梨斑叶甲的发生与防治

记述了梨斑叶甲各虫期的形态。该虫每年发生1代,以成虫在土内越冬。3月下旬出蛰取食,产卵于寄生叶背面。卵期7～10天,幼虫期20天左右,蛹期11天左右,成虫期360天左右。在幼虫三龄以前用80％敌敌畏乳油、40％乐果乳油、20％杀灭菊酯乳油喷雾防治均有良好效果。     

花椒窄吉丁的生物学特性及防治

首次报道了花椒窄吉丁Agrilus zanthoxylumiHou and Feng在山东省1年发生1代,以幼虫越冬,在山东省仅危害花椒(ZanthoxylumbungeaumMaxim),其成虫羽化盛期为6月中下旬。成虫羽化盛期全树喷施40%乐果乳油或80%敌敌畏乳油800倍液是较好的防治方法。     

小叶女贞新害虫黄环绢须野螟生物学特性

黄环绢须野螟Palpitaannulata(Fabricius)是小叶女贞(LigustrumquihouiCarr.)上新出现的一种害虫,严重危害小叶女贞叶片,造成植株枯萎、死亡,同时也危害金叶女贞(L.vicaryi)。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生3代,以蛹在土中越冬。越冬代成虫和第1、2代成虫分别于4月下旬、5月下旬和6月下旬出现。成虫产卵于嫩梢顶端叶片上,卵期3d,幼虫期9～12d。5月上旬和6月上旬分别是第1代和第2代幼虫盛发期,危害最重。越冬代成虫羽化期喷药是防治该虫的关键,在成虫期和幼虫期分别用40%氧化乐果乳油、50%辛硫磷乳油1000～1200倍或25%溴氰菊酯乳油2500～3000倍稀释液喷洒寄主叶面,可控制该虫危害。     

榆跳象生物学特性及防治

榆跳象是榆树重要食叶害虫之一,在甘肃省张掖地区１年发生１代,以成虫越冬。成虫取食叶肉,幼虫潜叶危害。成虫期根施３％呋喃丹颗粒剂或２５％溴氰菊酯乳油２０００倍稀释液树冠喷雾,防治效果可达９０％。     

卫矛矢尖盾蚧及其防治

卫矛矢尖盾蚧在沈阳地区主要为害卫矛,一年2代,少数3代,以受精雌成虫在枝干上越冬。化学防冶的最适时机是越冬代初孵若虫期(5月中旬～7月上旬),可喷洒菊乐台剂2000～2500倍液,或40％氧化乐果乳油1500倍液,每隔10～12天喷洒1次,连续2～3次。     

灰褐谷蛾生物学特性及其防治研究

灰褐谷蛾是灵芝等食用菌的主要害虫之一,严重影响其产量和质量。它不仅为害生产中正在生长的食用菌,即使贮存的生产成品,亦可被蛀食为害。该害虫在安徽六安年发生2代,以幼虫越冬。幼虫有群集钻蛀性。成虫盛发期喷洒80％敌敌畏乳油800～1000倍稀释液,可杀灭成虫;幼虫发生期喷洒敌敌畏薰杀幼虫效果可达95％以上。对贮存的生产成品,采用磷化铝熏蒸和50～60℃烘干杀虫效果均好。     

缘腹碧蝽生物学特性及防治研究

缘蝮碧蝽在西藏主要为害麦类、豆类及蔬菜作物,一年发生1代,以成虫越冬,每年4月中旬开始活动。雌成虫寿命306～377天,雄虫较雌虫短5～7天左右。每头雌虫产卵平均3.3块,每块均为14粒。卵期8～10天、若虫期46～78天。成、若虫均喜食寄主植物的籽实部分。温度14℃、相对湿度55％左右最适宜若虫生长。小麦齐穗期,用2.5％溴氰菊酯乳剂20ml/亩或2.5％甲基环丙烷羧酸酯乳油16ml/亩(均为制剂量)3500倍液喷雾,防治效果达95％以上。     

筛阿鳃金龟的生物学特性及其防治

筛阿鳃金龟是龙眼、荔枝的主要害虫,在广西南宁每年发生1代,以成虫越冬。翌年3月下旬或4月上旬成虫出土取食为害,直至5月中下旬成虫开始交配产卵,8月下旬或9月上旬为幼虫化蛹盛期,9月中下旬为成虫羽化盛期,随之出土取食为害,11月下旬入蛰。其主要以成虫为害植株的新梢嫩叶,而且每年出现两次为害高峰期,分别在当年9～10月和翌年4～5月。用40％氧乐果或50％甲胺磷乳油800～1000倍稀释液喷雾,防治效果显著。     

