中国湿地简述

对中国湿地的分布、主要类型、湿地的资源特点、生态特点以及湿地在环境保护、调节气候、物质生产等方面作了简要阐述,并简要分析了中国湿地的保护现状,对湿地的保护提出了几点建议。     

中国的湿地与水鸟

在概述中国湿地类型、分布的基础上,提出了中国水鸟分布的６大区域并分析了它们对水鸟迁陡的重要意义,讨论了中国湿地及水鸟的威胁。     

兴凯湖湿地中国新记录硅藻

正兴凯湖是黑龙江流域最大的湖泊,由大、小两湖组成,均为造山运动地壳陷落而形成的构造湖。位于黑龙江省东南部,黑龙江垦区的兴凯湖农场和八五一零农场区域,距密山市35 km。大兴凯湖,北部三分之一面积属中国,南部属俄罗斯,是中俄界湖(中国境内,45°04′–45°31′N,132°01′–132°52′E)。小兴凯湖全部位于中国境内,东西长约36 km,南北宽约4.5 km~([1])。兴凯湖流域属寒温带大陆季风气候,湿地湖泊河流众多,藻类资源丰富~([2])。最早对该区域进行硅藻分类学研究的人是俄罗斯硅藻学家Skvortzow和德国硅藻学家     

黑河中游湿地景观破碎化与气候变化的关系

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,基于1975-2010年长时间序列遥感影像和气象数据资料,结合小波分析、趋势面模拟与空间插值法,选取斑块密度(PD)、斑块平均面积(MPS)、斑块形状破碎化指数(FS)等景观指数,分析了黑河中游的气候空间分布和变化特征,以及该区域湿地的景观破碎化;通过相关分析和多元逐步回归分析,探讨了黑河中游湿地景观破碎化与气候变化的关系.结果表明:1975-2010年,研究区降水量和气温的整体分布格局为高气温区低降水量、低气温区高降水量,且干转湿和冷转暖为其主要变化特征;内陆干旱地区气温对湿地动态变化的影响大于降水,降水对湿地的生态作用甚微;研究区湿地景观破碎化主要表现为MPS减小、PD上升以及FS增大,研究期间,湿地MPS减少48.95 hm2,PD上升0.006个·hm-2.     

湿地农田生态系统的特点及其调节

所谓湿地,系一个笼统的名称,直到目前并没有确切的定义。通常认为凡受地下水与地表水影响的土地均可称为湿地。它又可区分为两大类,即自然湿地与人工湿地,区别在于受不受人为活动干扰及其干扰程度。湿地包括沼泽型土壤、草甸型土壤与稻田土壤,稻田土壤在我国早期的土壤分类系统中也归为湿地族。近年来,国外对湿地研究十分活跃,从已有文献看其概念也欠确切,且因目的不同而有一定出入。例如在W.Z.Mitsh所著《湿地》一书中就引用了如下几种概念: 1.湿地系为浅水或间歇浅水层所淹没的低地,包括有植被着生的浅水湖区。2.水位接近或高于地表的土地,或者由于长期水分饱和形成的湿地,或者是具有水成土过程的土地,包括水成土以及适于水生植物     

未来气候变化情景下中国自然湿地CH4排放的时空变化

应用TRIPLEX GHG模型,模拟未来气候变化背景下2006—2100年中国自然湿地生态系统CH₄排放的时空变化.结果表明： 保持中国现有自然湿地分布不变,在3种相对浓度路径(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5）情境下,21世纪末,中国自然湿地CH₄排放量与当前水平相比将分别增长32.0%、55.3%和90.8%.中国大陆南方自然湿地CH₄排放高于中部和北方,且自西向东呈现上升趋势.CH₄高通量排放区域主要集中在长江中下游湿地、东北湿地和珠江沿岸湿地.RCP4.5和RCP8.5情境下全国大部分自然湿地CH₄排放通量增加,而RCP2.6情境下21世纪中后期CH₄排放上升趋势得到控制并开始下降,到世纪末部分地区（尤其是青藏高原地区）CH₄排放通量与当前水平相比有所降低.     

