四种子囊菌甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性研究

比较了冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis、古尼虫草Cordyceps gunnii、蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris、黑柄炭角菌Xylaria nigripes等四种子囊菌提取物的抗氧化活性,对它们的子实体(F)和菌丝体(M)甲醇提取物清除DPPH自由基能力、还原力、金属离子鳌合能力和总酚含量进行了测定,结果显示四种子囊菌子实体的自由基清除能力、还原力和总酚含量均高于其菌丝体(P0.05),但四种子囊菌子实体的DPPH清除能力不存在显著差异(P0.05);古尼虫草和蛹虫草子实体的还原力和总酚含量显著高于冬虫夏草和黑柄炭角菌子实体(P0.05),但前两者之间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力、还原力呈正相关。     

碳源和氮源对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响

研究了四种碳源(蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉)和九种氮源(玉米面、麸皮、马铃薯、大豆粉、酵母粉、蛋白胨、硝酸钾、硝酸铵、尿素)对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响。从不同代数的菌丝体中提取多糖,并测定多糖含量、分子量分布范围及单糖组成。结果表明:黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉,最佳氮源为玉米面,最优碳氮组合为蔗糖和玉米面的组合。不同代数的菌丝体多糖性状基本稳定。     

发酵法生产富铁姬松茸菌丝体的产业化研究

对发酵法生产富铁姬松茸菌丝体进行了产业化研究.结果表明,姬松茸的耐铁能力和富铁能力都很强,在铁浓度为0.1～1.5g/L的液体培养基上,菌丝均能生长,当铁浓度超过1.5g/L 时,菌丝生长受到一定影响;采用液体深层培养,最佳的铁源为FeSO4·7H2O ,最佳铁添加量为0.4～0.5g/L.此时,姬松茸菌丝体的生物量得率和富铁率达到最高,同时,菌丝体含铁量和多糖含量也较高.另外,扩大到10t罐进行工业化生产,富铁姬松茸干菌粉得率达到2.82%,菌丝体含铁量可达14.77mg/g.姬松茸菌丝体产品产量高,质量稳定, 已推向市场,提供给一些企业,初步实现了产业化.     

一种炭角菌菌丝体生物活性的研究

从一种牛肝菌Boletus sp.中分离得到一株炭角菌菌株,通过液体深层发酵获得菌丝体,并对其粗多糖石油醚和氯仿提取物进行了体外免疫力、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等活性评价。研究结果表明,此株炭角菌的菌丝体石油醚和氯仿提取物抗氧化和提高免疫活力的效果不明显,但炭角菌石油醚和氯仿提取物相对SPCA-1肿瘤细胞具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,100μg/m L石油醚和氯仿提取物细胞增殖的抑制率分别达到60.08%和68.41%,而50μg/m L石油醚和氯仿提取物可以分别诱导25.4%和26.3%的SPCA-1细胞发生早期凋亡,并引起P53、Caspase-3和Bax抗肿瘤标志蛋白表达上升和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达下降,表明两种提取物抗肿瘤效果是通过样品诱导细胞线粒体释放ROS来发挥的。同时,发现炭角菌可以激活细胞自身的保护性自噬,从而降低炭角菌的抗肿瘤活性。以上研究结果将为深入研究和开发以炭角菌为来源的抗肺癌药物提供科学依据。     

黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体多糖分离纯化与含量测定

分离纯化黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体粗多糖,提高多糖含量,以进一步应用于工业化生产。采用DEAE-52纤维素层析柱分离纯化黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体多糖,依次用水、0.1 mol/L Na Cl、0.2 mol/L Na Cl、0.4 mol/L Na Cl、0.8 mol/L Na Cl进行洗脱;苯酚-硫酸法测定纯化后多糖含量,测定波长490nm,葡萄糖浓度与吸光度的回归方程为A=6.3137X+0.2156R2=0.9909。黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体水体粗多糖经DEAE-52纤维素层析柱分离纯化后,多糖含量达到99%以上。经过中试试验验证提取及分离纯化工艺适用于工业化生产。     