考氏白眉蚧的生物学特性及防治

通过1986～1989年室内外饲养观察,该虫在广州1年发生6代,以雌成虫在被害枝叶上越冬。1月下旬越冬成虫开始产卵。田间若虫于2月上中旬、4月下旬、6月中旬、8月上旬、10月上旬出现5次高峰。该虫的捕食性优势种天敌主要有中华草岭、尼氏钝绥螨。寄生性优势种天敌主要为跳小蜂科的一种小峰（学名待定）,对雌成虫的寄生率高达63％～76％。加强观赏植物管理,保护和利用自然天敌,适时施用40％氧乐果、25％喹硫磷、40％速扑杀乳油或60％柴油乳剂,能很好地控制该虫的发生。     

甘蔗异背长蝽生物学特性及防治研究

甘蔗异背长蝽在我区年发生不完整3代,以卵在蔗蔸基部及部分蔗种和残梢上越冬。成虫不能完全越冬。翌年主要虫源是越冬卵。在室温28.5～29.5℃条件下,各虫态平均历期为:雌成虫21.7天,雄成虫19.1天,卵14.7天,若虫34.3天,全世代70天左右。成虫产卵量一般在20～40粒,最高近100拉。防治适期为二龄若虫高峰期,用21％灭杀毙800倍稀释液喷雾,5天后效果仍达94.4％。     

厦门市松墨天牛生物学特性Ⅰ:生活史

于2002—2004年在厦门同安设立试验点对松墨天牛进行饲养及观察。结果表明,松墨天牛在厦门以2a发生3代为主,少数1a发生2代,世代重叠现象明显,几乎全年可见幼虫,以3—5龄幼虫在蛀道内越冬或以低龄幼虫在韧皮部越冬。2a发生3代的松墨天牛有3个羽化高峰,1a发生2代的有2个高峰期,二者的第1个羽化盛期在4月相叠加,所以4月份的成虫数量最多,占全年羽化成虫总数的31％,此后一直到8月下旬,都有较多的成虫羽化。     

Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae

Background

The frontal gland is a unique adaptation of advanced termite families. It has been intensively studied in soldiers with respect to its anatomy and chemistry, with numerous novel compounds being discovered within the tremendous richness of identified products. At the same time, the presence of the frontal gland in non-soldier castes received only negligible attention in the past.

Principal Findings

Here, we report on the development of the frontal gland in alate imagoes of 10 genera and 13 species of Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae, in order to shed light on the evolution and function of this gland in imagoes. All investigated species possess a frontal gland. In most cases, it is well-developed and equipped with a sac-like reservoir, located in the postero-dorsal part of cranium, but reaching as far as the seventh abdominal segment in some Rhinotermitinae. The only exception is the genus Psammotermes, in which the gland is very small and devoid of the reservoir.

Conclusions

Our direct observations and comparisons with soldiers suggest a defensive role of the gland in imagoes of all studied species. This functional analogy, along with the anatomic homology between the frontal gland in soldiers and imagoes, make it likely that the gland appeared once during the early evolution of rhinotermitid ancestors, and remained as a defensive organ of prime importance in both, soldiers and imagoes.     

博落回生物碱对蝗虫成虫毒力试验简报

目的:测定博落回生物碱对蝗虫成虫的毒力作用,为利用药用植物提取物杀灭蝗虫的无公害防治提供参考。方法:用文献法提取博落回果实中的生物碱,制备博落回生物碱溶液;采用喷雾法将博落回生物碱溶液喷施于蝗虫成虫;进行了博落回生物碱溶液对蝗虫成虫的田间小面积试验;用计算机软件SPSS11.5进行统计学分析。结果:在96小时内,博落回生物碱对蝗虫成虫的LD50为29.568mg/L,95%可信限为2.5563～69.473mg/L。田间小面积施药3天后,每平方米内虫口减退达90%左右,持效时间7天。结论:博落回溶液对蝗虫成虫具有一定的杀灭作用。     

Possible genetic basis of pederin polymorphism in rove beetles (Paederus riparius)

In Paederus riparius, (+) females able to biosynthesize the unique hemolymph toxin pederin and (-) females lacking this ability co-occur in natural populations. Larvae descended from both types of females were reared in the laboratory and the imagoes were crossed in order to get information about a possible genetic basis of this polymorphism. The daughters of (+) mothers become (+) females or (-) females, while the progeny of (-) mothers comprises only (-) females. This suggests a matrilineal trait because pederin biosynthesis cannot be inherited from the father. The rather stable proportion of nearly 90% (+) females in collected females is not maintained, however, when the beetles are reared in the laboratory. This observation is discussed with regard to artificial rearing conditions, where individuals are kept separate and cannot prey on conspecifics.     