三江平原湿地生态的特点及其合理开发利用

三江平原位于我国的东北角。北邻黑龙江南抵兴凯湖,东起乌苏里江,西到小兴安岭和张广才岭。按流域在,面积计算,土地总面积为1.088     

中国南中国海海岸湿地的保护和管理

中国南中国海湿地是中国各类生态系统中生物多样性最为丰富的地区之一,也是中国人口稠密、经济发达的地区。范围包括广东省、香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、广西壮族自治区和海南省等5个行政区。该区海岸湿地总面积约为1.54×104km2。海岸湿地处于海陆的交错地带,是脆弱的生态敏感区。由于受人口增加和经济发展的巨大压力,中国南中国海湿地破坏严重,退化趋势明显。本文在对中国南中国海地区海岸湿地的现状、类型及湿地退化的主要原因进行分析的基础上,提出中国南中国海地区海岸湿地资源保护与管理的建议,以便切实保护中国南中国海沿海多样化的湿地类型,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

湿地土壤CO2通量研究进展

近年来 ,全球气候变化研究成为公众和科学界关注的热点之一 ,ＣＯ2 作为一种重要的温室气体 ,其源、汇及通量的研究得到格外重视。土壤作为一个巨大的碳库 (1 394× 10 18ｇＣ[15] ,是大气ＣＯ2 的重要的源或汇 ,其通量 (约 6 8± 4× 10 15ｇＣ·年 - 1)如此巨大 (燃料燃烧每年释放约 5 2× 10 15ｇＣ) [7,2 6 ] ,使得即使轻微的变化也会引起大气中的ＣＯ2 浓度的明显变化。精确测定各生态系统的土壤ＣＯ2 通量及其对全球变化的响应情况是十分重要的。土壤ＣＯ2 通量表现为土壤呼吸 ,这一术语初始的含义为一定时间内单位面积放出ＣＯ2 的…     

Constructed wetlands in China

Large-scale centralized wastewater treatment systems often prevail in industrial countries and have been regarded as a successful approach during the last century. However, to solve the multifold water-related problems in China with its rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, complete replication of this centralized, cost- and energy-intensive technology has proved to be extremely limited in scope and success. As one of the most important applications of ecological engineering, constructed wetland (CW) systems for wastewater treatment can offer an optimal alternative and result in beneficial conservation of natural resources with low capital costs and energy consumption, as well as minimal operation and maintenance expenditures. CW technology is particularly suitable for rapidly growing small- and medium-size cities in China. This paper aims at examining the mechanisms of pollutant removal efficiency in these systems and investigating the merits, status and feasibility of using constructed wetland systems to treatment wastewater in China. Additionally, it investigates existing impediments to application and implementation of CWs in China, as well as challenges to future development.     

Aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in wetlands of Northeastern China

Hydrobiologia - Lake Malaŵi cichlids have evolved rapidly, extensively, and in some cases iteratively to fill an array of ecological niches; however, neither species richness nor trophic...     

长沙城市斑块湿地资源的时空演变

利用GIS技术,对长沙市1955、1972和1990年地形图湿地数据及2007年长沙市湿地资源普查数据进行提取和分析,选取最具代表性的斑块湿地作为研究对象,从时间与空间、动态与静态、规模与填埋等视角,研究50年来城市斑块湿地生态系统各层次要素的时空演变过程和变化规律.结果表明:(1)时间层次上,长沙城市斑块湿地总面积呈现先增后减、总体增加的态势;斑块湿地面积变化幅度不断加大,速率逐步加快;(2)规模层次上,面积在32 hm2规模以下的斑块湿地呈增加态势,32 hm2规模以上斑块湿地呈减少态势;(3)动态空间层次上,被填埋斑块湿地的比例在建成区和郊区呈相反的演变结果;(4)静态空间层次上,斑块湿地密度在建成区范围和郊区范围演变结果相背.研究显示,伴随着城市化进程,不同时间尺度、不同规模尺度、不同空间属性、不同空间状态的城市斑块湿地常常呈现差异很大、甚至是截然相反的演变结果;无论是动态空间还是静态空间,建成区与郊区的空间分界线往往是城市斑块湿地演变态势的分水岭.     