羊肚菌氨基酸含量变化及酯酶同工酶研究

本文对羊肚菌氨基酸含量及酯酶同工酶进行了研究,结果表明不同生长时期菌丝体的氨基酸含量变化较大,在4一10天内逐渐升高,15天达到高峰,尔后又有所降低。与此同时酯酶同工酶活性亦呈现相应的变化规律,由此可推测羊肚菌菌丝体生长过程中酯酶同工酶活性跟氨基酸代谢之间存在一定相关性。同工酶分析还发现不同子实体菌株及同一子实体不同单孢菌株间的酯酶同工酶谱基本相同,子实体与菌丝体均具有稳定的9条酶带。     

蜜环菌对镁的耐性和富集特性

研究了镁对蜜环菌生长的影响, 蜜环菌对于镁的耐性和富集规律, 以及高浓度镁胁迫下蜜环菌的抗氧化酶的变化情况。3?15 g/L的Mg浓度对于蜜环菌菌体的生长有促进作用。Mg浓度19 g/L以上时, 蜜环菌菌体的生长受到抑制。蜜环菌的子实体形成和子实体生物量在Mg的浓度为11 g/L以下时不受影响, 超过11 g/L则子实体不能萌发。皮壳状菌丝和菌索中Mg的含量随培养基中Mg浓度的增大而增大, 培养基Mg浓度达到16 g/L后, 菌丝、菌索中Mg的含量都不再上升。子实体对Mg的富集量比菌丝体小的多, 在培养基Mg浓度在9、10 g/L时, 子实体中Mg的含量与对照组有显著差异。随着培养基中Mg浓度的提高, 菌丝和菌索POD、CAT、SOD活性都有增加, 而且菌丝与菌索之间抗氧化酶活力的差异随着培养基中Mg浓度的提高而增大。     

红缘拟层孔菌发酵工艺的研究及其升罐培养

为筛选出红缘拟层孔菌发酵的最佳条件,并用于升罐发酵,试验优选出5个基础培养基,再以发酵菌丝体的生物量为指标,确定红缘拟层孔菌发酵的最佳条件。进行升罐发酵,间隔取出少量发酵液进行显微观察并检测葡萄糖含量,描述出菌丝体的生长状态。结果表明:红缘拟层孔菌发酵的最佳条件为马铃薯200 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L,磷酸二氢钾1 g/L,硫酸镁1.5 g/L,维生素B10.4 g/L。升罐发酵中,菌丝干质量在前60 h处于快速的增长状态,最大为6.890 1 g/L,而60 h之后菌丝的生长变缓慢,到84 h之后,菌丝自溶,菌丝的产量开始下降。菌丝的葡萄糖含量经血糖仪检测在60 h时最高,达到0.296 5 g/L,之后呈现下降趋势。红缘拟层孔菌升罐发酵的最佳发酵时间为56~64 h。     

灵芝深层发酵优良菌株的筛选

灵芝种类多,种间与品种间的不同均可能引起有效成分在产量表达上的差异,为了能筛选适宜深层发酵法生产的灵芝菌株,以8个灵芝菌株为研究对象,比较不同菌株在固体培养基上的菌丝体及液体发酵的菌球萌发菌丝生长速度、液体发酵产物、子实体多糖等指标。结果表明:8个菌株菌丝体生长速度有一定差异,以灵芝G9、红芝早萌发且生长速度快,甜芝、紫芝、灵芝G8、血芝其次,灵芝5760、黑芝最慢。8个菌株深层发酵产物由于生物学特性不同而有差别,同时菌株菌丝体生物量与次生代谢产物多糖之间无必然的联系,甜芝菌丝体生物量最大但自溶速度最快,灵芝5760菌球细小,速度最慢,血芝次生代谢产物多糖最高。菌丝体多糖与子实体多糖比较,各个菌株的菌丝体多糖含量均高于子实体多糖含量。提取多糖工艺以超声波辅助破壁处理后,再以热水浸提法提取多糖的得率明显提高,紫芝、黑芝提高了2倍以上。     

