestivum)秸3.25 kg·m^-2、玉米(Zea mays)秸1.97 kg·m^-2、禾本科杂草3.67 kg·m^-2)和生草(白三叶草(Trifolium repens)、高羊茅(Festuca arundincea)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa), 播种量均为50 kg·hm^-2)为覆盖材料, 以不覆盖为对照, 研究了不同覆盖材料对桃园土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响, 及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明, 与对照相比, 除覆盖生草根际和非根际土壤全磷和速效磷含量差异均不显著外, 其他处理根际和非根际土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全钾和有机质含量差异均达到显著水平; 所有处理根际和非根际土壤氨化细菌、真菌和放线菌数量、土壤含水率和pH值、土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性差异均达到显著水平。白三叶草处理的根际和非根际土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全钾、有机质含量, 土壤氨化细菌和真菌数量, 土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性的平均升幅均最高, 分别为99%、270%、267%、117%、272%、158%、141%、156%和64%。氨化细菌、真菌、放线菌、脲酶和磷酸酶分别与土壤碱解氮、速效钾(放线菌和磷酸酶除外)、全氮、全钾和有机质呈显著或极显著的正相关。通径分析表明, 在3种土壤微生物和2种酶对养分含量的影响中, 脲酶是影响土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全钾和有机质的主要因子。     

Effect of water depth on the rhizome dynamics of Typha angustifolia

The rhizome dynamics of Typha angustifolia in relation to water depth were investigated. Observations were made in two different stands, namely Akigase from April 2002 to December 2003, and Teganuma from April 2003 to December 2004. The mean rhizome length in the two stands was not significantly different but the mean rhizome diameter and biomass showed a significant difference. The larger rhizome diameter in Teganuma is seemingly an important adaptation to maintain effective aeration of the rhizome by reducing the internal resistance; while larger biomass helps survival under anoxia for longer periods of time, it also provides strong anchorage to the substrate.     

种植转Bt基因水稻对土壤酶活性的影响

转Bt基因及非Bt基因水稻的盆栽试验研究表明,转Bt基因水稻在生长发育过程中可以向土壤中释放杀虫晶体蛋白,而且杀虫晶体蛋白的释放量与水稻生长发育时间有关;与非Bt基因水稻相比,转Bt基因水稻生长15d时,土壤脲酶活性显著下降(降幅为2．47％),土壤酸性磷酸酶活性显著升高(增幅为8．91％),而土壤芳基硫酸酯酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性的变化差异不显著;生长30d时,土壤脲酶活性仍显著下降(降幅为16．36％),土壤酸性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶活性显著升高(增幅分别为35．69％,19．70％和16．83％),而土壤蔗糖酶活性变化差异仍不显著。     

生物炭及炭基硝酸铵对土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作交替种植下的田间试验为平台,探讨施用生物炭及3种炭基硝酸铵氮肥对土壤主要化学肥力因子、土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响。田间试验共设6个处理,依次为:对照(施磷、钾肥,CK);生物炭(BC);硝酸铵氮肥(AN);掺混型生物炭基氮肥(CH);固-液吸附型生物炭基氮肥(XF);化学反应型生物炭基氮肥(FY)。结果表明,生物炭及3种生物炭基氮肥均显著提高土壤有机碳含量,并有效降低了有效磷和速效钾的含量。与CK处理相比较,CH、BC处理的土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加了22.10%、17.45%,而AN、XF、FY 3个处理则分别减少了9.09%、10.86%、1.46%;不同施肥处理土壤微生物量氮较CK均有增加,且BC、XF处理差异达显著水平,BC处理的增幅最大,达66.53%,XF处理的增幅次之,达到了62.78%,AN处理的增幅最小,为24.86%。与CK处理比较而言,FY、XF、CH均增加土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,且增加效应均依次减弱,FY、XF处理均增加碱性磷酸酶活性,而CH处理降低了碱性磷酸酶活性。FY、XF、CH较CK处理均可显著增加小麦产量,增产率分别为36.61%、22.58%、20.72%,且增产效果依次减弱。     

Molecular diversity and hydrolytic enzymes production abilities of soil bacteria

Soil is an integral part of ecosystem which is niche for varieties of microflora. The present study was investigated to isolate varied strains of bacteria from soil samples of three different geographical regions of Tamil Nadu (India) and evaluate their hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, cellulase, and inulinase) producing potentialities. Among 72 bacterial cultures isolated from Ambattur Industrial Estate, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, and Arignar Anna Zoological Park regions, 41.66, 38.88, and 36.11% of isolates were observed amylase, cellulase, and inulinase producers, respectively. On the other hand, 20.83% of total bacteria isolated from all three regions exhibited concurrent production of amylase, cellulase, and inulinase. Potent isolates depicting maximum enzyme activities were identified as Bacillus anthracis strain ALA1, Bacillus cereus strain ALA3, Glutamicibacter arilaitensis strain ALA4, and Bacillus thuringiensis strain ALA5 based on molecular characterization tools. Further, the thermodynamics parameters, open reading frames (ORFs) regions, and guanine-cytosine (GC) content were determined by distinct bioinformatics tools using 16S rRNA sequences of strains. Minimum free energy values for strain ALA1, strain ALA3, strain ALA4, and strain ALA5 were calculated as −480.73, −478.76, −496.63, and −479.03 kcal/mol, respectively. Mountain plot and entropy predicted the hierarchical representation of RNA secondary structure. The GC content of sequence for strain ALA1, strain ALA3, strain ALA4, and strain ALA5 was calculated as 53.06, 52.94, 56.78, and 53.06%, respectively. Nine ORFs were obtained for strain ALA1, strain ALA3, and strain ALA5 while 10 ORFs were observed for strain ALA4. Additionally, bootstrap tree demonstrated close resemblance of strains with existing bacteria of similar genus. Findings showed higher variability of bacterial diversity as hydrolytic enzymes producers in the investigated geographical regions.     