Primary evaluation of carbon sequestration potential of wetlands in China

As one of the important ecosystem services of wetlands, carbon sequestration potential of lakes and swamps in China were investigated. Significant differences were found among the carbon sequestration potential of various lakes, determined by natural conditions and human disturbance. In this study, swamps had a carbon sequestration potential of 4.90 TgC, much higher than lakes in China. Mangrove and coastal marsh have the highest carbon sediment rate among swamps. Carbon sequestration potential in returning farms to lakes and swamps was 30.26 and 0.22 GgC. … a^?1, respectively. Under the ongoing national wetland conservation action plan in China, the carbon sequestration potential of wetland restoration was 6.57 GgC. … a^?1. Protection and restoration measurements can improve carbon sequestration potential of wetlands.     

Primary evaluation of carbon sequestration potential of wetlands in China

As one of the important ecosystem services of wetlands, carbon sequestration potential of lakes and swamps in China were investigated. Significant differences were found among the carbon sequestration potential of various lakes, determined by natural conditions and human disturbance. In this study, swamps had a carbon sequestration potential of 4.90 TgC, much higher than lakes in China. Mangrove and coastal marsh have the highest carbon sediment rate among swamps. Carbon sequestration potential in returning farms to lakes and swamps was 30.26 and 0.22 GgC. … a^?1, respectively. Under the ongoing national wetland conservation action plan in China, the carbon sequestration potential of wetland restoration was 6.57 GgC. … a^?1. Protection and restoration measurements can improve carbon sequestration potential of wetlands.     

Synergism of natural and constructed wetlands in Beijing,China

An integrated wetland system (IWS) including constructed wetlands (CWs) and modified natural wetlands (NWs) for wastewater treatment to replenish water to wetlands located at the Beijing Wetland School (BWS) in Beijing, China, is presented in this paper. The synergistic effects of CWs and NWs on treated water quality are investigated. The IWS is proved to be an effective wastewater treatment technique and a better alternative to alleviate the water shortage for conservation of wetlands based on the monitoring data obtained from October 2007 to 2008. The results show that CWs and NWs play different roles in removing contaminants from wastewater. The COD removal efficiency in CWs is higher than that in modified NWs, whereas the modified NWs can compensate for the deficiency of CWs where a stable and sufficient rhizosphere is not fully formed in the start-up period. All removal rates of COD, TN, and TP in CWs and modified NWs vary from 50 to 70%, while the total removal rate of COD, TN, and TP in IWS is about 85–90%. The operational results show that the maximum area loading of organic pollutants in modified NWs (65 kg/ha d) is slightly higher than the empirical one (60 kg/ha d) recommended by USEPA (2000) for free water surface wetlands.     

中国红树林湿地物种多样性及其形成

目前中国红树林湿地共记录了2854种生物,包括真菌136种、放线菌13种、细菌7种、小型藻类441种、大型藻类55种、维管束植物37种、浮游动物109种、底栖动物873种、游泳动物258种、昆虫434种、蜘蛛31种、两栖类13种、爬行类39种、鸟类421种和兽类28种。这些动物中有8种国家一级保护动物,75种二级保护动物。中国红树林湿地是中国濒危生物保存和发展的重要基地,并在跨国鸟类保护中起着重要作用。中国红树林湿地单位面积的物种丰度是海洋平均水平的1766倍。从初级生产物质基础、食物关系多样性、宏观尺度和微观尺度的空间异质性、生境利用的时序性等方面分析了中国红树林湿地物种多样性极其丰富的原因。     