黑柄炭角菌的研究进展

黑柄炭角菌[Xylaria nigripes(Kl.)Sacc.]是一种生长于白蚁废巢的珍稀药用菌。文中对该菌的生物学特性、化学成分、药理作用等几个方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了下一步的研究重点和应用展望。     

Xylaria species associated with nests of Odontotermes formosanus in Taiwan

Nine species of Xylaria were collected in Taiwan from nests of Odontotermes formosanus, the only known macrotermitine termite in Taiwan. These include six newly described species, X. acuminatilongissima, X. atrodivaricata, X. brunneovinosa, X. griseosepiacea, X. intraflava and X. ochraceostroma, and three previously known species, X. cirrata, X. escharoidea and X. nigripes. We obtained cultures and ITS sequences from the nine species found in Taiwan and describe anamorphs for eight of them. Before the current study teleomorph-anamorph connections in the Xylaria species associated with termite nests have been established unequivocally in X. escharoidea only. Xylaria angulosa, X. fimbriata, X. kedahae, X. micrura, X. radicans, X. reinkingii and X. tolosa also are considered and annotated because they were reported to grow on ground and likely are associated with termite nests. Epitypifications are made for X. cirrata, X. escharoidea and X. nigripes. Xylaria sanchezii is considered a nomen dubium. Photographs are presented for most of the aforementioned species. A dichotomous key to 25 Xylaria species growing on termite nests or ground also is given.     

比较研究白蚁巢上生长的担子菌——鸡(土从)菌及其分生孢子阶段小白球菌的生长与其基质的生态关系

鸡(土从)菌Termitomyces albuminosus(Berk.)Heim..及其分生孢子阶段小白球菌在基础培养基上生长缓慢,而在基础培养基上分别添加乌头酸、延胡索酸、柠檬酸或者添加生物素、VB_1、VB_2等都能促进鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体及其分生孢子的生长。实验还表明维生素混合使用效果比单一添加为好。鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌生长的合适的碳源是麦芽糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖,而淀粉、甘露醇效果不良;合适的氮源是蛋白胨、花生粉、黄豆粉、甘氨酸和铵盐,但是小白球菌生长的培养基中含氮量不宜过高,一般为0.2％左右,而鸡(土从)菌要求含氮量较高,最佳的氮源浓度范围为0.4—0.6％。鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体生长的pH值范围为4.0—5.5之间,鸡(土从)菌最适的pH值在4.0—4.5之间,而小白球菌最适pH值随着培养基组成和CO_2浓度的不同会有所变化。小白球菌具有忍耐高浓度CO_2(15％)的特性,静置培养比摇瓶培养生长更好。鸡(土从)菌菌丝体却需要较低的CO_2浓度方能生长良好,它更适宜于摇瓶培养。目前鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体在实验室条件下生长都非常良好,液体培养已获得成功,为人工栽培和利用鸡(土从)菌提供了一条可能的途径。     

Some Xylaria species on termite nests

Xylaria arenicola, X. brasiliensis, X. escharoidea, X. furcata, X. nigripes, X. piperiformis and X. rhizomorpha represent ancient names of fungi known to inhabit abandoned termite nests. We attempt to redescribe them and to reduce the confusion among them. Xylaria tanganyikaensis and X. readeri, species that might be associated with termite nests, are described. We describe a new variety, X. furcata var. hirsuta, and discuss an unnamed fungus that probably represents a new species. Photographs and a key are presented to aid the identification of these taxa.     