生物炭施用方式对黑土和潮棕壤养分及氮磷转化相关酶活性的影响

为探明不同生物炭施用方式对农田土壤养分含量及元素转化的影响,通过设置在黑土和潮棕壤的两个为期5年的田间定位试验,研究每年低量施用(AL,22.5 t· hm-2·a-1)和间隔性高量施用(IH,112.5 t·hm-2·5 a-1)玉米秸秆生物炭对土壤碳、氮、磷含量,土壤生物学性质及氮磷转化相关酶活性的影响,以期为秸秆...     

稻鸭与稻鱼生态系统土壤微生物量N和土壤酶活性动态

在一个水稻生长季节,采用田间采样与室内分析的方法,利用氯仿熏蒸培养法、苯酚钠比色法、TTC比色法、高锰酸钾滴定法和茚三酮比色法测定和研究了稻鸭与稻鱼生态系统稻田土壤微生物量N(MBN)和土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶活性的动态变化,及其与土壤养分和水稻吸N量的相关性.结果表明,(1)随着水稻的生长,土壤微生物量N表现为先上升随后下降,于成熟期有所回升趋势;土壤微生物量N与土壤速效N、全N和全P不相关;由于水稻与微生物对养分的竞争,土壤微生物量N与水稻吸N量不相关;稻田养鸭,养鱼显著地提高了土壤微生物量N.(2)土壤脲酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶活性都表现出先上升后下降趋势,而过氧化氢酶活性变化不大;稻鸭与稻鱼共作显著地提高了土壤脲酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶活性,而对过氧化氢酶活性影响不大;线性相关分析表明,在一个稻季内,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性与土壤速效N负相关,土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶活性与土壤全N和全P不相关;土壤脲酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶活性与水稻吸N量呈显著相关.(3)稻田土壤微生物量N与土壤酶不相关.     

Contrasting effects of maize residue,coal gas residue and their biochars on nutrient mineralization,enzyme activities and CO2 emissions in sandy loess soil

Mismanagement of crop straw and coal gas residue threatens the atmosphere and the economy. Nevertheless, thermal-pyrolysis is an option for management that turns bio-waste into biochar; its viability and adoption by the public as soil amendments is dependent on the agronomic and environmental values compared between biochar and the raw materials. We undertook a 60-day short-term analysis to assess the impact of various wastes and biochars, as well as inorganic nutrients (N), on carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, soil enzyme activities, soil fertility status, and microbial activities. There were eight treatments of soil amendments: without an amendment (CK), Nutrients (N), straw + nutrients (S+N), straw biochar + nutrients (SB+N), coal gas residue + nutrients (C+N), coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (CB+N), straw + straw biochar + nutrients (S+SB+N) and coal gas residue waste + coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (C+ CB +N). The results indicated that soil EC, pH, nitrate N (NO₃^–- N), SOC, TN and available K were significantly (p < 0.05) increased coal gas residue biochar and combined with coal fly ash as compared to maize straw biochar and combined with maize straw and N treatments. The higher concentrations of soil MBC and MBN activities were increased in the maize straw application, while higher soil enzyme activity such as, invertase, urease and catalase were enhanced in the coal fly ash derived biochar treatments. The higher cumulative CO₂ emissions were recorded in the combined applications of maize straw and its biochar as well as coal gas residue and its biochar treatment. Our study concludes, that maize straw and coal fly ash wastes were converted into biochar product could be a feasible substitute way of discarding, since land amendment and decreased CO₂ fluxes and positive changes in soil microbial, and chemical properties, and can be confirmed under long-term conditions for reduction of economical and environment issues.     

基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以河北省遵化市为例

基于地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计学研究了河北省遵化市土壤表层(0～20cm)碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、速效磷和有机质等5种养分要素的空间变异规律.应用GIS能够将系统变量的属性数据同地理数据相结合,使大区域范围内进行地统计学分析变得较为方便.研究表明,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、有机质变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型,速效钾的理论模型表现为指数模型和有基台值的线性模型的套合结构;碱解氮、全氮、速效磷、有机质的空间变异主要是由随机性因素引起的,但程度有所差异,全氮和有机质由随机性因素引起的空间异质性程度较高,碱解氮和速效磷较低;速效钾的空间变异则主要是由结构性因素引起;5种养分要素的空间自相关程度都属于中等的空间自相关,但空间变异的尺度范围不同,碱解氮和速效磷变异尺度基本相近,为5和5.5km;全氮较大,为14.5km;有机质为8.5km;速效钾的变异尺度有两个,0～3.5km主要以指数模型为主,3.5～25.5km范围内以有基台值的线性模型为主.5种养分要素的各向同性的范围不同,碱解氮和速效磷在整个范围(0～28km)都表现出各向同性,全氮和有机质的其次,为0～10km;速效钾的较小,为0～8km.