盐城自然保护区两种人工湿地模式评价

在用能值分析对盐城自然保护区两种人工湿地研究的基础上 ,对其可持续发展提出了建议。在缓冲区建立以获取经济效益为目的的鱼塘是必要的 ,它为自然保护事业的发展提供了足够的资金反馈 ;为了减轻由于湿地开发带来的珍禽的生境压力 ,在核心区的边缘必须建立以招鸟为目的的水禽湖。水禽湖对鱼塘的面积比须在 0 .1 9和 8.0 0之间。当比例是0 .1 9时 ,系统获得最大经济效益 2 .1 3× 1 0 3US＄ /a.hm2 ,当比例是 8.0 0时 ,系统获得最大生态效益 1 .1 8× 1 0 3US＄ /a.hm2当比例是 0 .3 1时 ,系统获得相等的生态和经济效益 ,其和是 3 .79× 1 0 2 US＄ /a.hm2 比例 0 .3 1是保护区较优的选择。在此模式运作几年后 ,鱼塘须被改成水禽湖 ,且被划入核心区进行严格管理 ,核心区被扩大。同时 ,建议在江苏省“海上苏东”发展计划对海涂湿地大力开发的同时 ,必须建立一定比例的适于珍禽栖息活动的人工湿地 ,扩大自然保护规模 ,以保护珍贵的生物多样性资源。     

The biogeochemistry of nitrogen in freshwater wetlands

The biogeochemistry of N in freshwater wetlands is complicated by vegetation characteristics that range from annual herbs to perennial woodlands; by hydrologic characteristics that range from closed, precipitation-driven to tidal, riverine wetlands; and by the diversity of the nitrogen cycle itself. It is clear that sediments are the single largest pool of nitrogen in wetland ecosystems (100's to 1000's g N m^-2) followed in rough order-of-magnitude decreases by plants and available inorganic nitrogen. Precipitation inputs (< 1–2 g N m^-2 yr^-1) are well known but other atmospheric inputs, e.g. dry deposition, are essentially unknown and could be as large or larger than wet deposition. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) is an important supplementary input in some wetlands (< < 1–3 g N m^-2 yr^-1) but is probably limited by the excess of fixed nitrogen usually present in wetland sediments.Plant uptake normally ranges from a few g N m^-2 yr^-1 to 35 g N m^-2 yr^-1 with extreme values of up to 100g N m^-2 yr^-1 Results of translocation experiments done to date may be misleading and may call for a reassessment of the magnitude of both plant uptake and leaching rates. Interactions between plant litter and decomposer microorganisms tend, over the short-term, to conserve nitrogen within the system in immobile forms. Later, decomposers release this nitrogen in forms and at rates that plants can efficiently reassimilate.The NO₃ formed by nitrification (< 0.1 to 10 g N m^-2 yr^-1 has several fates which may tend to either conserve nitrogen (uptake and dissimilatory reduction to ammonium) or lead to its loss (denitrification). Both nitrification and denitrification operate at rates far below their potential and under proper conditions (e.g. draining or fluctuating water levels) may accelerate. However, virtually all estimates of denitrification rates in freshwater wetlands are based on measurements of potential denitrification, not actual denitrification and, as a consequence, the importance of denitrification in these ecosystems may have been greatly over estimated.In general, larger amounts of nitrogen cycle within freshwater wetlands than flow in or out. Except for closed, ombrotrophic systems this might seem an unusual characteristic for ecosystems that are dominated by the flux of water, however, two factors limit the opportunity for N loss. At any given time the fraction of nitrogen in wetlands that could be lost by hydrologic export is probably a small fraction of the potentially mineralizable nitrogen and is certainly a negligible fraction of the total nitrogen in the system. Second, in some cases freshwater wetlands may be hydrologically isolated so that the bulk of upland water flow may pass under (in the case of floating mats) or by (in the case of riparian systems) the biotically active components of the wetland. This may explain the rather limited range of N loading rates real wetlands can accept in comparison to, for example, percolation columns or engineered marshes.