Levels of specificity of Xylaria species associated with fungus-growing termites: a phylogenetic approach

Fungus-growing termites live in obligate mutualistic symbiosis with species of the basidiomycete genus Termitomyces , which are cultivated on a substrate of dead plant material. When the termite colony dies, or when nest material is incubated without termites in the laboratory, fruiting bodies of the ascomycete genus Xylaria appear and rapidly cover the fungus garden. This raises the question whether certain Xylaria species are specialised in occupying termite nests or whether they are just occasional visitors. We tested Xylaria specificity at four levels: (1) fungus-growing termites, (2) termite genera, (3) termite species, and (4) colonies. In South Africa, 108 colonies of eight termite species from three termite genera were sampled for Xylaria . Xylaria was isolated from 69% of the sampled nests and from 57% of the incubated fungus comb samples, confirming high prevalence. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region revealed 16 operational taxonomic units of Xylaria , indicating high levels of Xylaria species richness. Not much of this variation was explained by termite genus, species, or colony; thus, at level 2–4 the specificity is low. Analysis of the large subunit rDNA region, showed that all termite-associated Xylaria belong to a single clade, together with only three of the 26 non-termite-associated strains. Termite-associated Xylaria thus show specificity for fungus-growing termites (level 1). We did not find evidence for geographic or temporal structuring in these Xylaria phylogenies. Based on our results, we conclude that termite-associated Xylaria are specific for fungus-growing termites, without having specificity for lower taxonomic levels.     

我国白蚁资源利用的现状

白蚁是世界性害虫,但白蚁资源有着很高的利用价值。文章简要论述我国白蚁资源利用的研究现状及研究进展,主要包括白蚁本身、蚁巢及菌圃、蚁巢共生物--鸡榕菌Termitomyces albuminosus(Berk.)Heim、乌灵参Xylaria nigripes等直接利用价值及白蚁活动加速自然界物质循环、改善土壤理化性质、探矿等间接利用价值。同时还对白蚁资源研究利用的前景进行了展望。     

灌浆固堤时怎样寻找黑翅土白蚁的巢位

黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shirki)是我国南方诸省土质水利工程的严重害虫,它的巢系结构破坏堤坝,常常酿成灾难.本研究说明巢位真菌指示物的生长条件,利用巢位指示物进行灌浆加固堤坝,取得非常理想的效果.     

谈谈白蚁与人类的密切关系

白蚁对人类的危害众所周知 ,白蚁对人类的有益方面 ,人们知之甚少。该文重点论述白蚁对人类有益的方面。白蚁在自然界中 ,是一个名符其实的“清道夫” ,它将林地中的枯枝、落叶等转化为有益的肥料 ,回归自然 ,再被植物吸收 ;白蚁本身可加工成营养丰富的美味佳肴食品 ,也可精制成防病治病的良药和效果明显的保健补品 ;白蚁的附生物 ,如鸡菌更是美味佳肴 ,菌圃和炭棒菌也能精制成治疗多种疾病的良药。     

以豆粕为氮源生产虫草菌丝体的研究

采用豆粕粉取代蚕蛹粉作氮源进行了虫草菌丝体的发酵试验,生产出无异臭味的虫草菌丝体,扩大了它的应用范围;对虫草菌丝体的抽提液进行超滤处理,测定了虫草多糖的含量和分子量。     

Electrophoretic characterization of six selected enzymes of peanut cultivars

The isozyme patterns (both anodic and cathodic) of esterase, catalase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase and INT oxidase in individual seeds from several peanut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea) were characterized by polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis in relation to the stages of seed development, maturity, and germination, geographic areas where grown and phylogenetic relationship. Of the six enzymes examined, only esterase contained cathodic isozymes, of which the patterns served to distinguish between the Spanish and the Virginia-type peanuts. Anodic esterase and acid phosphatase zymograms of early developing and germinating peanuts could be distinguished from those of predormant and mature seeds and the latter showed much intravarietal variation which was consistent among cultivars and the geographic areas where grown. Anodic isozymes of catalase, leucine aminopeptidase, alcohol dehydrogenase and INT oxidase were synthesized very early in peanut development and remained constant through maturity and to at least 24 hr germination; they were consistent within and between peanut cultivars and they were not influenced by the environmental conditions of the areas where the peanuts were grown. The consistency of the isozyme patterns within and between cultivars supports the suggestion that plant breeding programs used to develop superior cultivars have produced genetic uniformity in peanuts.