The clypeal gland: A new exocrine gland in termite imagoes (Isoptera: Serritermitidae,Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae)

Social insects possess a rich set of exocrine organs producing diverse pheromones and defensive compounds. This is especially true for termite imagoes, which are equipped with several glands producing, among others, sex pheromones and defensive compounds protecting imagoes during the dispersal flight and colony foundation. Here, we describe the clypeal gland, a new termite exocrine organ occurring in the labro-clypeal region of imagoes of most Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae and Termitidae species. The clypeal gland of Coptotermes testaceus consists of class 1 (modified epidermal cell) and class 3 (bicellular gland unit) secretory cells. Ultrastructural features suggest that the gland secretes volatile compounds and proteins, probably after starting the reproduction. One peculiar feature of the gland is the presence of multiple secretory canals in a single canal cell, a feature never observed before in other insect glands. Although the function of the gland remains unknown, we hypothesize that it could produce secretion signalling the presence of functional reproductives or their need to be fed.     

Temporal and geographic variations in the morphology and chemical composition of the frontal gland in imagoes of Prorhinotermes species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Although the frontal gland has long been known as a prominent defensive device for termite soldiers in many Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae, almost nothing is known about its function in imagoes. In the present study, we show that the frontal gland of imagoes in Prorhinotermes species is well developed at the time of the nuptial flight, and is filled with a complex mixture of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and nitroalkenes. The sesquiterpene composition varies between Prorhinotermes simplex and Prorhinotermes canalifrons , between geographically distant colonies of P. simplex (Cuba versus Florida), and even between different flights of closely-related subcolonies. The ratio between ( E )-1-nitropentadec-1-ene and sesquiterpenes is sex-specific. The volume of secretory cells decreases in functional kings and queens after colony foundation, and the subcellular organization changes into a form resembling unmodified epidermal cells. Dealate reproductives lose the ability for biosynthesis, and their frontal gland is devoid of volatile compounds found in swarming imagoes. The results obtained in the present study clearly show that the frontal gland is only temporarily active at the time of the dispersal flight. The most likely function of this gland is defence by the toxic nitroalkenes.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 98 , 384–392.     

新疆若干植物群落对土壤和地下水指示性的初步研究

本文对北疆玛纳斯河流域和南疆策勒河流域共10种植物群落与土壤和地下水的关系进行了初步研究,分析了一些植物的指示意义。1．多枝柽柳是一种富Cl和S的植物,它所生长的土壤中Cl-和SO42-的含量较高．生长多枝柽柳群落的土壤盐化类型一般为氮化物、硫酸盐型1）。2．梭梭和白梭梭的化学元素类型很相似,它们都是富Na植物．土壤中Na+离子的相对含量一般在50%以上。3．琵琶柴在南疆多分布在砾质戈壁上,在北疆则多出现于黄土状母质上。一般说来,琵琶柴生长地段0—30cm土层内的盐分平均含量不超过1%。4．花花柴是一种潜水指示植物,它的地下水深度一般不超过3m。花花柴也是一种富S植物,土壤中SO42-离子的相对含量较高。5．疏叶骆驼刺是一种淡水指示植物。在南疆多生长在沙丘间低地和平沙地上．地下水深多在5m以下,土壤盐渍化较弱。6．铃铛刺也是潜水植物,在玛纳斯河流域它一般指示地下水深度在2—4m左右．该植物体内的低灰分含量与土壤弱盐渍化程度相联系。7．膜果麻黄生长在砾沙质的棕色荒漠土上,土体中有明显的石膏淀积层。8．黑刺是典型盐土植物,所在土壤0—30cm平均含盐量大于2%,黑刺是富Na和富Cl植物,土壤中Na+离子和Cl-离子的相对含量也较高。 9．昆仑蒿总是与昆仑黄土相联系,它是一种富K植物,可用来指示土壤中K的较高含量。     

Pole cells of Drosophila paulistorum: embryologic differentiation with symbionts.

The pole cells of young D. paulistorum embryos are destined to form the germinal cells of both male and female imagoes. In addition, specialized portions of the midgut may be derived from pole cell progenitors. In this initial study of their embryogenesis by means of electron microscopy, various stages of pole cell development are shown in both non-hybrid (potentially fertile) and intersemispecific hybrid (potentially sterile as males) materials. Originally, approximately 5 or 6 cells emerge to form the early polar cap and subsequently divide asynchronously until the 35-50 cells of the late polar cap are derived. Unlike other Drosophila species, however, mycoplasma-like symbionts, apparently an hereditary infection, have been traced to locations within the cytoplasm of these pole cells. They are depicted as arriving there after transmission via the egg cytoplasm, implicating this as their probable route of entry into the future germinal tissues of adult flies. It is postulated that these microorganisms function as an infectious reproductive isolating mechanism fostering hybrid male sterility between D. paulistorum semispecies.